germanium dichloride

Formula: Cl₂Ge
Molecular weight: 143.55
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/Cl2Ge/c1-3-2
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: QHGIKMVOLGCZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 10060-11-4
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file
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Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

View reactions leading to Cl₂Ge⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
2.55848	EIAE	Pabst, Margrave, et al., 1977	From GeCl₄. G2MP2 calculations indicate an EA of ca. 1.3 eV; B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
10.20 ± 0.05	PE	Jonkers, Van Der Kerk, et al., 1982	LBLHLM
10.4 ± 0.3	EI	Uy, Muenow, et al., 1969	RDSH
10.55 ± 0.03	PE	Jonkers, Van Der Kerk, et al., 1982	Vertical value; LBLHLM

Appearance energy determinations

Ion	AE (eV)	Other Products	Method	Reference	Comment
Cl⁺	15.5 ± 0.5	?	EI	Uy, Muenow, et al., 1969	RDSH
GeCl⁺	11.5 ± 0.5	Cl	EI	Uy, Muenow, et al., 1969	RDSH
Ge⁺	16.8 ± 0.5	?	EI	Uy, Muenow, et al., 1969	RDSH

Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels

Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
J - Marilyn E. Jacox
Shim - Takehiko Shimanouchi

State: ?

Energy (cm^-1)	Med.	References


T_d = 31630	gas	Hastie, Hauge, et al., 1969
		Karolczak, Zhuo, et al., 1993

State: A

Energy (cm^-1)	Med.	Transition	λ_min (nm)	λ_max (nm)	References


T_o = 30622 ± 2	gas	A-X	300	423	Hastie, Hauge, et al., 1969
					Karolczak, Zhuo, et al., 1993
					Ibuki and Kamamoto, 1996
					Lin, Chen, et al., 2006

Vib. sym.	No.	Approximate type of mode	cm^-1	Med.	Method	References


a₁	1	Sym. stretch	354	gas	LF	Karolczak, Zhuo, et al., 1993
	2	Bend	104	gas	AB LF	Hastie, Hauge, et al., 1969 Karolczak, Zhuo, et al., 1993

State: a

Energy (cm^-1)	Med.	Transition	λ_min (nm)	λ_max (nm)	References


T_o = 22315 ± 2	gas	a-X	400	490	Tewarson and Palmer, 1967
					Karolczak, Zhuo, et al., 1993
					Ibuki and Kamamoto, 1996

Vib. sym.	No.	Approximate type of mode	cm^-1	Med.	Method	References


a₁	1	Sym. stretch	393	gas	LF	Karolczak, Zhuo, et al., 1993
	2	Bend	118	gas	CL LF	Tewarson and Palmer, 1967 Karolczak, Zhuo, et al., 1993

State: X

Vib. sym.	No.	Approximate type of mode	cm^-1	Med.	Method	References


a₁	1	Sym. stretch	409 ± 5	gas	Ra LF	Tewarson and Palmer, 1967 Beattie and Perry, 1970 Lin, Chen, et al., 2006
	1	Sym. stretch	398.6	Ar	IR	Andrews and Frederick, 1970 Guillory and Smith, 1970 Mal'tsev, Svyatkin, et al., 1976 Miller and Andrews, 1981
	1	Sym. stretch	390	N₂	Ra	Ozin and Vander Voet, 1972
	2	Bend	160	gas	CL AB	Tewarson and Palmer, 1967 Hastie, Hauge, et al., 1969
	2	Bend	160	gas	Ra LF	Beattie and Perry, 1970 Lin, Chen, et al., 2006
	2	Bend	163	N₂	Ra	Ozin and Vander Voet, 1972
b₂	3	Asym. stretch	352 ± 5	gas	LF	Lin, Chen, et al., 2006
	3	Asym. stretch	373.5	Ar	IR	Andrews and Frederick, 1970 Guillory and Smith, 1970 Mal'tsev, Svyatkin, et al., 1976 Miller and Andrews, 1981
	3	Asym. stretch	362	N₂	Ra	Ozin and Vander Voet, 1972

Additional references: Jacox, 1994, page 102; Jacox, 1998, page 198; Jacox, 2003, page 141; Schultz, Tremmel, et al., 1979; Ibuki, 1990; Tsuchiya, Honjou, et al., 1995

Notes

Energy separation between the v = 0 levels of the excited and electronic ground states.

Photodissociation threshold

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Notes

Pabst, Margrave, et al., 1977
Pabst, R.E.; Margrave, J.L.; Franklin, J.L., Electron impact studies of the tetrachlorides and tetrabromides of silicon and germanium, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1977, 25, 361. [all data]

Jonkers, Van Der Kerk, et al., 1982
Jonkers, G.; Van Der Kerk, S.M.; De Lange, C.A., He(I) photoelectron spectroscopy of transient species: Germanium dichloride and germanium dibromide, Chem. Phys., 1982, 70, 69. [all data]

Uy, Muenow, et al., 1969
Uy, O.M.; Muenow, D.W.; Margrave, J.L., Mass spectrometric studies at high temperatures. Part 35. Stabilities of gaseous GeCl₂ and GeBr₂, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1969, 65, 1296. [all data]

Hastie, Hauge, et al., 1969
Hastie, J.W.; Hauge, R.; Margrave, J.L., Ultraviolet spectra and electronic structure of group IVA dichlorides, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1969, 29, 1-3, 152, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(69)90095-2 . [all data]

Karolczak, Zhuo, et al., 1993
Karolczak, J.; Zhuo, Q.; Clouthier, D.J.; Davis, W.M.; Goddard, J.D., Direct laser-induced emission detection of the S1 and T1 states of germanium dichloride: Pyrolysis jet spectroscopy and ab initio studies, J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 98, 1, 60, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.464603 . [all data]

Ibuki and Kamamoto, 1996
Ibuki, T.; Kamamoto, A., Photoabsorption cross section and radiative processes of GeCl4 in the valence region of 6--31 eV, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1996, 260, 1-2, 314, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(96)00909-8 . [all data]

Lin, Chen, et al., 2006
Lin, Y.-S.; Chen, C.-C.; Chang, B.-C., Dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy of the GeCl[sub 2] A--X transition, J. Chem. Phys., 2006, 124, 22, 224322, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2206179 . [all data]

Tewarson and Palmer, 1967
Tewarson, A.; Palmer, H.B., Chemiluminescent emission spectrum of germanium dichloride, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1967, 22, 1-4, 117, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(67)90155-5 . [all data]

Beattie and Perry, 1970
Beattie, I.R.; Perry, R.O., J. Chem. Soc. A, 1970, 2429. [all data]

Andrews and Frederick, 1970
Andrews, L.; Frederick, D.L., Infrared spectra of the germanium, tin, and lead dichloride molecules in solid argon, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92, 4, 775, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00707a006 . [all data]

Guillory and Smith, 1970
Guillory, W.A.; Smith, C.E., Vacuum-Ultraviolet Photolysis of GeCl4, HGeCl3, and H2GeCl2; The Matrix-Isolated Infrared Spectra of GeCl3 and GeCl2, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 53, 5, 1661, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1674241 . [all data]

Mal'tsev, Svyatkin, et al., 1976
Mal'tsev, A.K.; Svyatkin, V.A.; Nefedov, O.M., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1976, 227, 1151. [all data]

Miller and Andrews, 1981
Miller, J.H.; Andrews, L., Matrix spectroscopy of the argon resonance photolysis products of group IV chlorides, J. Mol. Struct., 1981, 77, 1-2, 65, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2860(81)85267-2 . [all data]

Ozin and Vander Voet, 1972
Ozin, G.A.; Vander Voet, A., Matrix Isolation Laser Raman Spectroscopy. I. Vibrational Raman Spectra and Depolarization Measurements for Matrix Isolated Group IVa Dihalides, MX2 and MXY (where M = Ge, Sn, Pb and X, Y = Cl, Br), in Solid Argon and Nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 56, 10, 4768, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1676950 . [all data]

Jacox, 1994
Jacox, M.E., Vibrational and electronic energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1994, 464. [all data]

Jacox, 1998
Jacox, M.E., Vibrational and electronic energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules: supplement A, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 2, 115-393, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556017 . [all data]

Jacox, 2003
Jacox, M.E., Vibrational and electronic energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules: supplement B, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2003, 32, 1, 1-441, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1497629 . [all data]

Schultz, Tremmel, et al., 1979
Schultz, G.; Tremmel, J.; Hargittai, I.; Berecz, I.; Bohatka, S.; Kagramanov, N.D.; Mal'tsev, A.K.; Nefedov, O.M., Combined electron diffraction/mass-spectrometric investigation of the molecular structure of germanium dichloride, J. Mol. Struct., 1979, 55, 207, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2860(79)80212-4 . [all data]

Ibuki, 1990
Ibuki, T., Vacuum ultraviolet photolysis of (CH3)nGeCl4-n (n=0--2) molecule. Observation of the GeCl2(B, Ã → X) transitions, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1990, 169, 1-2, 64, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(90)85165-9 . [all data]

Tsuchiya, Honjou, et al., 1995
Tsuchiya, M.J.; Honjou, H.; Tanaka, K.; Tanaka, T., Millimeter-wave spectrum of germanium dichloride GeCl2. Equilibrium structure and anharmonic force field, J. Mol. Struct., 1995, 352/353, 407, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2860(95)08830-O . [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, References

Symbols used in this document:

AE Appearance energy

EA Electron affinity
Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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