Hydrogen chloride

• Formula: ClH
• Molecular weight: 36.461
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/ClH/h1H Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 7647-01-0
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Isotopologues:
  • Hydrochloric acid-d
• Other names: Hydrochloric ccid; Anhydrous hydrochloric acid; Chlorohydric acid; Hydrochloric acid gas; Hydrochloride; Muriatic acid; Salzsaeure; HCl; Hydrochloric acid, anhydrous; Hydrogen-chloride-anhydrous-; Acide chlorhydrique; Acido cloridrico; Chloorwaterstof; Chlorowodor; Chlorwasserstoff; NA 1789; Spirits of salt; UN 1050; UN 1789; UN 2186; Anhydrous hydrogen chloride; Hydrogen chloride (acid); Marine acid; Soldering acid; Spirit of salt; Spirits of salts; Hydrogen chloride (HCl); NSC 77365; Hydrochloric acid
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data (reactions 1 to 50)
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Reaction thermochemistry data: reactions 51 to 100, reactions 101 to 150, reactions 151 to 158
  • Henry's Law data
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • Constants of diatomic molecules
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Microwave spectra (on physics lab web site)
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
• Options:
  • Switch to SI units

Data at NIST subscription sites:

• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
    C_p = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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View table.

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Enthalpy of vaporization

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (atm)
    T = temperature (K)

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Enthalpy of sublimation

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
MS - José A. Martinho Simões

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Reactions 1 to 50

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cl^- + HCl = (Cl^- • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  =

By formula: Cl^- + H⁺ = HCl

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • HCl) + HCl = (Cl^- • 2HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: I^- + HCl = (I^- • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

HO₄S^- +  = (HO₄S^- • )

By formula: HO₄S^- + HCl = (HO₄S^- • HCl)

( •  • ) +  = ( • 2 • )

By formula: (Cl^- • HCl • H₂O) + HCl = (Cl^- • 2HCl • H₂O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • 2) +  = ( •  • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2H₂O) + HCl = (Cl^- • HCl • 2H₂O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Br^- • O₂S) + HCl = (Br^- • HCl • O₂S)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + HCl = (Br^- • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • 2) +  = ( • 3)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2HCl) + HCl = (Cl^- • 3HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • 3) +  = ( • 4)

By formula: (Cl^- • 3HCl) + HCl = (Cl^- • 4HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • 2) +  = ( •  • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2HCl) + H₂O = (Cl^- • H₂O • 2HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Cl^- • HCl) + H₂O = (Cl^- • H₂O • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₂H₃ClO + H₂O = C₂H₄O₂ + HCl

( •  • ) +  = ( • 2 • )

By formula: (Cl^- • H₂O • HCl) + H₂O = (Cl^- • 2H₂O • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Cl^- • O₂S) + HCl = (Cl^- • HCl • O₂S)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₄Cl₂ = C₂H₃Cl + HCl

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Br^- • HCl) + HCl = (Br^- • 2HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₅Cl = C₂H₄ + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₃Cl₃ = C₂H₂Cl₂ + HCl

 +  =  + 

By formula: H₂O + C₇H₅ClO = C₇H₆O₂ + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₃H₇Cl = C₃H₆ + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₄H₉Cl = C₄H₈ + HCl

 +  =

By formula: HCl + C₉H₁₀ = C₉H₁₁Cl

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Cl^- • H₂O) + HCl = (Cl^- • HCl • H₂O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: CH₃⁺ + HCl = (CH₃⁺ • HCl)

=  + 

By formula: C₃H₆Cl₂ = C₃H₅Cl + HCl

 + 2 =  + 2

By formula: C₂H₄Cl₂ + 2H₂ = C₂H₆ + 2HCl

2 +  =  + 2

By formula: 2H₂ + C₃H₆Cl₂ = C₃H₈ + 2HCl

2 +  =  + 2

By formula: 2H₂ + CH₂Cl₂ = CH₄ + 2HCl

2 +  =  + 2

By formula: 2H₂ + C₂H₄Cl₂ = C₂H₆ + 2HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₄H₈Cl₂ = C₄H₇Cl + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₄H₈Cl₂ = C₄H₇Cl + HCl

2 +  =  + 

By formula: 2H₂ + C₂ClF₃ = C₂H₃F₃ + HCl

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Cl^- • HCl) + O₂S = (Cl^- • O₂S • HCl)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Br^- • HCl) + O₂S = (Br^- • O₂S • HCl)

=  + 

By formula: C₄H₈Cl₂ = C₄H₇Cl + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₄H₉ClO = C₄H₈O + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₂Cl₄ = HCl + C₂HCl₃

=  + 

By formula: C₂HCl₅ = C₂Cl₄ + HCl

2 (g) +  (l) = AlCl₃ (cr) + 2 (g)

By formula: 2HCl (g) + C₄H₁₀AlCl (l) = AlCl₃ (cr) + 2C₂H₆ (g)

=  + 

By formula: C₅H₁₀Cl₂ = C₅H₉Cl + HCl

 +  = ( • )

By formula: F^- + HCl = (F^- • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

=  + 

By formula: C₄H₈Cl₂ = C₄H₇Cl + HCl

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + HCl = (Na⁺ • HCl)

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₄Cl₂ = C₂H₃Cl + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₃Cl₃ = C₂H₂Cl₂ + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₂Cl₄ = HCl + C₂HCl₃

C₃₀H₂₈Fe₂Ti (cr) + 2( • 4.40) (solution) = 2 (cr) +  (cr)

By formula: C₃₀H₂₈Fe₂Ti (cr) + 2(HCl • 4.40H₂O) (solution) = 2C₁₀H₁₀Fe (cr) + C₁₀H₁₀Cl₂Ti (cr)

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₇H₄Cl₂O + H₂O = C₇H₅ClO₂ + HCl

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to HCl⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

 +  =

By formula: Cl^- + H⁺ = HCl

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + HCl = (Br^- • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Br^- • HCl) + HCl = (Br^- • 2HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Br^- • O₂S) + HCl = (Br^- • HCl • O₂S)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: CH₃⁺ + HCl = (CH₃⁺ • HCl)

C₆H₆⁺ +  = (C₆H₆⁺ • )

By formula: C₆H₆⁺ + HCl = (C₆H₆⁺ • HCl)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cl^- + HCl = (Cl^- • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • HCl) + HCl = (Cl^- • 2HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • 2) +  = ( • 3)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2HCl) + HCl = (Cl^- • 3HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • 3) +  = ( • 4)

By formula: (Cl^- • 3HCl) + HCl = (Cl^- • 4HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( •  • ) +  = ( • 2 • )

By formula: (Cl^- • HCl • H₂O) + HCl = (Cl^- • 2HCl • H₂O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Cl^- • H₂O) + HCl = (Cl^- • HCl • H₂O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • 2) +  = ( •  • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2H₂O) + HCl = (Cl^- • HCl • 2H₂O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Cl^- • O₂S) + HCl = (Cl^- • HCl • O₂S)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: F^- + HCl = (F^- • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

HCl⁺ +  = (HCl⁺ • )

By formula: HCl⁺ + HCl = (HCl⁺ • HCl)

HO₄S^- +  = (HO₄S^- • )

By formula: HO₄S^- + HCl = (HO₄S^- • HCl)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: I^- + HCl = (I^- • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + HCl = (Na⁺ • HCl)

IR Spectrum

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Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

• GAS (200 mmHg DILUTED TO A TOTAL PRESSURE OF 600 mmHg WITH N2); DOW KBr FOREPRISM; DIGITIZED BY NIST FROM HARD COPY (FROM TWO SEGMENTS); 4 cm^-1 resolution
• GAS (200 mmHg, N2 ADDED, TOTAL PRESSURE 600 mmHg); DOW KBr FOREPRISM-GRATING; DIGITIZED BY NIST FROM HARD COPY (FROM TWO SEGMENTS); 2 cm^-1 resolution

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984
Cox, J.D.; Wagman, D.D.; Medvedev, V.A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984, 1. [all data]

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Beckmann, E.; Waentig, P., Cryoscopic Measurements at Low Temperatures, Z. Anorg. Chem., 1910, 67, 17. [all data]

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Henderson, C.; Lewis, D.G.; Prichard, P.C.; Staveley, L.A.K.; Fonseca, I.M.A.; Lobo, L.Q., Some thermodynamic properties of hydrogen chloride and deuterium chloride, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1986, 18, 1077. [all data]

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Giauque, W.F.; Wiebe, R., THE ENTROPY OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE. HEAT CAPACITY FROM 16°K. TO BOILING POINT. HEAT OF VAPORIZATION. VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLID AND LIQUID, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1928, 50, 1, 101-122, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01388a013 . [all data]

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Stull, Daniel R., Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 . [all data]

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Ser, Frederic; Larher, Yves, Sublimation pressures of hydrogen chloride, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1990, 22, 4, 407-412, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(90)90129-E . [all data]

Metz, Kitsopoulos, et al., 1988
Metz, R.B.; Kitsopoulos, T.; Weaver, A.; Neumark, D.M., Study of the Transition State Region in the Cl+HCl Reaction by Photoelectron Spectroscopy of ClHCl-, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 88, 2, 1463, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.454218 . [all data]

Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985
Caldwell, G.; Kebarle, P., The hydrogen bond energies of the bihalide ions XHX- and YHX-, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 1399. [all data]

Larson and McMahon, 1984
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Hydrogen bonding in gas phase anions. An experimental investigation of the interaction between chloride ion and bronsted acids from ICR chloride exchange equilibria, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 517. [all data]

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Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986
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Keesee and Castleman, 1980
Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Gas phase studies of hydration complexes of Cl- and I- and comparison to electrostatic calculations in the gas phase, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1980, 74, 139. [all data]

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Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Gas phase negative ion chemistry of alkylchloroformates, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 675. [all data]

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French, M.A.; Ikuta, S.; Kebarle, P., Hydrogen bonding of O-H and C-H hydrogen donors to Cl^-. Results from mass spectrometric measurement of the ion-molecule equilibria RH + Cl^- = RHCl^-, Can. J. Chem., 1982, 60, 1907. [all data]

Larson and McMahon, 1987
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Isotope Effects in Proton Transfer Reactions. An Ion Cyclotron Resonance Determination of the Equilibrium Deuterium Isotope Effect in the Bichloride Ion, J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 3, 554, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100287a013 . [all data]

Larson and McMahon, 1984, 3
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Fluoride and chloride affinities of main group oxides, fluorides, oxofluorides, and alkyls. Quantitative scales of lewis acidities from ion cyclotron resonance halide-exchange equilibria, J. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, 1083. [all data]

Martin and Hepburn, 1998
Martin, J.D.D.; Hepburn, J.W., Determination of bond dissociation energies by threshold ion-pair production spectroscopy: An improved D-0(HCl), J. Chem. Phys., 1998, 109, 19, 8139-8142, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.477476 . [all data]

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Fujio, M.; McIver, R.T., Jr.; Taft, R.W., Effects on the acidities of phenols from specific substituent-solvent interactions. Inherent substituent parameters from gas phase acidities, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 4017. [all data]

Check, Faust, et al., 2001
Check, C.E.; Faust, T.O.; Bailey, J.M.; Wright, B.J.; Gilbert, T.M.; Sunderlin, L.S., Addition of Polarization and Diffuse Functions to the LANL2DZ Basis Set for P-Block Elements, J. Phys. Chem. A,, 2001, 105, 34, 8111, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp011945l . [all data]

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Bohringer, H.; Fahey, D.W.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Ferguson, E.E., Bond energies of the molecules H₂O, SO₂, H₂O₂, and HCl to various atmospheric negative ions, J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 81, 2805. [all data]

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Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Thermochemical data on Ggs-phase ion-molecule association and clustering reactions, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1986, 15, 1011. [all data]

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Devore, J.A.; O'Neal, H.E., Heats of formation of the acetyl halides and of the acetyl radical, J. Phys. Chem., 1969, 73, 2644-2648. [all data]

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Pritchard, H.O.; Skinner, H.A., The heats of hydrolysis of the chloro-substituted acetyl chlorides, J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 272-276. [all data]

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Buravtsev, N.N.; Grigor'ev, A.S.; Zaidman, O.A.; Kolbanovskii, Yu.A.; Markelov, M.YU.; Sadogurskii, M.N.; Treger, Yu.A., Dehydrochlorination of chloroalkanes under rigid homogeneous conditions. II. Effect of small additions of oxygen to the kinetics of high-temperature decomposition of 1,2-dichloroethane under adiabatic compression, Khim. Fiz., 1992, 11, 218-226. [all data]

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Levanova, S.V.; Treger, Yu.A.; Velichko, S.M.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Bshneva, L.I.; Talanov, A.I., Equilibrium of the vinylidene chloride-methylchloroform system, Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Leningrad), 1975, 42, 480-481. [all data]

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Davies, J.V.; Dunning, B.K.; Pritchard, H.O., The enthalpy of formation of benzoyl chloride, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1972, 4, 731-737. [all data]

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Notes

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• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  Pc	Critical pressure
  Ptriple	Triple point pressure
  S°gas,1 bar	Entropy of gas at standard conditions (1 bar)
  Tc	Critical temperature
  Tfus	Fusion (melting) point
  ΔfH°gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔsubH	Enthalpy of sublimation
  ΔvapH	Enthalpy of vaporization

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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