2-Butene, (E)-
- Formula: C4H8
- Molecular weight: 56.1063
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-ONEGZZNKSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 624-64-6
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Isotopologues:
- Stereoisomers:
- Other names: (E)-2-Butene; trans-Butene; trans-1,2-Dimethylethylene; trans-2-Butene; 2-trans-Butene; (E)-2-C4H8; 2-Butene, trans-; Butene-2,trans; t-Butene-2; (E)-but-2-ene
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Reaction thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.
Individual Reactions
By formula: C4H8 = C4H8
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -4. ± 2. | kJ/mol | AVG | N/A | Average of 7 values; Individual data points |
By formula: C4H8 = C4H8
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -12.6 ± 0.84 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Meyer and Stroz, 1972 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -11.0 kJ/mol; At 300 K; ALS |
ΔrH° | -12.4 ± 1.7 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Happel, Hnatow, et al., 1971 | gas phase; ALS |
ΔrH° | -12.7 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Maccoll and Ross, 1965 | gas phase; GC; ALS |
ΔrH° | -11.7 ± 0.84 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Golden, Egger, et al., 1964 | gas phase; ALS |
ΔrH° | -11.5 | kJ/mol | Ciso | Levanova and Andreevskii, 1964 | gas phase; At 420.3 K; ALS |
By formula: HBr + C4H8 = C4H9Br
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -72.22 ± 0.50 | kJ/mol | Cm | Lacher, Billings, et al., 1952 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -72.6 ± 5.6 kJ/mol; Heat of hydrobromination at 373 K; ALS |
By formula: C3H9Si+ + C4H8 = (C3H9Si+ • C4H8)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 129. | kJ/mol | PHPMS | Li and Stone, 1989 | gas phase; condensation; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 174. | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Li and Stone, 1989 | gas phase; condensation; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -114.6 ± 0.42 | kJ/mol | Chyd | Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -115.57 ± 0.088 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS |
By formula: C4H8 + Br2 = C4H8Br2
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -121.1 ± 0.84 | kJ/mol | Cm | Conn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1938 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -121.7 ± 0.84 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS |
By formula: C4H9Cl = C4H8 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 63.81 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova and Andreevskii, 1964 | gas phase; At 420 K; ALS |
By formula: C4H8 + C2H4 = C6H12
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -69.9 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Scacchi and Back, 1977 | liquid phase; ALS |
Gas phase ion energetics data
Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
View reactions leading to C4H8+ (ion structure unspecified)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IE (evaluated) | 9.10 ± 0.01 | eV | N/A | N/A | L |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Proton affinity (review) | 747. | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Gas basicity | 719.9 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Ionization energy determinations
IE (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
9.09 | PI | Traeger, 1986 | LBLHLM |
9.10 ± 0.02 | PI | Wood and Taylor, 1979 | LLK |
9.100 ± 0.008 | EQ | Lias and Ausloos, 1978 | LLK |
9.12 ± 0.02 | PE | Bieri, Burger, et al., 1977 | LLK |
9.11 | PE | Clary, Lewis, et al., 1974 | LLK |
9.122 ± 0.005 | PE | Masclet, Grosjean, et al., 1973 | LLK |
9.09 | PE | Frost and Sandhu, 1971 | LLK |
9.137 | S | McDiarmid, 1969 | RDSH |
9.11 | PE | Haselbach, Hashmall, et al., 1969 | RDSH |
9.12 | PE | Dewar and Worley, 1969 | RDSH |
9.13 ± 0.01 | PI | Watanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962 | RDSH |
9.13 | PI | Bralsford, Harris, et al., 1960 | RDSH |
9.37 | PE | Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1975 | Vertical value; LLK |
9.5 | PE | White, Carlson, et al., 1974 | Vertical value; LLK |
9.32 | PE | Robin, Taylor, et al., 1973 | Vertical value; LLK |
9.11 | PE | Brundle, Robin, et al., 1972 | Vertical value; LLK |
Appearance energy determinations
Ion | AE (eV) | Other Products | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C2H4+ | 11.8 ± 0.25 | ? | EI | Meisels, Park, et al., 1970 | RDSH |
C3H5+ | 11.30 | CH3 | PI | Traeger, 1984 | LBLHLM |
C4H7+ | 11.24 | H | PI | Traeger, 1986 | LBLHLM |
Gas Chromatography
Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal
Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | BPX-5 | 30. | 413. | Aflalaye, Sternberg, et al., 1995 | 12. m/0.15 mm/0.25 μm, H2 |
Capillary | BPX-5 | 30. | 414. | Aflalaye, Sternberg, et al., 1995 | 12. m/0.15 mm/0.25 μm, H2 |
Capillary | CP Sil 5 CB | 20. | 410.2 | Do and Raulin, 1992 | 25. m/0.15 mm/2. μm, H2 |
Capillary | PoraPLOT Q | 100. | 402. | Do and Raulin, 1989 | 10. m/0.32 mm/10. μm, H2 |
Capillary | PoraPLOT Q | 160. | 400. | Do and Raulin, 1989 | 10. m/0.32 mm/10. μm, H2 |
Capillary | Squalane | 50. | 406.9 | Papazova, Milina, et al., 1988 | Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm |
Capillary | DB-1 | 40. | 410. | Lubeck and Sutton, 1984 | 60. m/0.264 mm/0.25 μm, H2 |
Capillary | HP-PONA | 40. | 410. | Lubeck and Sutton, 1984 | 50. m/0.21 mm/0.5 μm, H2 |
Capillary | OV-1 | 20. | 405. | Nijs and Jacobs, 1981 | He; Column length: 150. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm |
Capillary | Squalane | 50. | 406.5 | Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979 | Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm |
Capillary | Squalane | 70. | 404.4 | Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979 | Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm |
Capillary | Squalane | 50. | 406.1 | Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979, 2 | Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm |
Capillary | Squalane | 50. | 406.49 | Pacáková and Koslík, 1978 | 50. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm, N2 |
Packed | Squalane | 80. | 405. | Chrétien and Dubois, 1977 | |
Capillary | Squalane | 50. | 407. | Chretien and Dubois, 1976 | |
Capillary | Squalane | 100. | 406.7 | Lulova, Leont'eva, et al., 1976 | He; Column length: 120. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm |
Capillary | Squalane | 40. | 403. | Matukuma, 1969 | N2; Column length: 91.4 m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm |
Packed | Squalane | 27. | 407. | Hively and Hinton, 1968 | He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm |
Packed | Squalane | 49. | 406. | Hively and Hinton, 1968 | He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm |
Packed | Squalane | 67. | 407. | Hively and Hinton, 1968 | He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm |
Packed | Squalane | 86. | 406. | Hively and Hinton, 1968 | He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm |
Packed | SE-30 | 70. | 412. | Widmer, 1967 | Diatoport S; Column length: 7.9 m |
Packed | SE-30 | 70. | 412. | Widmer, 1967 | Diatoport S; Column length: 7.9 m |
Packed | Squalane | 26. | 407. | Zulaïca and Guiochon, 1966 | Column length: 10. m |
Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Petrocol DH-100 | 412.3 | Haagen-Smit Laboratory, 1997 | He; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; Program: 5C(10min) => 5C/min => 50C(48min) => 1.5C/min => 195C(91min) |
Capillary | DB-1 | 414. | Hoekman, 1993 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, He; Program: -40 C for 12 min; -40 - 125 C at 3 deg.min; 125-185 C at 6 deg/min; 185 - 220 C at 20 deg/min; hold 220 C for 2 min |
Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal
Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Packed | Carbowax 20M | 130. | 464. | Widmer, 1967 | Diatoport P; Column length: 7.9 m |
Packed | Carbowax 20M | 70. | 450. | Widmer, 1967 | Diatoport P; Column length: 7.9 m |
Packed | Carbowax 20M | 70. | 450. | Widmer, 1967 | Diatoport P; Column length: 7.9 m |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Petrocol DH | 406.42 | White, Douglas, et al., 1992 | 100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; Tstart: 30. C; Tend: 220. C |
Capillary | Petrocol DH | 408.4 | White, Douglas, et al., 1992 | 100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; Tstart: 30. C; Tend: 220. C |
Capillary | Petrocol DH | 408. | White, Hackett, et al., 1992 | 100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; Tstart: 30. C; Tend: 220. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-5 | 411. | Zaikin and Borisov, 2002 | He; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Program: 30C => 5K/min=120C => 10C/min => 270C |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal
Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | OV-101 | 40. | 406. | Li and Deng, 1998 | N2; Column length: 51. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm |
Capillary | Methyl Silicone | 50. | 383. | N/A | N2; Column length: 74.6 m; Column diameter: 0.28 mm |
Packed | Methyl Silicone | 50. | 417. | Huguet, 1961 | Nitrogen, Celite C-22; Column length: 2.5 m |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Polydimethyl siloxane: CP-Sil 5 CB | 410. | Bramston-Cook, 2013 | 60. m/0.25 mm/1.0 μm, Helium, 45. C @ 1.45 min, 3.6 K/min, 210. C @ 2.72 min |
Capillary | Petrocol DH | 411. | Supelco, 2012 | 100. m/0.25 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 20. C @ 15. min, 15. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min |
Capillary | PONA | 406. | Zhang, Ding, et al., 2009 | 50. m/0.20 mm/0.50 μm, Nitrogen, 35. C @ 15. min, 2. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min |
Capillary | OV-101 | 408. | Chupalov and Zenkevich, 1996 | N2, 3. K/min; Column length: 52. m; Column diameter: 0.26 mm; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 220. C |
Capillary | SE-54 | 406. | Guan, Li, et al., 1995 | 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Tend: 200. C |
Capillary | DB-1 | 406. | Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 1992 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1.2 μm, He, 30. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 240. C |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Polydimethyl siloxane | 405. | Junkes, Castanho, et al., 2003 | Program: not specified |
Capillary | PONA | 412. | Perkin Elmer Instruments, 2002 | Column length: 100. m; Phase thickness: 0.50 μm; Program: not specified |
Capillary | Methyl Silicone | 409. | Spieksma, 1999 | Program: not specified |
Capillary | Polydimethyl siloxanes | 408. | Zenkevich, Chupalov, et al., 1996 | Program: not specified |
Packed | SE-30 | 411. | Robinson and Odell, 1971 | N2, Chromosorb W; Column length: 6.1 m; Program: 50C910min) => 20C/min => 90(6min) => 10C/min => 150C(hold) |
References
Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Meyer and Stroz, 1972
Meyer, E.F.; Stroz, D.G.,
Thermodynamics of n-butene isomerization,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1972, 94, 6344-6347. [all data]
Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G.,
Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]
Happel, Hnatow, et al., 1971
Happel, J.; Hnatow, M.A.; Mezaki, R.,
Isomerization equilibrium constants of n-butenes,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1971, 16, 206-209. [all data]
Maccoll and Ross, 1965
Maccoll, A.; Ross, R.A.,
The hydrogen bromide catalyzed isomerization of n-butenes. I. equilibrium values,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1965, 87, 1169-1170. [all data]
Golden, Egger, et al., 1964
Golden, D.M.; Egger, K.W.; Benson, S.W.,
Iodine-catalyzed isomerization of olefins. I. Thermodynamics data from equilibrium studies of positional and geometrical isomerization of 1-butene and 2-butene,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1964, 86, 5416-5420. [all data]
Levanova and Andreevskii, 1964
Levanova, S.V.; Andreevskii, D.N.,
The equilibrium of 2-chlorobutane dehydrochlorination,
Neftekhimiya, 1964, 4, 329-336. [all data]
Lacher, Billings, et al., 1952
Lacher, J.R.; Billings, T.J.; Campion, D.E.,
Vapor phase heats of hydrobromination of the isomeric butenes,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1952, 74, 5291-52. [all data]
Li and Stone, 1989
Li, X.; Stone, J.A.,
Determination of the beta silicon effect from a mass spectrometric study of the association of trimethylsilylium ion with alkenes,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 15, 5586, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00197a013
. [all data]
Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E.,
Heats of organic reactions. II. Hydrogenation of some simpler olefinic hydrocarbons,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57, 876-882. [all data]
Conn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1938
Conn, J.B.; Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Smith, E.A.,
Heats of organic reactions. VII. Addition of halogens to olefins,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60, 2764-2771. [all data]
Scacchi and Back, 1977
Scacchi, G.; Back, M.H.,
The cycloaddition of ethylene to butene-2. II. Energy relations,
Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1977, 9, 525-534. [all data]
Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G.,
Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018
. [all data]
Traeger, 1986
Traeger, J.C.,
Heat of formation for the 1-methylallyl cation by photoionization mass spectrometry,
J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 4114. [all data]
Wood and Taylor, 1979
Wood, K.V.; Taylor, J.W.,
A photoionization mass spectrometric study of autoionization in ethylene and trans-2-butene,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1979, 30, 307. [all data]
Lias and Ausloos, 1978
Lias, S.G.; Ausloos, P.J.,
eIonization energies of organic compounds by equilibrium measurements,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1978, 100, 6027. [all data]
Bieri, Burger, et al., 1977
Bieri, G.; Burger, F.; Heilbronner, E.; Maier, J.P.,
Valence ionization enrgies of hydrocarbons,
Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 2213. [all data]
Clary, Lewis, et al., 1974
Clary, D.C.; Lewis, A.A.; Morland, D.; Murrell, J.N.; Heilbronner, E.,
Ionization potentials of cycloalkenes,
J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1974, 70, 1889. [all data]
Masclet, Grosjean, et al., 1973
Masclet, P.; Grosjean, D.; Mouvier, G.,
Alkene ionization potentials. Part I. Quantitative determination of alkyl group structural effects,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1973, 2, 225. [all data]
Frost and Sandhu, 1971
Frost, D.C.; Sandhu, J.S.,
Ionization potentials of ethylene and some methyl-substituted ethylenes as determined by photoelectron spectroscopy,
Indian J. Chem., 1971, 9, 1105. [all data]
McDiarmid, 1969
McDiarmid, R.,
Rydberg progressions in cis- and trans-butene,
J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 2328. [all data]
Haselbach, Hashmall, et al., 1969
Haselbach, E.; Hashmall, J.A.; Heilbronner, E.; Hornung, V.,
The interaction between the lone pairs in azomethane,
Angew. Chem. Intern. Ed., 1969, 8, 878. [all data]
Dewar and Worley, 1969
Dewar, M.J.S.; Worley, S.D.,
Photoelectron spectra of molecules. I. Ionization potentials of some organic molecules and their interpretation,
J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 654. [all data]
Watanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962
Watanabe, K.; Nakayama, T.; Mottl, J.,
Ionization potentials of some molecules,
J. Quant. Spectry. Radiative Transfer, 1962, 2, 369. [all data]
Bralsford, Harris, et al., 1960
Bralsford, R.; Harris, P.V.; Price, W.C.,
The effect of fluorine on the electronic spectra and ionization potentials of molecules,
Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 1960, A258, 459. [all data]
Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1975
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Yamazaki, T.; Wakabayashi, H.,
UV photoelectron spectra and sum rule consideration; out-of-plane orbitals of unsaturated compounds with planar-skeleton structure,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1975, 6, 41. [all data]
White, Carlson, et al., 1974
White, R.M.; Carlson, T.A.; Spears, D.P.,
Angular distribution of the photoelectron spectra for ethylene, propylene, butene and butadiene,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1974, 3, 59. [all data]
Robin, Taylor, et al., 1973
Robin, M.B.; Taylor, G.N.; Kuebler, N.A.; Bach, R.D.,
Planarity of the carbon skeleton in various alkylated olefins,
J. Org. Chem., 1973, 38, 1049. [all data]
Brundle, Robin, et al., 1972
Brundle, C.R.; Robin, M.B.; Kuebler, N.A.; Basch, H.,
Perfluoro effect in photoelectron spectroscopy. I. Nonaromatic molecules,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1972, 94, 1451. [all data]
Meisels, Park, et al., 1970
Meisels, G.G.; Park, J.Y.; Giessner, B.G.,
Ionization and dissociation of C4H8 isomers,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92, 254. [all data]
Traeger, 1984
Traeger, J.C.,
A study of the allyl cation thermochemistry by photoionization mass spectrometry,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 1984, 58, 259. [all data]
Aflalaye, Sternberg, et al., 1995
Aflalaye, A.; Sternberg, R.; Raulin, F.; Vidal-Madjar, C.,
Gas chromatography of Titan's atmosphere. VI. Analysis of low-molecular-mass hydrocarbons and nitriles with BPX5 capillary columns,
J. Chromatogr. A, 1995, 708, 2, 283-291, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)00410-O
. [all data]
Do and Raulin, 1992
Do, L.; Raulin, F.,
Gas chromatography of Titan's atmosphere. III. Analysis of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons and nitriles with a CP-Sil-5 CB WCOT capillary column,
J. Chromatogr., 1992, 591, 1-2, 297-301, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)80247-R
. [all data]
Do and Raulin, 1989
Do, L.; Raulin, F.,
Gas chromatography of Titan's atmosphere. I. Analysis of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons and nitriles with a PoraPLOT Q porous polymer coated open-tubular capillary column,
J. Chromatogr., 1989, 481, 45-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96751-2
. [all data]
Papazova, Milina, et al., 1988
Papazova, D.; Milina, R.; Dimov, N.,
Comparative evaluation of retention of hydrocarbons present in the C5-petroleum fraction of methylsilicone and squalane phases,
Chromatographia, 1988, 25, 3, 177-180, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02316441
. [all data]
Lubeck and Sutton, 1984
Lubeck, A.J.; Sutton, D.L.,
Kovats Retention Indices of Selected Olefins on Bonded Phase Fused Silica Capillaries,
J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Comm., 1984, 7, 9, 542-544, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240070913
. [all data]
Nijs and Jacobs, 1981
Nijs, H.H.; Jacobs, P.A.,
On-Line Single Run Analysis of Effluents from a Fischer-Tropsch Reactor,
J. Chromatogr. Sci., 1981, 19, 1, 40-45, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/19.1.40
. [all data]
Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979
Bajus, M.; Veselý, V.; Leclercq, P.A.; Rijks, J.A.,
Steam cracking of hydrocarbons. 2. Pyrolysis of methylcyclohexane,
Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 1979, 18, 2, 135-142, https://doi.org/10.1021/i360070a012
. [all data]
Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979, 2
Bajus, M.; Veselý, V.; Leclercq, P.A.; Rijks, J.A.,
Steam cracking of hydrocarbons. 1. Pyrolysis of heptane,
Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 1979, 18, 1, 30-37, https://doi.org/10.1021/i360069a007
. [all data]
Pacáková and Koslík, 1978
Pacáková, V.; Koslík, V.,
Capillary reaction gas chromatography. I. Catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons,
Chromatographia, 1978, 11, 5, 266-273, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02282952
. [all data]
Chrétien and Dubois, 1977
Chrétien, J.R.; Dubois, J.E.,
Topological analysis of gas-liquid chromatographic behavior of alkenes,
Anal. Chem., 1977, 49, 6, 747-756, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50014a021
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Notes
Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, References
- Symbols used in this document:
AE Appearance energy IE (evaluated) Recommended ionization energy ΔrH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrS° Entropy of reaction at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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