2-Butene, (E)-

Data at NIST subscription sites:

NIST subscription sites provide data under the NIST Standard Reference Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated with the development of data collections included in such sites. Your institution may already be a subscriber. Follow the links above to find out more about the data in these sites and their terms of usage.


Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

2-Butene, (Z)- = 2-Butene, (E)-

By formula: C4H8 = C4H8

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-4. ± 2.kJ/molAVGN/AAverage of 7 values; Individual data points

1-Butene = 2-Butene, (E)-

By formula: C4H8 = C4H8

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-12.6 ± 0.84kJ/molEqkMeyer and Stroz, 1972gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -11.0 kJ/mol; At 300 K; ALS
Δr-12.4 ± 1.7kJ/molEqkHappel, Hnatow, et al., 1971gas phase; ALS
Δr-12.7kJ/molEqkMaccoll and Ross, 1965gas phase; GC; ALS
Δr-11.7 ± 0.84kJ/molEqkGolden, Egger, et al., 1964gas phase; ALS
Δr-11.5kJ/molCisoLevanova and Andreevskii, 1964gas phase; At 420.3 K; ALS

Hydrogen bromide + 2-Butene, (E)- = Butane, 2-bromo-

By formula: HBr + C4H8 = C4H9Br

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-72.22 ± 0.50kJ/molCmLacher, Billings, et al., 1952gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -72.6 ± 5.6 kJ/mol; Heat of hydrobromination at 373 K; ALS

C3H9Si+ + 2-Butene, (E)- = (C3H9Si+ • 2-Butene, (E)-)

By formula: C3H9Si+ + C4H8 = (C3H9Si+ • C4H8)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr129.kJ/molPHPMSLi and Stone, 1989gas phase; condensation; M
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr174.J/mol*KPHPMSLi and Stone, 1989gas phase; condensation; M

Hydrogen + 2-Butene, (E)- = Butane

By formula: H2 + C4H8 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-114.6 ± 0.42kJ/molChydKistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -115.57 ± 0.088 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

2-Butene, (E)- + Bromine = erythro-2,3-Dibromobutane

By formula: C4H8 + Br2 = C4H8Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-121.1 ± 0.84kJ/molCmConn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1938gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -121.7 ± 0.84 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

Butane, 2-chloro- = 2-Butene, (E)- + Hydrogen chloride

By formula: C4H9Cl = C4H8 + HCl

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr63.81kJ/molEqkLevanova and Andreevskii, 1964gas phase; At 420 K; ALS

2-Butene, (E)- + Ethylene = cyclobutane, 1,2-dimethyl-, trans-

By formula: C4H8 + C2H4 = C6H12

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-69.9kJ/molEqkScacchi and Back, 1977liquid phase; ALS

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to C4H8+ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)9.10 ± 0.01eVN/AN/AL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Proton affinity (review)747.kJ/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Gas basicity719.9kJ/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
9.09PITraeger, 1986LBLHLM
9.10 ± 0.02PIWood and Taylor, 1979LLK
9.100 ± 0.008EQLias and Ausloos, 1978LLK
9.12 ± 0.02PEBieri, Burger, et al., 1977LLK
9.11PEClary, Lewis, et al., 1974LLK
9.122 ± 0.005PEMasclet, Grosjean, et al., 1973LLK
9.09PEFrost and Sandhu, 1971LLK
9.137SMcDiarmid, 1969RDSH
9.11PEHaselbach, Hashmall, et al., 1969RDSH
9.12PEDewar and Worley, 1969RDSH
9.13 ± 0.01PIWatanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962RDSH
9.13PIBralsford, Harris, et al., 1960RDSH
9.37PEKimura, Katsumata, et al., 1975Vertical value; LLK
9.5PEWhite, Carlson, et al., 1974Vertical value; LLK
9.32PERobin, Taylor, et al., 1973Vertical value; LLK
9.11PEBrundle, Robin, et al., 1972Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion AE (eV) Other Products MethodReferenceComment
C2H4+11.8 ± 0.25?EIMeisels, Park, et al., 1970RDSH
C3H5+11.30CH3PITraeger, 1984LBLHLM
C4H7+11.24HPITraeger, 1986LBLHLM

Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
CapillaryBPX-530.413.Aflalaye, Sternberg, et al., 199512. m/0.15 mm/0.25 μm, H2
CapillaryBPX-530.414.Aflalaye, Sternberg, et al., 199512. m/0.15 mm/0.25 μm, H2
CapillaryCP Sil 5 CB20.410.2Do and Raulin, 199225. m/0.15 mm/2. μm, H2
CapillaryPoraPLOT Q100.402.Do and Raulin, 198910. m/0.32 mm/10. μm, H2
CapillaryPoraPLOT Q160.400.Do and Raulin, 198910. m/0.32 mm/10. μm, H2
CapillarySqualane50.406.9Papazova, Milina, et al., 1988Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
CapillaryDB-140.410.Lubeck and Sutton, 198460. m/0.264 mm/0.25 μm, H2
CapillaryHP-PONA40.410.Lubeck and Sutton, 198450. m/0.21 mm/0.5 μm, H2
CapillaryOV-120.405.Nijs and Jacobs, 1981He; Column length: 150. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
CapillarySqualane50.406.5Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
CapillarySqualane70.404.4Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
CapillarySqualane50.406.1Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979, 2Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
CapillarySqualane50.406.49Pacáková and Koslík, 197850. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm, N2
PackedSqualane80.405.Chrétien and Dubois, 1977 
CapillarySqualane50.407.Chretien and Dubois, 1976 
CapillarySqualane100.406.7Lulova, Leont'eva, et al., 1976He; Column length: 120. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
CapillarySqualane40.403.Matukuma, 1969N2; Column length: 91.4 m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
PackedSqualane27.407.Hively and Hinton, 1968He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
PackedSqualane49.406.Hively and Hinton, 1968He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
PackedSqualane67.407.Hively and Hinton, 1968He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
PackedSqualane86.406.Hively and Hinton, 1968He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
PackedSE-3070.412.Widmer, 1967Diatoport S; Column length: 7.9 m
PackedSE-3070.412.Widmer, 1967Diatoport S; Column length: 7.9 m
PackedSqualane26.407.Zulaïca and Guiochon, 1966Column length: 10. m

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryPetrocol DH-100412.3Haagen-Smit Laboratory, 1997He; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; Program: 5C(10min) => 5C/min => 50C(48min) => 1.5C/min => 195C(91min)
CapillaryDB-1414.Hoekman, 199360. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, He; Program: -40 C for 12 min; -40 - 125 C at 3 deg.min; 125-185 C at 6 deg/min; 185 - 220 C at 20 deg/min; hold 220 C for 2 min

Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
PackedCarbowax 20M130.464.Widmer, 1967Diatoport P; Column length: 7.9 m
PackedCarbowax 20M70.450.Widmer, 1967Diatoport P; Column length: 7.9 m
PackedCarbowax 20M70.450.Widmer, 1967Diatoport P; Column length: 7.9 m

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryPetrocol DH406.42White, Douglas, et al., 1992100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; Tstart: 30. C; Tend: 220. C
CapillaryPetrocol DH408.4White, Douglas, et al., 1992100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; Tstart: 30. C; Tend: 220. C
CapillaryPetrocol DH408.White, Hackett, et al., 1992100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; Tstart: 30. C; Tend: 220. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-5411.Zaikin and Borisov, 2002He; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Program: 30C => 5K/min=120C => 10C/min => 270C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
CapillaryOV-10140.406.Li and Deng, 1998N2; Column length: 51. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
CapillaryMethyl Silicone50.383.N/AN2; Column length: 74.6 m; Column diameter: 0.28 mm
PackedMethyl Silicone50.417.Huguet, 1961Nitrogen, Celite C-22; Column length: 2.5 m

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryPolydimethyl siloxane: CP-Sil 5 CB410.Bramston-Cook, 201360. m/0.25 mm/1.0 μm, Helium, 45. C @ 1.45 min, 3.6 K/min, 210. C @ 2.72 min
CapillaryPetrocol DH411.Supelco, 2012100. m/0.25 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 20. C @ 15. min, 15. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min
CapillaryPONA406.Zhang, Ding, et al., 200950. m/0.20 mm/0.50 μm, Nitrogen, 35. C @ 15. min, 2. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min
CapillaryOV-101408.Chupalov and Zenkevich, 1996N2, 3. K/min; Column length: 52. m; Column diameter: 0.26 mm; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 220. C
CapillarySE-54406.Guan, Li, et al., 199560. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Tend: 200. C
CapillaryDB-1406.Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 199260. m/0.32 mm/1.2 μm, He, 30. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 240. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryPolydimethyl siloxane405.Junkes, Castanho, et al., 2003Program: not specified
CapillaryPONA412.Perkin Elmer Instruments, 2002Column length: 100. m; Phase thickness: 0.50 μm; Program: not specified
CapillaryMethyl Silicone409.Spieksma, 1999Program: not specified
CapillaryPolydimethyl siloxanes408.Zenkevich, Chupalov, et al., 1996Program: not specified
PackedSE-30411.Robinson and Odell, 1971N2, Chromosorb W; Column length: 6.1 m; Program: 50C910min) => 20C/min => 90(6min) => 10C/min => 150C(hold)

References

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Meyer and Stroz, 1972
Meyer, E.F.; Stroz, D.G., Thermodynamics of n-butene isomerization, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1972, 94, 6344-6347. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Happel, Hnatow, et al., 1971
Happel, J.; Hnatow, M.A.; Mezaki, R., Isomerization equilibrium constants of n-butenes, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1971, 16, 206-209. [all data]

Maccoll and Ross, 1965
Maccoll, A.; Ross, R.A., The hydrogen bromide catalyzed isomerization of n-butenes. I. equilibrium values, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1965, 87, 1169-1170. [all data]

Golden, Egger, et al., 1964
Golden, D.M.; Egger, K.W.; Benson, S.W., Iodine-catalyzed isomerization of olefins. I. Thermodynamics data from equilibrium studies of positional and geometrical isomerization of 1-butene and 2-butene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1964, 86, 5416-5420. [all data]

Levanova and Andreevskii, 1964
Levanova, S.V.; Andreevskii, D.N., The equilibrium of 2-chlorobutane dehydrochlorination, Neftekhimiya, 1964, 4, 329-336. [all data]

Lacher, Billings, et al., 1952
Lacher, J.R.; Billings, T.J.; Campion, D.E., Vapor phase heats of hydrobromination of the isomeric butenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1952, 74, 5291-52. [all data]

Li and Stone, 1989
Li, X.; Stone, J.A., Determination of the beta silicon effect from a mass spectrometric study of the association of trimethylsilylium ion with alkenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 15, 5586, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00197a013 . [all data]

Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of organic reactions. II. Hydrogenation of some simpler olefinic hydrocarbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57, 876-882. [all data]

Conn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1938
Conn, J.B.; Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Smith, E.A., Heats of organic reactions. VII. Addition of halogens to olefins, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60, 2764-2771. [all data]

Scacchi and Back, 1977
Scacchi, G.; Back, M.H., The cycloaddition of ethylene to butene-2. II. Energy relations, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1977, 9, 525-534. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Traeger, 1986
Traeger, J.C., Heat of formation for the 1-methylallyl cation by photoionization mass spectrometry, J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 4114. [all data]

Wood and Taylor, 1979
Wood, K.V.; Taylor, J.W., A photoionization mass spectrometric study of autoionization in ethylene and trans-2-butene, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1979, 30, 307. [all data]

Lias and Ausloos, 1978
Lias, S.G.; Ausloos, P.J., eIonization energies of organic compounds by equilibrium measurements, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1978, 100, 6027. [all data]

Bieri, Burger, et al., 1977
Bieri, G.; Burger, F.; Heilbronner, E.; Maier, J.P., Valence ionization enrgies of hydrocarbons, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 2213. [all data]

Clary, Lewis, et al., 1974
Clary, D.C.; Lewis, A.A.; Morland, D.; Murrell, J.N.; Heilbronner, E., Ionization potentials of cycloalkenes, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1974, 70, 1889. [all data]

Masclet, Grosjean, et al., 1973
Masclet, P.; Grosjean, D.; Mouvier, G., Alkene ionization potentials. Part I. Quantitative determination of alkyl group structural effects, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1973, 2, 225. [all data]

Frost and Sandhu, 1971
Frost, D.C.; Sandhu, J.S., Ionization potentials of ethylene and some methyl-substituted ethylenes as determined by photoelectron spectroscopy, Indian J. Chem., 1971, 9, 1105. [all data]

McDiarmid, 1969
McDiarmid, R., Rydberg progressions in cis- and trans-butene, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 2328. [all data]

Haselbach, Hashmall, et al., 1969
Haselbach, E.; Hashmall, J.A.; Heilbronner, E.; Hornung, V., The interaction between the lone pairs in azomethane, Angew. Chem. Intern. Ed., 1969, 8, 878. [all data]

Dewar and Worley, 1969
Dewar, M.J.S.; Worley, S.D., Photoelectron spectra of molecules. I. Ionization potentials of some organic molecules and their interpretation, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 654. [all data]

Watanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962
Watanabe, K.; Nakayama, T.; Mottl, J., Ionization potentials of some molecules, J. Quant. Spectry. Radiative Transfer, 1962, 2, 369. [all data]

Bralsford, Harris, et al., 1960
Bralsford, R.; Harris, P.V.; Price, W.C., The effect of fluorine on the electronic spectra and ionization potentials of molecules, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 1960, A258, 459. [all data]

Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1975
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Yamazaki, T.; Wakabayashi, H., UV photoelectron spectra and sum rule consideration; out-of-plane orbitals of unsaturated compounds with planar-skeleton structure, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1975, 6, 41. [all data]

White, Carlson, et al., 1974
White, R.M.; Carlson, T.A.; Spears, D.P., Angular distribution of the photoelectron spectra for ethylene, propylene, butene and butadiene, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1974, 3, 59. [all data]

Robin, Taylor, et al., 1973
Robin, M.B.; Taylor, G.N.; Kuebler, N.A.; Bach, R.D., Planarity of the carbon skeleton in various alkylated olefins, J. Org. Chem., 1973, 38, 1049. [all data]

Brundle, Robin, et al., 1972
Brundle, C.R.; Robin, M.B.; Kuebler, N.A.; Basch, H., Perfluoro effect in photoelectron spectroscopy. I. Nonaromatic molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1972, 94, 1451. [all data]

Meisels, Park, et al., 1970
Meisels, G.G.; Park, J.Y.; Giessner, B.G., Ionization and dissociation of C4H8 isomers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92, 254. [all data]

Traeger, 1984
Traeger, J.C., A study of the allyl cation thermochemistry by photoionization mass spectrometry, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 1984, 58, 259. [all data]

Aflalaye, Sternberg, et al., 1995
Aflalaye, A.; Sternberg, R.; Raulin, F.; Vidal-Madjar, C., Gas chromatography of Titan's atmosphere. VI. Analysis of low-molecular-mass hydrocarbons and nitriles with BPX5 capillary columns, J. Chromatogr. A, 1995, 708, 2, 283-291, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)00410-O . [all data]

Do and Raulin, 1992
Do, L.; Raulin, F., Gas chromatography of Titan's atmosphere. III. Analysis of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons and nitriles with a CP-Sil-5 CB WCOT capillary column, J. Chromatogr., 1992, 591, 1-2, 297-301, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)80247-R . [all data]

Do and Raulin, 1989
Do, L.; Raulin, F., Gas chromatography of Titan's atmosphere. I. Analysis of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons and nitriles with a PoraPLOT Q porous polymer coated open-tubular capillary column, J. Chromatogr., 1989, 481, 45-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96751-2 . [all data]

Papazova, Milina, et al., 1988
Papazova, D.; Milina, R.; Dimov, N., Comparative evaluation of retention of hydrocarbons present in the C5-petroleum fraction of methylsilicone and squalane phases, Chromatographia, 1988, 25, 3, 177-180, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02316441 . [all data]

Lubeck and Sutton, 1984
Lubeck, A.J.; Sutton, D.L., Kovats Retention Indices of Selected Olefins on Bonded Phase Fused Silica Capillaries, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Comm., 1984, 7, 9, 542-544, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240070913 . [all data]

Nijs and Jacobs, 1981
Nijs, H.H.; Jacobs, P.A., On-Line Single Run Analysis of Effluents from a Fischer-Tropsch Reactor, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 1981, 19, 1, 40-45, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/19.1.40 . [all data]

Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979
Bajus, M.; Veselý, V.; Leclercq, P.A.; Rijks, J.A., Steam cracking of hydrocarbons. 2. Pyrolysis of methylcyclohexane, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 1979, 18, 2, 135-142, https://doi.org/10.1021/i360070a012 . [all data]

Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979, 2
Bajus, M.; Veselý, V.; Leclercq, P.A.; Rijks, J.A., Steam cracking of hydrocarbons. 1. Pyrolysis of heptane, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 1979, 18, 1, 30-37, https://doi.org/10.1021/i360069a007 . [all data]

Pacáková and Koslík, 1978
Pacáková, V.; Koslík, V., Capillary reaction gas chromatography. I. Catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons, Chromatographia, 1978, 11, 5, 266-273, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02282952 . [all data]

Chrétien and Dubois, 1977
Chrétien, J.R.; Dubois, J.E., Topological analysis of gas-liquid chromatographic behavior of alkenes, Anal. Chem., 1977, 49, 6, 747-756, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50014a021 . [all data]

Chretien and Dubois, 1976
Chretien, J.R.; Dubois, J.-E., New Perspectives in the Prediction of Kovats Indices, J. Chromatogr., 1976, 126, 171-189, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)84071-1 . [all data]

Lulova, Leont'eva, et al., 1976
Lulova, N.I.; Leont'eva, S.A.; Timofeeva, A.N., Gas-chromatographic method of determination of individual hydrocarbons in catalytic cracking gasolines in Proceedings of All-Union Research Institute on Oil Processes. Vol.18, All-Union Research Institute on Oil Processes, Moscow, 1976, 30-53. [all data]

Matukuma, 1969
Matukuma, A., Retention indices of alkanes through C10 and alkenes through C8 and relation between boiling points and retention data, Gas Chromatogr., Int. Symp. Anal. Instrum. Div Instrum Soc. Amer., 1969, 7, 55-75. [all data]

Hively and Hinton, 1968
Hively, R.A.; Hinton, R.E., Variation of the retention index with temperature on squalane substrates, J. Gas Chromatogr., 1968, 6, 4, 203-217, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/6.4.203 . [all data]

Widmer, 1967
Widmer, H., Gas chromatographic identification of hydrocarbons using retention indices, J. Gas Chromatogr., 1967, 5, 10, 506-510, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/5.10.506 . [all data]

Zulaïca and Guiochon, 1966
Zulaïca, J.; Guiochon, G., Analyse des hauts polymères par chromatographie en phase gazeuse de leurs produits de pyrolyse. II. Application à quelques hydrocarbures macromoléculaires purs, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1966, 4, 1351-1363. [all data]

Haagen-Smit Laboratory, 1997
Haagen-Smit Laboratory, Procedure for the detailed hydrocarbon analysis of gasolines by single column high efficiency (capillary) column gas chromatography, SOP NO. MLD 118, Revision No. 1.1, California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, El Monte, California, 1997, 22. [all data]

Hoekman, 1993
Hoekman, S.K., Improved gas chromatography procedure for speciated hydrocarbon measurements of vehicle emissions, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 639, 2, 239-253, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80260-F . [all data]

White, Douglas, et al., 1992
White, C.M.; Douglas, L.J.; Hackett, J.P.; Anderson, R.R., Characterization of synthetic gasoline from the chloromethane-zeolite reaction, Energy Fuels, 1992, 6, 1, 76-82, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00031a012 . [all data]

White, Hackett, et al., 1992
White, C.M.; Hackett, J.; Anderson, R.R.; Kail, S.; Spock, P.S., Linear temperature programmed retention indices of gasoline range hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons on cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1992, 15, 2, 105-120, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150211 . [all data]

Zaikin and Borisov, 2002
Zaikin, V.G.; Borisov, R.S., Chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of Fishcer-Tropsch synthesis products, J. Anal. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 2002, 57, 6, 544-551. [all data]

Li and Deng, 1998
Li, H.; Deng, C., Qualitative analysis of light components of gasoline cracking using Kovats retention indices, J. Instrumental Analysis, 1998, 17, 1, 67-69. [all data]

Huguet, 1961
Huguet, M., Kovats retention indices in the qualitative analysis of light hydrocarbons by gas chromatography, Journees internationales d'etude des methodes de separation immediate et de chromatographie, 1961, 69. [all data]

Bramston-Cook, 2013
Bramston-Cook, R., Kovats indices for C2-C13 hydrocarbons and selected oxygenated/halocarbons with 100 % dimethylpolysiloxane columns, 2013, retrieved from http://lotusinstruments.com/monographs/List .... [all data]

Supelco, 2012
Supelco, CatalogNo. 24160-U, Petrocol DH Columns. Catalog No. 24160-U, 2012, retrieved from http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Supelco/Datasheet/1/w97949.Par.0001.File.tmp/w97949.pdf. [all data]

Zhang, Ding, et al., 2009
Zhang, X.; Ding, L.; Sun, Z.; Song, L.; Sun, T., Study on quantitative structure-retention relationships for hydrocarbons in FCC gasoline, Chromatographia, 2009, 70, 3/4, 511-518, https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-009-1174-0 . [all data]

Chupalov and Zenkevich, 1996
Chupalov, A.A.; Zenkevich, I.G., Chromatographic Characterization of Structural Transformations of Organic Compounds in Diels-Alder Reaction. Aliphatic Dienes and Dienophyls, Zh. Org. Khim., 1996, 32, 6, 675-684. [all data]

Guan, Li, et al., 1995
Guan, Y.; Li, L.; Zhou, L., Live retention database for compound identification in capillary gas chromatography, Chin. J. Chromatogr., 1995, 13, 5, 851-857. [all data]

Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 1992
Ciccioli, P.; Cecinato, A.; Brancaleoni, E.; Frattoni, M.; Liberti, A., Use of carbon adsorption traps combined with high resolution gas chromatography - mass spectrometry for the analysis of polar and non-polar C4-C14 hydrocarbons involved in photochemical smog formation, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1992, 15, 2, 75-84, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150205 . [all data]

Junkes, Castanho, et al., 2003
Junkes, B.S.; Castanho, R.D.M.; Amboni, C.; Yunes, R.A.; Heinzen, V.E.F., Semiempirical Topological Index: A Novel Molecular Descriptor for Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationship Studies, Internet Electronic Journal of Molecular Design, 2003, 2, 1, 33-49. [all data]

Perkin Elmer Instruments, 2002
Perkin Elmer Instruments, Detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHAX) Model 4015, 2002, retrieved from http://www.perkinelmer.com/instruments. [all data]

Spieksma, 1999
Spieksma, W., Determination of vapor liquid equilibrium from the Kovats retention index on dimethylsilicone using the Wilson mixing tool, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1999, 22, 10, 565-588, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4168(19991001)22:10<565::AID-JHRC565>3.0.CO;2-2 . [all data]

Zenkevich, Chupalov, et al., 1996
Zenkevich, I.G.; Chupalov, A.A.; Herzschuh, R., Correlation of the Increments of Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices with the Differences of Innermolecular Energies of Reagents and Products of Chemical Reactions, Zh. Org. Khim. (Rus.), 1996, 32, 11, 1685-1691. [all data]

Robinson and Odell, 1971
Robinson, P.G.; Odell, A.L., A system of standard retention indices and its uses. The characterisation of stationary phases and the prediction of retention indices, J. Chromatogr., 1971, 57, 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(71)80001-8 . [all data]


Notes

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, References