Nitric acid

• Formula: HNO₃
• Molecular weight: 63.0128
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/HNO3/c2-1(3)4/h(H,2,3,4) Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 7697-37-2
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Henry's Law data
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
    C_p = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Enthalpy of vaporization

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (NO₃^- • HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • 2HNO₃)

Free energy of reaction

( • 2) +  = ( • 3)

By formula: (NO₃^- • 2HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • 3HNO₃)

Free energy of reaction

 +  =

By formula: NO₃^- + H⁺ = HNO₃

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Br^- • HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (Br^- • 2HNO₃)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + HNO₃ = (Br^- • HNO₃)

Free energy of reaction

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (NO₃^- • HNO₃) + H₂O = (NO₃^- • H₂O • HNO₃)

Free energy of reaction

(HO₄S^- • 2) +  = (HO₄S^- •  • 2)

By formula: (HO₄S^- • 2H₂O₄S) + HNO₃ = (HO₄S^- • HNO₃ • 2H₂O₄S)

Free energy of reaction

(HO₄S^- • 3) +  = (HO₄S^- •  • 3)

By formula: (HO₄S^- • 3H₂O₄S) + HNO₃ = (HO₄S^- • HNO₃ • 3H₂O₄S)

Free energy of reaction

(HO₄S^- • ) + HO₃S = (HO₄S^- • HO₃S • )

By formula: (HO₄S^- • HNO₃) + HO₃S = (HO₄S^- • HO₃S • HNO₃)

Free energy of reaction

(HO₄S^- • ) +  = (HO₄S^- •  • )

By formula: (HO₄S^- • HNO₃) + H₂O = (HO₄S^- • H₂O • HNO₃)

Free energy of reaction

(HO₄S^- • ) +  = (HO₄S^- • 2)

By formula: (HO₄S^- • HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (HO₄S^- • 2HNO₃)

Free energy of reaction

( • 3) +  = ( • 4)

By formula: (NO₃^- • 3HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • 4HNO₃)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (NO₃^- • HNO₃) + HBr = (NO₃^- • HBr • HNO₃)

( • 5) +  = ( • 6)

By formula: (NO₃^- • 5HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • 6HNO₃)

( • 4) +  = ( • 5)

By formula: (NO₃^- • 4HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • 5HNO₃)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (NO₃^- • HBr) + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • HNO₃ • HBr)

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₃H₆N₂O₇ + HNO₃ = C₃H₅N₃O₉ + H₂O

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₃H₈O₃ + HNO₃ = C₃H₇NO₅ + H₂O

 +  = ( • )

By formula: NO₃^- + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • HNO₃)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + HNO₃ = (Na⁺ • HNO₃)

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₃H₇NO₅ + HNO₃ = C₃H₆N₂O₇ + H₂O

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₃H₈O₃ + HNO₃ = C₃H₇NO₅ + H₂O

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₃H₆N₂O₇ + H₂O = C₃H₇NO₅ + HNO₃

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₃H₆N₂O₇ + HNO₃ = C₃H₅N₃O₉ + H₂O

 + 2 =  + 2

By formula: C₃H₇NO₅ + 2HNO₃ = C₃H₅N₃O₉ + 2H₂O

 + 3 =  + 3

By formula: C₃H₈O₃ + 3HNO₃ = C₃H₅N₃O₉ + 3H₂O

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₄H₁₀O₃ + HNO₃ = C₄H₉NO₅ + H₂O

 +  = 2 + 

By formula: CH₃NO₂ + HNO₃ = 2NO₂ + CH₄O

 +  = C₂F₃NO₄ + 

By formula: C₄F₆O₃ + HNO₃ = C₂F₃NO₄ + C₂HF₃O₂

 +  = C₅H₁₁NO₆ + 

By formula: C₅H₁₂O₄ + HNO₃ = C₅H₁₁NO₆ + H₂O

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₂H₆O₂ + HNO₃ = C₂H₅NO₄ + H₂O

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₄H₁₀O₃ + HNO₃ = C₄H₉NO₅ + H₂O

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₂H₃NO₄ + C₂H₄O₂ = C₄H₆O₃ + HNO₃

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₃H₈O + HNO₃ = C₃H₇NO₃ + H₂O

 +  =  + 

By formula: CH₄O + HNO₃ = CH₃NO₃ + H₂O

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₂H₆O + HNO₃ = C₂H₅NO₃ + H₂O

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₃H₈O + HNO₃ = C₃H₇NO₃ + H₂O

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman

Electron affinity determinations

Proton affinity at 298K

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

 +  =

By formula: NO₃^- + H⁺ = HNO₃

Ion clustering data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
B - John E. Bartmess

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + HNO₃ = (Br^- • HNO₃)

Free energy of reaction

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Br^- • HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (Br^- • 2HNO₃)

(HO₄S^- • ) +  = (HO₄S^- • 2)

By formula: (HO₄S^- • HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (HO₄S^- • 2HNO₃)

Free energy of reaction

(HO₄S^- • 2) +  = (HO₄S^- •  • 2)

By formula: (HO₄S^- • 2H₂O₄S) + HNO₃ = (HO₄S^- • HNO₃ • 2H₂O₄S)

Free energy of reaction

(HO₄S^- • 3) +  = (HO₄S^- •  • 3)

By formula: (HO₄S^- • 3H₂O₄S) + HNO₃ = (HO₄S^- • HNO₃ • 3H₂O₄S)

Free energy of reaction

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (NO₃^- • HBr) + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • HNO₃ • HBr)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: NO₃^- + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • HNO₃)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (NO₃^- • HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • 2HNO₃)

Free energy of reaction

( • 2) +  = ( • 3)

By formula: (NO₃^- • 2HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • 3HNO₃)

Free energy of reaction

( • 3) +  = ( • 4)

By formula: (NO₃^- • 3HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • 4HNO₃)

( • 4) +  = ( • 5)

By formula: (NO₃^- • 4HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • 5HNO₃)

( • 5) +  = ( • 6)

By formula: (NO₃^- • 5HNO₃) + HNO₃ = (NO₃^- • 6HNO₃)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + HNO₃ = (Na⁺ • HNO₃)

IR Spectrum

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, References, Notes

Data compiled by: Tanya L. Myers, Russell G. Tonkyn, Ashley M. Oeck, Tyler O. Danby, John S. Loring, Matthew S. Taubman, Stephen W. Sharpe, Jerome C. Birnbaum, and Timothy J. Johnson

• liquid; Bruker Tensor 37 FTIR
  0.48208331, 0.48208331, 0.48208331 cm^-1 resolution

Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Marilyn E. Jacox

State:   ?

State:   ?

State:   ?

State:   ?

State:   X

Additional references: Jacox, 1994, page 271; Jacox, 1998, page 289; Jacox, 2003, page 274; Millen and Morton, 1960; Cox and Riveros, 1965; Johnston, Chang, et al., 1974; Cazzoli and De Lucia, 1979; Bowman, Helminger, et al., 1981; Ghosh, Blom, et al., 1981; Margitan and Watson, 1982; Messer, De Lucia, et al., 1984; Crownover, Booker, et al., 1988; Tan, Looi, et al., 1991; Tan, Looi, et al., 1991, 2; Turnipseed, Vaghjiani, et al., 1992; Maki, Tan, et al., 1993; Schiffman, Nelson, et al., 1993; Tan, Looi, et al., 1994; Cox, Ellis, et al., 1994; Chou, Petkie, et al., 2002; Petkie, Helminger, et al., 2003

Notes

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

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Davidson, Fehsenfeld, et al., 1977
Davidson, J.A.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Howard, C.J., The heats of formation of NO₃- and NO₃- association complexes with HNO₃ and HBr, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1977, 9, 17. [all data]

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Wlodek, S.; Luczynski, Z.; Wincel, H., Stabilities of gas-phase NO₃-.(HNO₃)n,n ≤ 6, clusters, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1980, 35, 39. [all data]

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Arnold, F.; Viggiano, A.A.; Schlager, H., Implications for Trace Gases and Aerosols of Large Negative Ions Clusters in the Stratosphere, Nature, 1982, 297, 5865, 371, https://doi.org/10.1038/297371a0 . [all data]

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Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Howard, C.J.; Schmeltkopf, A.L., Gas Phase Ion Chemistry of HNO3, J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 63, 7, 2835, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.431722 . [all data]

Mathur, Rothe, et al., 1976
Mathur, B.P.; Rothe, E.W.; Tang, S.Y.; Mahajan, K.; Reck, G.P., Negative gaseous ions from nitric acid, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 64, 1247. [all data]

Refaey and Franklin, 1976
Refaey, K.M.A.; Franklin, J.L., Endoergic ion-molecule-collision processes of negative ions. V. Collision of I- on HNO₃. The electron affinity of NO₃, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 64, 4810. [all data]

Ferguson, Dunkin, et al., 1972
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Berkowitz, Chupka, et al., 1971
Berkowitz, J.; Chupka, W.A.; Gutman, D., Electron Affinities of O₂, O₃, NO, NO₂, and NO₃ by Endothermic Charge Transfer, J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 55, 6, 2733, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1676488 . [all data]

Kazakov, Kirpichev, et al., 1990
Kazakov, A.I.; Kirpichev, E.P.; Lagodzinskaya, G.V.; Andrienko, L.P.; Yunda, N.G.; Korolev, A.M.; Rubstov, Yu.I.; Manelis, G.B.; Eremenko, L.T., Study of nitration equilibrium in the glycerin-aqueous nitric acid system. 2. Changes in ΔH and ΔS in the nitration reaction, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Div. Chem. Sci., 1990, 1565-1570. [all data]

Kazakov, Lagodzinskaya, et al., 1989
Kazakov, A.I.; Lagodzinskaya, E.P.; Kirpichev, E.P.; Andrienko, L.P.; Yunda, N.G.; Korolev, A.M.; Robtsov, Yu.I.; Manelis, G.V.; Eremenko, L.T., Thermodynamics of nitration of glycerol, Dokl. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1989, 305, 287-291. [all data]

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Tsvetkov, V.G.; Sopin, V.P.; Tsvetkova, L.Ya.; Marchenko, G.N., Enthalpy of reaction of nitric acid with some organic compounds, J. Gen. Chem. USSR, 1986, 56, 471-474. [all data]

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Perry, R.A.; Rowe, B.R.; Viggiano, A.A.; Albritton, D.L.; Ferguson, E.E.; Fehsenfeld, F.C., Laboratory Measurements of Stratospheric Sodium Ion Measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1980, 7, 9, 693, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL007i009p00693 . [all data]

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Tsvetkov, V.G.; Shmakov, V.A.; Sopin, V.F.; Ivanov, A.V.; Ikonnikov, A.A.; Marchenko, G.N., Enthalpies of reaction of nitric acid with acetic and trifluoroacetic anhydrides, J. Gen. Chem. USSR, 1989, 59, 1220-1222. [all data]

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Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

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Bernardi, F.; Cacace, F.; de Petris, G.; Pepi, F.; Rossi, I., Gaseous [N2O5]H+, [N2O4]H+, and related species from the addition of NO2+ and NO+ ions to nitric acid and its derivatives, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1998, 102, 1987. [all data]

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Frost, D.C.; Lee, S.T.; McDowell, C.A.; Westwood, N.P.C., Photoelectron spectroscopic studies of some nitrosyl and nitryl halides nitric acid, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1975, 7, 331. [all data]

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Jochims, H.-W.; Denzer, W.; Baumgartel, H.; Losking, O.; Willner, H., Photochemical decay reactions of N₂O₅, HNO₃, ClNO₃ and BrNO₃ in the energy range 10-20 eV, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 573. [all data]

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Beddard, G.S.; Giachardi, D.J.; Wayne, R.P., The vacuum ultra-violet absorption spectrum of anhydrous nitric acid, J. Photochem., 1974, 3, 2, 321, https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(74)80041-9 . [all data]

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Biaume, F., Nitric acid vapour absorption cross-section spectrum and its photodissociation in the stratosphere, J. Photochem., 1973, 2, 2, 139, https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(73)80012-7 . [all data]

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Rattigan, O.; Lutman, E.R.; Jones, R.L.; Cox, R.A., Temperature Dependent Absorption Cross-sections and Atmospheric Photolysis Rates of Nitric Acid, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 3, 399, https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19920960331 . [all data]

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McGraw, G.E.; Bernitt, D.L.; Hisatsune, I.C., Vibrational Spectra of Isotopic Nitric Acids, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 42, 1, 237, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1695682 . [all data]

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Cheng, B.-M.; Lee, J.-W.; Lee, Y.-P., Photolysis of nitric acid in solid argon: the infrared absorption of peroxynitrous acid (HOONO), J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95, 7, 2814, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100160a034 . [all data]

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Guillory, W.A.; Bernstein, M.L., Infrared spectrum of matrix-isolated nitric acid, J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 62, 3, 1058, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.430519 . [all data]

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Chen, W.-J.; Lo, W.-J.; Cheng, B.-M.; Lee, Y.-P., Photolysis of nitric acid in solid nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1992, 97, 10, 7167, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.463541 . [all data]

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Bair, C.H.; Brockman, P., High-resolution spectral measurement of the HNO_3 59-µm band using a tunable diode laser, Appl. Opt., 1979, 18, 24, 4152, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.18.004152 . [all data]

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Maki, A.G.; Wells, J.S., High-resolution measurement and analysis of the infrared spectrum of nitric acid near 1700 cm-1, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1980, 82, 2, 427, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(80)90126-5 . [all data]

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Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  EA	Electron affinity
  S°gas,1 bar	Entropy of gas at standard conditions (1 bar)
  T	Temperature
  ΔfH°gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔvapH	Enthalpy of vaporization

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