Carbon dioxide

Formula: CO₂
Molecular weight: 44.0095
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 124-38-9
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Isotopologues:
- Carbon dioxide (¹²C¹⁶O₂)
Other names: Carbon oxide (CO2); Carbonic acid, gas; Carbonic anhydride; Dry ice; CO2; Anhydride carbonique; Carbonica; Kohlendioxyd; Kohlensaure; UN 1013; UN 1845; UN 2187; Cardice; Dricold; Drikold; Carbonic acid anhydride; Khladon 744; R 744
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Information on this page:
Other data available:
- Phase change data
- Reaction thermochemistry data: reactions 51 to 100, reactions 101 to 143
- Henry's Law data
- Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
- Gas Chromatography
- Fluid Properties
Data at other public NIST sites:
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH°_gas	-393.51 ± 0.13	kJ/mol	Review	Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984	CODATA Review value
Δ_fH°_gas	-393.52	kJ/mol	Review	Chase, 1998	Data last reviewed in September, 1965
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
S°_{gas,1 bar}	213.785 ± 0.010	J/mol*K	Review	Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984	CODATA Review value
S°_{gas,1 bar}	213.79	J/mol*K	Review	Chase, 1998	Data last reviewed in September, 1965

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
C_p = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Temperature (K)	298. to 1200.	1200. to 6000.
A	24.99735	58.16639
B	55.18696	2.720074
C	-33.69137	-0.492289
D	7.948387	0.038844
E	-0.136638	-6.447293
F	-403.6075	-425.9186
G	228.2431	263.6125
H	-393.5224	-393.5224
Reference	Chase, 1998	Chase, 1998
Comment	Data last reviewed in September, 1965	Data last reviewed in September, 1965

Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
B - John E. Bartmess

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Reactions 1 to 50

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: O₂⁺ + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	41. ± 4.	kJ/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 4 out of 6 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	73.2	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	79.1	J/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=41.0 kJ/mol; M
Δ_rS°	86.6	J/mol*K	N/A	Dotan, Davidson, et al., 1978	gas phase; switching reaction(O2+)O2, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Conway and Janik, 1970; M
Δ_rS°	84.	J/mol*K	N/A	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, DG>, Δ_rH>; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	18.	kJ/mol	DT	Rakshit and Warneck, 1981	gas phase; M
Δ_rG°	18.	kJ/mol	FA	Dotan, Davidson, et al., 1978	gas phase; switching reaction(O2+)O2, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Conway and Janik, 1970; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
39.	600.	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, DG>, Δ_rH>; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: CO₂⁺ + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	66. ± 4.	kJ/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 7 out of 10 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.9	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	77.8	J/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=66.5 kJ/mol; M
Δ_rS°	81.6	J/mol*K	DT	Van Koppen, Kemper, et al., 1983	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	95.4	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Headley, Mason, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	88.3	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

O^- + Carbon dioxide = (O^- • )

By formula: O^- + CO₂ = (O^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	200. ± 50.	kJ/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 8 out of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	201. ± 21.	kJ/mol	IMRE	Adams and Bohme, 1970	gas phase; O₃^- + CO₂ <=> CO₃^- + O₂; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: I^- + CO₂ = (I^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	15. ± 7.5	kJ/mol	N/A	Piani, Becucci, et al., 2008	gas phase; Stated electron affinity is the Vertical Detachment Energy; B
Δ_rH°	17. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	20. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	13.4	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	23.4 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	56.1	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	76.1	J/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	3. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	3.3 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rG°	1.7 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: O₂^- + CO₂ = (O₂^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	79.50 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	74.1 ± 7.5	kJ/mol	IMRE	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; Corrected with more recent EA(O2) = 0.45 eV; B,M
Δ_rH°	106. ± 19.	kJ/mol	PDis	Vestal and Mauclaire, 1977	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	101.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	88.	J/mol*K	DT	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	49.0 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	51.0 ± 5.0	kJ/mol	IMRE	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; Corrected with more recent EA(O2) = 0.45 eV; B
Δ_rG°	41.8	kJ/mol	FA	Adams and Bohme, 1970	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)O2; Conway and Nesbit, 1968; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
54.0	296.	FA	Fehsenfeld and Ferguson, 1974	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)H2O; Arshadi and Kebarle, 1970; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: F^- + CO₂ = (F^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	134.2	kJ/mol	N/A	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	135. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	133. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRE	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	138. ± 13.	kJ/mol	IMRE	McMahon and Northcott, 1978	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	112.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	N/A	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(F-)H2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Arshadi, Yamdagni, et al., 1970; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	102. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	103. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRE	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rG°	48.5	kJ/mol	FA	Spears and Ferguson, 1973	gas phase; DG>; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Cl^- + CO₂ = (Cl^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	28.5 ± 2.1	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; Affinity: shift in apparent EA from lesser-solvated ion. Ignores any neutral-neutral bond.; B
Δ_rH°	31.8	kJ/mol	TDEq	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	33.5 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	76.1	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	82.0	J/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	8.79	kJ/mol	TDEq	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	8.79 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (I^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	9.20	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	15. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	19. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	77.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-3. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (I^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.11	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	13. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	18. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-5.9 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (I^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	15. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	20. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	10.9	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	72.4	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	3. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (I^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	13. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	7.53	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	18.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.	J/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • • )

By formula: (Na⁺ • CO₂) + H₂O = (Na⁺ • H₂O • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	86.6	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M
Δ_rH°	95.8	kJ/mol	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle(Na+) 2H2O; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970, Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	106.	J/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M
Δ_rS°	107.	J/mol*K	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle(Na+) 2H2O; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970, Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984; M

CHO₂⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (CHO₂⁺ • )

By formula: CHO₂⁺ + CO₂ = (CHO₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	82.8	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	75.3	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	79.9	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Jennings, Headley, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	84.1	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	111.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	92.9	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	113.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Jennings, Headley, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	101.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (I^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.53	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	15. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	19. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-4.2 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO₂^- + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	30.5 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	38.9 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	72.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	101.	J/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	8.8 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	8.37 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO^- + CO₂ = (NO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	36. ± 1.	kJ/mol	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=36.0 kJ/mol; M
Δ_rH°	32. ± 2.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	57.7	kJ/mol	FA	Dunkin, Fehsenfeld, et al., 1971	gas phase; switching reaction(NO+)NO, Δ_rH<; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	75.3	J/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=36.0 kJ/mol; M
Δ_rS°	57.3	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Br^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	21. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	25. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	23. ± 1.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	35.	kJ/mol	EI	Cameron, Aitken, et al., 1994	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	14.	kJ/mol	PI	Linn and Ng, 1981	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	25.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	59.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + CO₂ = (Br^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	22. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; Affinity: shift in apparent EA from lesser-solvated ion. Ignores any neutral-neutral bond.; B
Δ_rH°	28. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	69.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	7.5 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	28. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	28.5	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	93.7	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.4 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	30. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	30.1	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	87.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-5.9 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	4.18	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: H₃O⁺ + CO₂ = (H₃O⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	59.8	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	64.0	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	60.2	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	88.7	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	103.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	86.6	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • 2 • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3 • )

By formula: (Na⁺ • 2H₂O • CO₂) + H₂O = (Na⁺ • 3H₂O • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	51.9	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	96.	J/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	23.	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	36. ± 2.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	31.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	78.2	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	63.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

( • 3) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • 3)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 3H₂O) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂ • 3H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	30.	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	N/A	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	35.	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	N/A	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
3.	310.	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	66.5	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	57.3	kJ/mol	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	84.1	J/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	82.8	J/mol*K	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
28.	310.	DT	Keller and Beyer, 1971	gas phase; low E/N; M

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (I^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	14. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	7.95	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B

( • 7 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 8)

By formula: (I^- • 7CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 8CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	13. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	7.95	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Cl^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	26.8	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; entropy estimated.; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-3.3	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; entropy estimated.; B

CO₃^- + Carbon dioxide = C₂O₅^-

By formula: CO₃^- + CO₂ = C₂O₅^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	24.7 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	29.7 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	4.2 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	2.5 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

HO^- + Carbon dioxide = (HO^- • )

By formula: HO^- + CO₂ = (HO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	213. ± 10.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Squires, 1992	gas phase; Dissociative protonation threshold at nPrSH, 9 kcal> calc. CIDC(HOCO2-..HSH) = 7:1 HOCO2-; B
Δ_rH°	366.5	kJ/mol	Endo	Hierl and Paulson, 1984	gas phase; Implies ΔHacid = 291.4, anion appears too stable - JEB; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	25.	kJ/mol	EI	Cameron, Aitken, et al., 1994	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	21. ± 1.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	12.	kJ/mol	PI	Linn and Ng, 1981	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.9	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2 • )

By formula: (Na⁺ • H₂O • CO₂) + H₂O = (Na⁺ • 2H₂O • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	72.8	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	98.7	J/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (F^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	24. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	84.9	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.8 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (F^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	23. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	93.3	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-4.2 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (F^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	22. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	94.1	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-5.9 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

C₇O₁₅^- + 7 Carbon dioxide = C₈O₁₇^-

By formula: C₇O₁₅^- + 7CO₂ = C₈O₁₇^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	19. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Estimated entropy; single temperature measurement; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-8.8 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Estimated entropy; single temperature measurement; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (F^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	30. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	94.6	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	2. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (F^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	31. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	76.1	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	7.9 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (O₂^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	26. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	96.2	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-3. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (O₂^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	20. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	78.2	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-3. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (O₂^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	19. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	77.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-4.6 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (O₂^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	18. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-6.3 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (O₂^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	17. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	80.8	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-7.5 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (O₂^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	27.6 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	76.1	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	4.6 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	26. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	97.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-3. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	25. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	108.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-7.1 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	22. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	97.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-7.5 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	21. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	96.7	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-8.4 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
IE (evaluated)	13.777 ± 0.001	eV	N/A	N/A	L
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Proton affinity (review)	540.5	kJ/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Gas basicity	515.8	kJ/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
-0.599986	EIAE	Knapp, Echt, et al., 1986	Unbound but in -0.3 eV well, from (CO2)n; B
-1.60 ± 0.10	NBIE	Compton, Reinhardt, et al., 1975	B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
13.778 ± 0.002	PE	Wang, Reutt, et al., 1988	LL
13.78	PE	Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981	LLK
13.776 ± 0.002	PE	Potts and Fattahallah, 1980	LLK
13. ± 1.	PI	Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980	LLK
13.89 ± 0.03	EI	Sahini, Constantin, et al., 1978	LLK
13.79 ± 0.05	EI	Mark and Hille, 1978	LLK
13.77	PI	Jones and Taylor, 1978	LLK
13.777 ± 0.002	PE	Frey, Gotchev, et al., 1977	LLK
13.83 ± 0.05	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
13.788	PE	Kronebusch and Berkowitz, 1976	LLK
13.776 ± 0.002	TE	Batten, Taylor, et al., 1976	LLK
13.774 ± 0.003	PI	Parr and Taylor, 1974	LLK
13.9 ± 0.2	EI	Semenov, Volkov, et al., 1973	LLK
13.776 ± 0.008	PI	Parr and Taylor, 1973	LLK
13.78	PE	Natalis, 1973	LLK
13.773 ± 0.002	PI	McCulloh, 1973	LLK
13.80 ± 0.01	PE	Frost, Lee, et al., 1973	LLK
13.788 ± 0.005	PE	Brundle and Turner, 1969	RDSH
13.78 ± 0.01	PE	Eland and Danby, 1968	RDSH
13.77	PE	Spohr and Puttkamer, 1967	RDSH
13.75 ± 0.05	EI	Carette, 1967	RDSH
13.767 ± 0.003	PI	Nakata, Watanabe, et al., 1965	RDSH
13.77 ± 0.03	S	Tanaka, Jursa, et al., 1960	RDSH
13.773	PE	Eland and Berkowitz, 1977	Vertical value; LLK
13.78	PE	Benoit and Harrison, 1977	Vertical value; LLK
13.78	PE	Schweig and Thiel, 1974	Vertical value; LLK
13.79	PE	Potts and Williams, 1974	Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion	AE (eV)	Other Products	Method	Reference	Comment
C⁺	25. ± 2.	O₂	PI	Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980	LLK
C⁺	22.7 ± 0.2	O₂	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
C⁺	27.8 ± 0.1	2O	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
C⁺	24.6 ± 1.0	O₂	EI	Crowe and McConkey, 1974	LLK
C⁺	28.4 ± 0.6	2O	EI	Cuthbert, Farren, et al., 1968	RDSH
C⁺	14.2 ± 0.5	2O	EI	Cuthbert, Farren, et al., 1968	RDSH
C⁺	23.2 ± 0.5	O₂	EI	Cuthbert, Farren, et al., 1968	RDSH
CO⁺	19. ± 2.	O	PI	Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980	LLK
CO⁺	19.466	O	PE	Eland and Berkowitz, 1977, 2	LLK
CO⁺	19.42 ± 0.075	O	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
CO⁺	19.466	O	PE	Kronebusch and Berkowitz, 1976	LLK
CO⁺	20.9 ± 1.0	O	EI	Crowe and McConkey, 1974	LLK
CO⁺	29.0	O	PI	Samson and Gardner, 1973	LLK
O⁺	19. ± 1.	CO	PI	Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980	LLK
O⁺	19.071	CO	PE	Eland and Berkowitz, 1977, 2	LLK
O⁺	19.05 ± 0.05	CO	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
O⁺	19.067	CO	PE	Kronebusch and Berkowitz, 1976	LLK
O⁺	19.393 ± 0.008	?	PI	Parr and Taylor, 1974	LLK
O⁺	22.6 ± 1.0	CO	EI	Crowe and McConkey, 1974	LLK
O⁺	19.10 ± 0.01	CO	PI	Dibeler and Walker, 1967	RDSH

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + CO₂ = (Br^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	22. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; Affinity: shift in apparent EA from lesser-solvated ion. Ignores any neutral-neutral bond.; B
Δ_rH°	28. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	69.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	7.5 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Br^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	21. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	25. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Br^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	21. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Br^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	22. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (Br^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	18. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (Br^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	17. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (Br^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	15. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 7 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 8)

By formula: (Br^- • 7CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 8CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	15. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 8 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 9)

By formula: (Br^- • 8CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 9CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.5 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 9 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 10)

By formula: (Br^- • 9CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 10CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.5 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 10 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 11)

By formula: (Br^- • 10CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 11CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: CHO⁺ + CO₂ = (CHO⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	52.7	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	89.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (CHO⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	30.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	82.4	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (CHO⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	29.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	95.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (CHO⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	35.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

CHO₂⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (CHO₂⁺ • )

By formula: CHO₂⁺ + CO₂ = (CHO₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	82.8	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	75.3	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	79.9	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Jennings, Headley, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	84.1	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	111.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	92.9	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	113.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Jennings, Headley, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	101.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

(CHO₂⁺ • Carbon dioxide ) + = (CHO₂⁺ • 2)

By formula: (CHO₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	29.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	96.2	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

(CHO₂⁺ • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CHO₂⁺ • 3)

By formula: (CHO₂⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO₂⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	25.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 4294967295 Carbon dioxide ) + =

By formula: (CHO₂^- • 4294967295CO₂) + CO₂ = CHO₂^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	216. ± 9.6	kJ/mol	N/A	Caldwell, Renneboog, et al., 1989	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: CH₃⁺ + CO₂ = (CH₃⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	207.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	McMahon, Heinis, et al., 1988	gas phase; switching reaction(CH3+)N2, Entropy change calculated or estimated, uses MCA(N2) = 202. kJ/mol; Foster, Williamson, et al., 1974; M

CH₆N⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (CH₆N⁺ • )

By formula: CH₆N⁺ + CO₂ = (CH₆N⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	55.2	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	89.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978	gas phase; M

CN^- + Carbon dioxide = (CN^- • )

By formula: CN^- + CO₂ = (CN^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	72.4 ± 3.3	kJ/mol	TDAs	Larson, Szulejko, et al., 1988	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	132.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Larson, Szulejko, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	33.1 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Larson, Szulejko, et al., 1988	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: CO₂⁺ + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	66. ± 4.	kJ/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 7 out of 10 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.9	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	77.8	J/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=66.5 kJ/mol; M
Δ_rS°	81.6	J/mol*K	DT	Van Koppen, Kemper, et al., 1983	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	95.4	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Headley, Mason, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	88.3	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	23. ± 1.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	35.	kJ/mol	EI	Cameron, Aitken, et al., 1994	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	14.	kJ/mol	PI	Linn and Ng, 1981	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	25.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	59.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	25.	kJ/mol	EI	Cameron, Aitken, et al., 1994	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	21. ± 1.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	12.	kJ/mol	PI	Linn and Ng, 1981	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.9	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	20. ± 1.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	90.8	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	18. ± 1.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	90.8	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	17.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	92.	J/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

CO₃^- + Carbon dioxide = C₂O₅^-

By formula: CO₃^- + CO₂ = C₂O₅^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	24.7 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	29.7 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	4.2 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	2.5 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

CO₃^- + Carbon dioxide = (CO₃^- • )

By formula: CO₃^- + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	24.9 ± 0.8	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	68.2	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 2)

By formula: (CO₃^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	24.0 ± 0.8	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	74.9	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 3)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	23.0 ± 0.8	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	91.6	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 4)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	21.8 ± 0.8	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	93.3	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 5)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	20.1 ± 0.8	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	92.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 6)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	19.5 ± 0.8	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	91.6	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 7)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	18.6	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	92.	J/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 4294967295 Carbon dioxide ) + =

By formula: (C₂H₂O₂^- • 4294967295CO₂) + CO₂ = C₂H₂O₂^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	258. ± 11.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Wenthold and Squires, 1994	gas phase; B

( • 4294967295 Carbon dioxide ) + =

By formula: (C₂H₃O₂^- • 4294967295CO₂) + CO₂ = C₂H₃O₂^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	250. ± 10.	kJ/mol	CIDC	Wenthold and Squires, 1994	gas phase; B

C₂H₈N⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (C₂H₈N⁺ • )

By formula: C₂H₈N⁺ + CO₂ = (C₂H₈N⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	46.9	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	87.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978	gas phase; M

C₂O₅^- + 2 Carbon dioxide = C₃O₇^-

By formula: C₂O₅^- + 2CO₂ = C₃O₇^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	24. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	2. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₃O₇^- + 3 Carbon dioxide = C₄O₉^-

By formula: C₃O₇^- + 3CO₂ = C₄O₉^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	23. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-4.6 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₄O₉^- + 4 Carbon dioxide = C₅O₁₁^-

By formula: C₄O₉^- + 4CO₂ = C₅O₁₁^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	22. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-6.3 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₅O₁₁^- + 5 Carbon dioxide = C₆O₁₃^-

By formula: C₅O₁₁^- + 5CO₂ = C₆O₁₃^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	20. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-7.5 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₆O₁₃^- + 6 Carbon dioxide = C₇O₁₅^-

By formula: C₆O₁₃^- + 6CO₂ = C₇O₁₅^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	20. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-7.9 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₇O₁₅^- + 7 Carbon dioxide = C₈O₁₇^-

By formula: C₇O₁₅^- + 7CO₂ = C₈O₁₇^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	19. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Estimated entropy; single temperature measurement; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-8.8 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Estimated entropy; single temperature measurement; B

(Ca⁺² • 4 Carbon dioxide • ) + = (Ca⁺² • 5 • )

By formula: (Ca⁺² • 4CO₂ • CCaO₃) + CO₂ = (Ca⁺² • 5CO₂ • CCaO₃)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
32.	296.	FA	Spears and Fehsenfeld, 1972	gas phase; M

(Ca⁺² • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = (Ca⁺² • 6)

By formula: (Ca⁺² • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (Ca⁺² • 6CO₂)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
34.	296.	FA	Spears and Fehsenfeld, 1972	gas phase; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Cl^- + CO₂ = (Cl^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	28.5 ± 2.1	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; Affinity: shift in apparent EA from lesser-solvated ion. Ignores any neutral-neutral bond.; B
Δ_rH°	31.8	kJ/mol	TDEq	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	33.5 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	76.1	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	82.0	J/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	8.79	kJ/mol	TDEq	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	8.79 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	30. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	30.1	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	87.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-5.9 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	4.18	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	28. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	28.5	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	93.7	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.4 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Cl^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	26.8	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; entropy estimated.; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-3.3	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; entropy estimated.; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Cs⁺ + CO₂ = (Cs⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	26.	kJ/mol	DT	McKnight and Sawina, 1972	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	59.8	J/mol*K	DT	McKnight and Sawina, 1972	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
10.	301.	HPMS	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; electric fields; M

( • ) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • )

By formula: (Cs⁺ • H₂O) + CO₂ = (Cs⁺ • CO₂ • H₂O)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
5.0	301.	HPMS	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; electric fields; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: F^- + CO₂ = (F^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	134.2	kJ/mol	N/A	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	135. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	133. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRE	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	138. ± 13.	kJ/mol	IMRE	McMahon and Northcott, 1978	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	112.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	N/A	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(F-)H2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Arshadi, Yamdagni, et al., 1970; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	102. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	103. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRE	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rG°	48.5	kJ/mol	FA	Spears and Ferguson, 1973	gas phase; DG>; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (F^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	31. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	76.1	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	7.9 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (F^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	30. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	94.6	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	2. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (F^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	24. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	84.9	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.8 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (F^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	23. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	93.3	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-4.2 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (F^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	22. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	94.1	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-5.9 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (F^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	16.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	75.	J/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Fe⁺ + CO₂ = (Fe⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	59.8 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	CIDT	Rodgers and Armentrout, 2000	RCD

HO^- + Carbon dioxide = (HO^- • )

By formula: HO^- + CO₂ = (HO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	213. ± 10.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Squires, 1992	gas phase; Dissociative protonation threshold at nPrSH, 9 kcal> calc. CIDC(HOCO2-..HSH) = 7:1 HOCO2-; B
Δ_rH°	366.5	kJ/mol	Endo	Hierl and Paulson, 1984	gas phase; Implies ΔHacid = 291.4, anion appears too stable - JEB; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: HO^- + CO₂ = (HO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	370.	kJ/mol	CID	Hierl and Paulson, 1984	gas phase; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: H₃O⁺ + CO₂ = (H₃O⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	59.8	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	64.0	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	60.2	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	88.7	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	103.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	86.6	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (H₃O⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (H₃O⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	51.9	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	111.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (H₃O⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (H₃O⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	43.9	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	113.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: H₄N⁺ + CO₂ = (H₄N⁺ • CO₂)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
9.6	296.	FA	Spears and Fehsenfeld, 1972	gas phase; M

( • 2) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • 2)

By formula: (H₄N⁺ • 2H₂O) + CO₂ = (H₄N⁺ • CO₂ • 2H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	5.4	kJ/mol	HPMS	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; electric fields; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: I^- + CO₂ = (I^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	15. ± 7.5	kJ/mol	N/A	Piani, Becucci, et al., 2008	gas phase; Stated electron affinity is the Vertical Detachment Energy; B
Δ_rH°	17. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	20. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	13.4	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	23.4 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	56.1	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	76.1	J/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	3. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	3.3 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rG°	1.7 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (I^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	15. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	20. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	10.9	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	72.4	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	3. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (I^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	9.20	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	15. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	19. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	77.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-3. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (I^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.53	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	15. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	19. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-4.2 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (I^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.11	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	13. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	18. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-5.9 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (I^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	13. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	7.53	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	18.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.	J/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (I^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	14. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	7.95	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B

( • 7 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 8)

By formula: (I^- • 7CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 8CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	13. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	7.95	kJ/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B

( • 8 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 9)

By formula: (I^- • 8CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 9CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	12. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 9 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 10)

By formula: (I^- • 9CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 10CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 10 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 11)

By formula: (I^- • 10CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 11CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.2 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 11 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 12)

By formula: (I^- • 11CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 12CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.7 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 12 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 13)

By formula: (I^- • 12CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 13CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.6 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: K⁺ + CO₂ = (K⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	36.	kJ/mol	HPMS	Castleman and Keesee, 1981	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	63.6	J/mol*K	HPMS	Castleman and Keesee, 1981	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
15.	310.	DT	Keller and Beyer, 1971, 2	gas phase; low E/N; M

Kr⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (Kr⁺ • )

By formula: Kr⁺ + CO₂ = (Kr⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	79. ± 3.	kJ/mol	SIFT	Praxmarer, Jordan, et al., 1993	gas phase; switching reaction(Kr+)Kr; Wadt, 1978, Radzig and Smirnov, 1985; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Mg⁺ + CO₂ = (Mg⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	57.7 ± 5.9	kJ/mol	CIDT	Andersen, Muntean, et al., 2000	RCD

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Mg⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Mg⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	48. ± 3.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Andersen, Muntean, et al., 2000	RCD

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Mg⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Mg⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	44.4 ± 5.9	kJ/mol	CIDT	Andersen, Muntean, et al., 2000	RCD

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO^- + CO₂ = (NO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	36. ± 1.	kJ/mol	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=36.0 kJ/mol; M
Δ_rH°	32. ± 2.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	57.7	kJ/mol	FA	Dunkin, Fehsenfeld, et al., 1971	gas phase; switching reaction(NO+)NO, Δ_rH<; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	75.3	J/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=36.0 kJ/mol; M
Δ_rS°	57.3	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (NO^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	31. ± 2.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	71.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (NO^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	30. ± 2.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	95.4	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (NO^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	24. ± 1.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	97.9	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (NO^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	22. ± 1.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	113.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (NO^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	21.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	120.	J/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO₂^- + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	30.5 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	38.9 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	72.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	101.	J/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	8.8 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	8.37 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (NO₂^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	28. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	4.2 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	26. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	97.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-3. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	25. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	108.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-7.1 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	22. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	97.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-7.5 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	21. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	96.7	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-8.4 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	18. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	90.8	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-8.8 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 7 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 8)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 7CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 8CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	18. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	90.8	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-9.6 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO₃^- + CO₂ = (NO₃^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	11.3 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	TDAs	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; B,M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	66.5	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	57.3	kJ/mol	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	84.1	J/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	82.8	J/mol*K	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
28.	310.	DT	Keller and Beyer, 1971	gas phase; low E/N; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Na⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	46.0	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	90.8	J/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
20.	310.	DT	Keller and Beyer, 1971	gas phase; low E/N; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	41.	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	35.	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	N/A	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
3.	310.	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • ) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • )

By formula: (Na⁺ • H₂O) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂ • H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	52.7	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	94.1	J/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M

( • 2) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • 2)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 2H₂O) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂ • 2H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	43.1	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M

( • 3) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • 3)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 3H₂O) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂ • 3H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	30.	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	100.	J/mol*K	N/A	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.	kJ/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

O^- + Carbon dioxide = (O^- • )

By formula: O^- + CO₂ = (O^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	200. ± 50.	kJ/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 8 out of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	201. ± 21.	kJ/mol	IMRE	Adams and Bohme, 1970	gas phase; O₃^- + CO₂ <=> CO₃^- + O₂; B

(O^- • Carbon dioxide ) + = (O^- • 2)

By formula: (O^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	30.	kJ/mol	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	91.2	J/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M

(O^- • ) + Carbon dioxide = (O^- • • )

By formula: (O^- • H₂O) + CO₂ = (O^- • CO₂ • H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	152.	kJ/mol	PDiss	Roehl, Snodgrass, et al., 1991	gas phase; Δ_rH>; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: O₂⁺ + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	41. ± 4.	kJ/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 4 out of 6 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	73.2	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	79.1	J/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=41.0 kJ/mol; M
Δ_rS°	86.6	J/mol*K	N/A	Dotan, Davidson, et al., 1978	gas phase; switching reaction(O2+)O2, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Conway and Janik, 1970; M
Δ_rS°	84.	J/mol*K	N/A	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, DG>, Δ_rH>; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	18.	kJ/mol	DT	Rakshit and Warneck, 1981	gas phase; M
Δ_rG°	18.	kJ/mol	FA	Dotan, Davidson, et al., 1978	gas phase; switching reaction(O2+)O2, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Conway and Janik, 1970; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
39.	600.	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, DG>, Δ_rH>; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	36. ± 2.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	31.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	78.2	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	63.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	26. ± 1.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	82.8	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	21. ± 1.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	82.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	19. ± 2.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	83.7	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	17.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	84.	J/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: O₂^- + CO₂ = (O₂^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	79.50 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	74.1 ± 7.5	kJ/mol	IMRE	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; Corrected with more recent EA(O2) = 0.45 eV; B,M
Δ_rH°	106. ± 19.	kJ/mol	PDis	Vestal and Mauclaire, 1977	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	101.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	88.	J/mol*K	DT	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	49.0 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	51.0 ± 5.0	kJ/mol	IMRE	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; Corrected with more recent EA(O2) = 0.45 eV; B
Δ_rG°	41.8	kJ/mol	FA	Adams and Bohme, 1970	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)O2; Conway and Nesbit, 1968; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
54.0	296.	FA	Fehsenfeld and Ferguson, 1974	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)H2O; Arshadi and Kebarle, 1970; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (O₂^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	27.6 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	76.1	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	4.6 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (O₂^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	26. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	96.2	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-3. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (O₂^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	20. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	78.2	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-3. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (O₂^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	19. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	77.0	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-4.6 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (O₂^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	18. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	79.5	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-6.3 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (O₂^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	17. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	80.8	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-7.5 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • ) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • )

By formula: (O₂^- • H₂O) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • CO₂ • H₂O)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
34.	296.	FA	Fehsenfeld and Ferguson, 1974	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)2H2O; Arshadi and Kebarle, 1970; M

O₂S⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (O₂S⁺ • )

By formula: O₂S⁺ + CO₂ = (O₂S⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	40. ± 0.8	kJ/mol	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=42.7 kJ/mol; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	69.0	J/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=42.7 kJ/mol; M

O₃S^- + Carbon dioxide = (O₃S^- • )

By formula: O₃S^- + CO₂ = (O₃S^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	27.2 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	86.6	J/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.3 ± 0.84	kJ/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

IR Spectrum

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References, Notes

Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

GAS (200 mmHg DILUTED TO A TOTAL PRESSURE OF 600 mmHg WITH N2); DOW KBr FOREPRISM; DIGITIZED BY NIST FROM HARD COPY (FROM TWO SEGMENTS); 4 cm^-1 resolution

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Notes

Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984
Cox, J.D.; Wagman, D.D.; Medvedev, V.A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984, 1. [all data]

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988
Hiraoka, K.; Nakajima, G.; Shoda, S., Determination of the Stabilities of CO2+(CO2)n and O2+(CO2)n Clusters with n = 1 - 6, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1988, 146, 6, 535, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(88)87495-5 . [all data]

Illies, 1988
Illies, A.J., Thermochemistry of the Gas - Phase Ion - Molecule Clustering of CO2+CO2, SO2+CO2, N2O+N2O, O2+CO2, NO+CO2 and NO+N2O: Description of a New Hybrid Drift Tube/Ion Source with Coaxial Electron Beam and Ion Exit Apertures, J. Phys. Chem., 1988, 92, 10, 2889, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100321a037 . [all data]

Dotan, Davidson, et al., 1978
Dotan, I.; Davidson, J.A.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Albritton, D.L., Reactions of O2+.O2 with CO2, O3 and CH4 and O2+.O3 with H2O and CH4 and their Role in Stratospheric Ion Chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 1978, 83, C8, 4036, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC083iC08p04036 . [all data]

Conway and Janik, 1970
Conway, D.C.; Janik, G.S., Determination of the Bond Energies for the Series O2 - O2+ through O2 - O10+, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 53, 5, 1859, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1674262 . [all data]

Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977
Meot-Ner (Mautner), M.; Field, F.H., Proton Affinity and Ion - Molecule Clustering in CO2 and CS2. Applications in Martian Ionospheric Chemistry, J. Chem. Phys., 1977, 66, 10, 4527, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.433706 . [all data]

Rakshit and Warneck, 1981
Rakshit, A.B.; Warneck, P., Formation and Reactions of O2+.CO2, O2+.H2O and O2+(CO2)2 Ions, Int. J. Mass Spectrom Ion Phys., 1981, 40, 2, 135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7381(81)80037-X . [all data]

Van Koppen, Kemper, et al., 1983
Van Koppen, P.A.M.; Kemper, P.R.; Illies, A.J.; Bowers, M.T., An Improved High - Pressure, Temperature - Variable Ion Source with Coaxial Electron Beam/Ion Exit Slit, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 1983, 54, 3, 263, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(83)80015-9 . [all data]

Headley, Mason, et al., 1982
Headley, J.V.; Mason, R.S.; Jennings, K.R., Kinetics, Equilibria and Diffusion of Ions Produced in N2, CO and CO2, Studied as a Function of Temperature using a High - Pressure Pulsed Mass Spectrometer, J. Chem. Soc., 1982, 78, 933. [all data]

Adams and Bohme, 1970
Adams, N.G.; Bohme, D., Flowing Afterglow Studies of Formation and Reactions of Cluster Ions of O₂⁺, O₂^-, and O^-, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 52, 6, 3133, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1673449 . [all data]

Piani, Becucci, et al., 2008
Piani, G.; Becucci, M.; Bowen, M.S.; Oakman, J.; Hu, Q.; Continetti, R.E., Photodetachment and dissociation dynamics of microsolvated iodide clusters, Phys. Scripta, 2008, 78, 5, 058110, https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/78/05/058110 . [all data]

Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995
Arnold, D.W.; Bradforth, S.E.; Kim, E.H.; Neumark, D.M., Study of I-(CO2)n, Br-(CO2)n, and I-(N2O)n clusters by anion photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 1995, 102, 9, 3510, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.468576 . [all data]

Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987
Hiraoka, K.; Mizuse, S.; Yamabe, S., Stability and Structure of Cluster Ions: Halide Ions with CO2, J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 87, 6, 3647, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.452962 . [all data]

Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002
Gomez, H.; Taylor, T.R.; Neumark, D.M., Anion photoelectron spectroscopy of I-2(-)(CO2)(n)(n=1-8) clusters, J. Chem. Phys., 2002, 116, 14, 6111-6117, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1458246 . [all data]

Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980
Keesee, R.G.; Lee, N.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Properties of clusters in the gas phase: V. Complexes of neutral molecules onto negative ions, J. Chem. Phys., 1980, 73, 2195. [all data]

Banic and Iribarne, 1985
Banic, C.M.; Iribarne, J.V., Equilibrium Constants for Clustering of Neutral Molecules about Gaseous Ions, J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, 12, 6432, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.449543 . [all data]

Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992
Hiraoka, K.; Yamabe, S., Formation of the Chelate Bonds in the Cluster O2(-)(CO2)n, CO3(-)(CO2)n, and NO2(-)(CO2)n, J. Chem. Phys., 1992, 97, 1, 643, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.463560 . [all data]

Pack and Phelps, 1966
Pack, J.L.; Phelps, A.V., Electron Attachment and Detachment . II. Mixtures of O₂ and CO₂ and of O₂ and H₂O, J. Chem. Phys., 1966, 45, 11, 4316, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1727491 . [all data]

Vestal and Mauclaire, 1977
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Notes

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Symbols used in this document:

AE	Appearance energy
EA	Electron affinity
IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
S°_{gas,1 bar}	Entropy of gas at standard conditions (1 bar)
T	Temperature
Δ_fH°_gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
Δ_rG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions

Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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