Nitric acid

Formula: HNO₃
Molecular weight: 63.0128
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/HNO3/c2-1(3)4/h(H,2,3,4)
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 7697-37-2
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, References, Notes

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH°_gas	-32.101	kcal/mol	Review	Chase, 1998	Data last reviewed in June, 1963
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
S°_{gas,1 bar}	63.669	cal/mol*K	Review	Chase, 1998	Data last reviewed in June, 1963

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
C_p = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Temperature (K)	298. to 1200.	1200. to 6000.
A	4.692230	23.29340
B	36.79730	1.297701
C	-27.68590	-0.246101
D	7.858402	0.016241
E	-0.059540	-2.938131
F	-35.10559	-46.00650
G	59.20289	82.17139
H	-32.09990	-32.09990
Reference	Chase, 1998	Chase, 1998
Comment	Data last reviewed in June, 1963	Data last reviewed in June, 1963

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, References, Notes

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Proton affinity (review)	179.6	kcal/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Gas basicity	174.8	kcal/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.57 ± 0.15	NBIE	Mathur, Rothe, et al., 1976	B
0.56 ± 0.17	Endo	Paulson and Dale, 1982	B

Proton affinity at 298K

Proton affinity (kcal/mol)	Reference	Comment
160.2	Bernardi, Cacace, et al., 1998	PA at NO+ binding site, estimated from correlation of PAs with NO+ binding energies; MM

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
11.95 ± 0.01	PE	Lloyd, Roberts, et al., 1975	LLK
11.96	PE	Frost, Lee, et al., 1975	LLK
11.03 ± 0.01	PI	Nicholson, 1965	RDSH
12.2	PE	Ames and Turner, 1976	Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion	AE (eV)	Other Products	Method	Reference	Comment
OH⁺	16.6	NO₂	PI	Jochims, Denzer, et al., 1992	LL
NO⁺	13.07	?	PI	Jochims, Denzer, et al., 1992	LL
NO₂⁺	11.90	OH	PI	Jochims, Denzer, et al., 1992	LL

De-protonation reactions

+ = Nitric acid

By formula: NO₃^- + H⁺ = HNO₃

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	324.50 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDEq	Davidson, Fehsenfeld, et al., 1977	gas phase; Relative to HBr, reevaluated with current HBr acidity. Excited state at 3.0 eV,81WU /TIE.; B
Δ_rH°	329.9 ± 4.8	kcal/mol	NBAE	Mathur, Rothe, et al., 1976	gas phase; From HNO₃; B
Δ_rH°	329.1 ± 5.8	kcal/mol	Endo	Refaey and Franklin, 1976	gas phase; I^- + HNO₃ ->.; B
Δ_rH°	324.50 ± 0.50	kcal/mol	TDEq	Ferguson, Dunkin, et al., 1972	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	356.30	kcal/mol	Endo	Berkowitz, Chupka, et al., 1971	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	317.80 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDEq	Davidson, Fehsenfeld, et al., 1977	gas phase; Relative to HBr, reevaluated with current HBr acidity. Excited state at 3.0 eV,81WU /TIE.; B

IR Spectrum

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, References, Notes

Data compiled by: Tanya L. Myers, Russell G. Tonkyn, Ashley M. Oeck, Tyler O. Danby, John S. Loring, Matthew S. Taubman, Stephen W. Sharpe, Jerome C. Birnbaum, and Timothy J. Johnson

liquid; Bruker Tensor 37 FTIR
0.48208331, 0.48208331, 0.48208331 cm^-1 resolution

Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compiled by: Marilyn E. Jacox

State: ?

Energy (cm^-1)	Med.	References


T_x = 73500	gas	Beddard, Giachardi, et al., 1974
		Okabe, 1980

State: ?

Energy (cm^-1)	Med.	References


T_x = 54900	gas	Beddard, Giachardi, et al., 1974
		Okabe, 1980

State: ?

Energy (cm^-1)	Med.	References


T_x = 38500	gas	Johnston and Graham, 1973
		Biaume, 1973
		Rattigan, Lutman, et al., 1992

State: ?

Energy (cm^-1)		Med.	References


T_d = 30300	U	gas	Johnston and Graham, 1973
			Biaume, 1973
			Rattigan, Lutman, et al., 1992

State: X

Vib. sym.	No.	Approximate type of mode	cm^-1		Med.	Method	References


a'	1	OH stretch	3550.0	m	gas	IR	McGraw, Bernitt, et al., 1965
	1	OH stretch	3522.3		Ar	IR	Cheng, Lee, et al., 1991
	1	OH stretch	3519.3		Ar	IR	Cheng, Lee, et al., 1991
	1	OH stretch	3491.8		N₂	IR	Guillory and Bernstein, 1975 Chen, Lo, et al., 1992
	2	NO₂ a-stretch	1709.57	vs	gas	IR DL	McGraw, Bernitt, et al., 1965 Bair and Brockman, 1979 Maki and Wells, 1980 May, Webster, et al., 1987
	2	NO₂ a-stretch	1709.57	vs	gas	LS	Kleiner, Godefroid, et al., 1987 Maki, 1988 Tan, Looi, et al., 1992
	2	NO₂ a-stretch	1699.4		Ar	IR	Cheng, Lee, et al., 1991
	2	NO₂ a-stretch	1696.2		Ar	IR	Cheng, Lee, et al., 1991
	2	NO₂ a-stretch	1698.3		N₂	IR	Guillory and Bernstein, 1975 Chen, Lo, et al., 1992
	3	Mixed	1325.74	s	gas	IR DL	McGraw, Bernitt, et al., 1965 Webster, May, et al., 1985 Perrin, Lado-Bordowsky, et al., 1989 May and Webster, 1989 Perrin, Flaud, et al., 1993 Harwood, Jones, et al., 1993
	3	Mixed	1321.4		Ar	IR	Cheng, Lee, et al., 1991
	3	Mixed	1318.7		Ar	IR	Cheng, Lee, et al., 1991
	3	Mixed	1346.1		N₂	IR	Guillory and Bernstein, 1975 Chen, Lo, et al., 1992
	4	Mixed	1303.52	vs	gas	IR DL	McGraw, Bernitt, et al., 1965 Perrin, Lado-Bordowsky, et al., 1989 May and Webster, 1989 Perrin, Flaud, et al., 1993 Harwood, Jones, et al., 1993
	4	Mixed	1304.4		Ar	IR	Cheng, Lee, et al., 1991
	4	Mixed	1311.9		N₂	IR	Guillory and Bernstein, 1975 Chen, Lo, et al., 1992
	5	ON stretch	879.11	s	gas	IR DL	McGraw, Bernitt, et al., 1965 Maki and Wells, 1984 Maki and Wells, 1992 Tan, Looi, et al., 1992, 2 Perrin, Jaouen, et al., 1993 Perrin, Flaud, et al., 1993 Harwood, Jones, et al., 1993
	5	ON stretch	896.9		Ar	IR	McGraw, Bernitt, et al., 1965
	5	ON stretch	889.5		Ar	IR	McGraw, Bernitt, et al., 1965
	5	ON stretch	903.1		N₂	IR	Guillory and Bernstein, 1975 Chen, Lo, et al., 1992
	6	NO₂ scissors	646.83	w	gas	IR	McGraw, Bernitt, et al., 1965 Maki and Olson, 1989 Tan, Wang, et al., 1996
	6	NO₂ scissors	656.6		Ar	IR	Chen, Lo, et al., 1992
	6	NO₂ scissors	664.1		N₂	IR	Guillory and Bernstein, 1975 Chen, Lo, et al., 1992
	7	NO₂ rock	580.30	w	gas	IR	McGraw, Bernitt, et al., 1965 Maki and Olson, 1989 Looi, Tan, et al., 1996
	7	NO₂ rock	588.0		Ar	IR	Chen, Lo, et al., 1992
	7	NO₂ rock	597.5		N₂	IR	Guillory and Bernstein, 1975 Chen, Lo, et al., 1992
a	8	ONO₂ OPLA	763.15	s	gas	IR	McGraw, Bernitt, et al., 1965 Maki and Olson, 1989 Looi, Tan, et al., 1996 Wang, Looi, et al., 1996
	8	ONO₂ OPLA	763.6		Ar	IR	Cheng, Lee, et al., 1991
	8	ONO₂ OPLA	767.7		N₂	IR	Guillory and Bernstein, 1975 Chen, Lo, et al., 1992
	9	Torsion	458.23	m	gas	IR	McGraw, Bernitt, et al., 1965 van der Veken, Pieters, et al., 1982 Goldman, Burkholder, et al., 1988 Sirota, Weber, et al., 1997
	9	Torsion	479		N₂	IR	Guillory and Bernstein, 1975

Additional references: Jacox, 1994, page 271; Jacox, 1998, page 289; Jacox, 2003, page 274; Millen and Morton, 1960; Cox and Riveros, 1965; Johnston, Chang, et al., 1974; Cazzoli and De Lucia, 1979; Bowman, Helminger, et al., 1981; Ghosh, Blom, et al., 1981; Margitan and Watson, 1982; Messer, De Lucia, et al., 1984; Crownover, Booker, et al., 1988; Tan, Looi, et al., 1991; Tan, Looi, et al., 1991, 2; Turnipseed, Vaghjiani, et al., 1992; Maki, Tan, et al., 1993; Schiffman, Nelson, et al., 1993; Tan, Looi, et al., 1994; Cox, Ellis, et al., 1994; Chou, Petkie, et al., 2002; Petkie, Helminger, et al., 2003

Notes

Weak

Medium

Strong

Very strong

Upper bound

Energy separation between the band maximum of the excited electronic state and the v = 0 level of the ground state.

Photodissociation threshold

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Notes

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Mathur, Rothe, et al., 1976
Mathur, B.P.; Rothe, E.W.; Tang, S.Y.; Mahajan, K.; Reck, G.P., Negative gaseous ions from nitric acid, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 64, 1247. [all data]

Paulson and Dale, 1982
Paulson, J.F.; Dale, J., Reactions of OH^-.H₂O with NO₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1982, 77, 4006. [all data]

Bernardi, Cacace, et al., 1998
Bernardi, F.; Cacace, F.; de Petris, G.; Pepi, F.; Rossi, I., Gaseous [N2O5]H+, [N2O4]H+, and related species from the addition of NO2+ and NO+ ions to nitric acid and its derivatives, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1998, 102, 1987. [all data]

Lloyd, Roberts, et al., 1975
Lloyd, D.R.; Roberts, P.J.; Hillier, I.H., Electronic structure of nitric acid studied by photoelectron spectroscopy and molecular orbital calculation, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1975, 71, 496. [all data]

Frost, Lee, et al., 1975
Frost, D.C.; Lee, S.T.; McDowell, C.A.; Westwood, N.P.C., Photoelectron spectroscopic studies of some nitrosyl and nitryl halides nitric acid, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1975, 7, 331. [all data]

Nicholson, 1965
Nicholson, A.J.C., Photoionization-efficiency curves. II. False and genuine structure, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 43, 1171. [all data]

Ames and Turner, 1976
Ames, D.L.; Turner, D.W., Photoelectron spectroscopic studies of dinitrogen tetroxide and dinitrogen pentoxide, Proc. R. Soc. London A:, 1976, 348, 175. [all data]

Jochims, Denzer, et al., 1992
Jochims, H.-W.; Denzer, W.; Baumgartel, H.; Losking, O.; Willner, H., Photochemical decay reactions of N₂O₅, HNO₃, ClNO₃ and BrNO₃ in the energy range 10-20 eV, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 573. [all data]

Davidson, Fehsenfeld, et al., 1977
Davidson, J.A.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Howard, C.J., The heats of formation of NO₃- and NO₃- association complexes with HNO₃ and HBr, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1977, 9, 17. [all data]

Refaey and Franklin, 1976
Refaey, K.M.A.; Franklin, J.L., Endoergic ion-molecule-collision processes of negative ions. V. Collision of I- on HNO₃. The electron affinity of NO₃, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 64, 4810. [all data]

Ferguson, Dunkin, et al., 1972
Ferguson, E.E.; Dunkin, D.B.; Fehsenfeld, F.C., Reactions of NO₂^- and NO₃^- with HCl and HBr, J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 57, 1459. [all data]

Berkowitz, Chupka, et al., 1971
Berkowitz, J.; Chupka, W.A.; Gutman, D., Electron Affinities of O₂, O₃, NO, NO₂, and NO₃ by Endothermic Charge Transfer, J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 55, 6, 2733, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1676488 . [all data]

Beddard, Giachardi, et al., 1974
Beddard, G.S.; Giachardi, D.J.; Wayne, R.P., The vacuum ultra-violet absorption spectrum of anhydrous nitric acid, J. Photochem., 1974, 3, 2, 321, https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(74)80041-9 . [all data]

Okabe, 1980
Okabe, H., Photodissociation of nitric acid and water in the vacuum ultraviolet; vibrational and rotational distributions of OH 2Σ+, J. Chem. Phys., 1980, 72, 12, 6642, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.439123 . [all data]

Johnston and Graham, 1973
Johnston, H.; Graham, R., Gas-phase ultraviolet absorption spectrum of nitric acid vapor, J. Phys. Chem., 1973, 77, 1, 62, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100620a013 . [all data]

Biaume, 1973
Biaume, F., Nitric acid vapour absorption cross-section spectrum and its photodissociation in the stratosphere, J. Photochem., 1973, 2, 2, 139, https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(73)80012-7 . [all data]

Rattigan, Lutman, et al., 1992
Rattigan, O.; Lutman, E.R.; Jones, R.L.; Cox, R.A., Temperature Dependent Absorption Cross-sections and Atmospheric Photolysis Rates of Nitric Acid, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 3, 399, https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19920960331 . [all data]

McGraw, Bernitt, et al., 1965
McGraw, G.E.; Bernitt, D.L.; Hisatsune, I.C., Vibrational Spectra of Isotopic Nitric Acids, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 42, 1, 237, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1695682 . [all data]

Cheng, Lee, et al., 1991
Cheng, B.-M.; Lee, J.-W.; Lee, Y.-P., Photolysis of nitric acid in solid argon: the infrared absorption of peroxynitrous acid (HOONO), J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95, 7, 2814, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100160a034 . [all data]

Guillory and Bernstein, 1975
Guillory, W.A.; Bernstein, M.L., Infrared spectrum of matrix-isolated nitric acid, J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 62, 3, 1058, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.430519 . [all data]

Chen, Lo, et al., 1992
Chen, W.-J.; Lo, W.-J.; Cheng, B.-M.; Lee, Y.-P., Photolysis of nitric acid in solid nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1992, 97, 10, 7167, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.463541 . [all data]

Bair and Brockman, 1979
Bair, C.H.; Brockman, P., High-resolution spectral measurement of the HNO_3 59-µm band using a tunable diode laser, Appl. Opt., 1979, 18, 24, 4152, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.18.004152 . [all data]

Maki and Wells, 1980
Maki, A.G.; Wells, J.S., High-resolution measurement and analysis of the infrared spectrum of nitric acid near 1700 cm-1, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1980, 82, 2, 427, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(80)90126-5 . [all data]

May, Webster, et al., 1987
May, R.D.; Webster, C.R.; Molina, L.T., Tunable diode laser measurements of absolute linestrengths in the HNO3 ν2 band near 5.8 μm, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1987, 38, 5, 381, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4073(87)90032-X . [all data]

Kleiner, Godefroid, et al., 1987
Kleiner, I.; Godefroid, M.; Herman, M.; McKellar, A.R.W., Infrared laser Stark spectrum of HNO_3 at 6 µm, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, 1987, 4, 7, 1159, https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.4.001159 . [all data]

Maki, 1988
Maki, A.G., High-resolution measurements of the ν2 band of HNO3 and the ν3 band of trans-HONO, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1988, 127, 1, 104, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(88)90012-4 . [all data]

Tan, Looi, et al., 1992
Tan, T.L.; Looi, E.C.; Lua, K.T., Improved spectroscopic constants for the ν2 infrared band of HNO3, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1992, 155, 2, 420, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(92)90532-S . [all data]

Webster, May, et al., 1985
Webster, C.R.; May, R.D.; Gunson, M.R., Tunable diode laser Stark modulation spectroscopy for rotational assignment of the HNO3 7.5 μm band, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1985, 121, 4-5, 429, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(85)87208-0 . [all data]

Perrin, Lado-Bordowsky, et al., 1989
Perrin, A.; Lado-Bordowsky, O.; Valentin, A., The, Mol. Phys., 1989, 67, 2, 249, https://doi.org/10.1080/00268978900101061 . [all data]

May and Webster, 1989
May, R.D.; Webster, C.R., Measurements of line positions, intensities, and collisional air-broadening coefficients in the HNO3 7.5-μm band using a computer-controlled tunable diode laser spectrometer, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1989, 138, 2, 383, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(89)90006-4 . [all data]

Perrin, Flaud, et al., 1993
Perrin, A.; Flaud, J.-M.; Camy-Peyret, C.; Jaouen, V.; Farrenq, R.; Guelachvili, G., et al., Line Intensities in the 11- and 7.6-μm-Band of HNO3, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1993, 160, 2, 524, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsp.1993.1199 . [all data]

Harwood, Jones, et al., 1993
Harwood, M.H.; Jones, R.L.; Cox, R.A.; Lutman, E.; Rattigan, O.V., Temperature-dependent absorption cross-sections of N2O5, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 1993, 73, 3, 167, https://doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(93)90001-2 . [all data]

Maki and Wells, 1984
Maki, A.G.; Wells, J.S., High resolution spectrum of the ν5 band of nitric acid (HNO3) near 880 cm-1, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1984, 108, 1, 17, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(84)90283-2 . [all data]

Maki and Wells, 1992
Maki, A.G.; Wells, J.S., Measurement and analysis of the Fermi resonance between ν5 and 2ν9 of nitric acid, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1992, 152, 1, 69, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(92)90117-7 . [all data]

Tan, Looi, et al., 1992, 2
Tan, T.L.; Looi, E.C.; Lua, K.T., Spectrochim. Acta, 1992, 48A, 975. [all data]

Perrin, Jaouen, et al., 1993
Perrin, A.; Jaouen, V.; Valentin, A.; Flaud, J.-M.; Camy-Peyret, C., The ν5 and 2ν9 Bands of Nitric Acid, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1993, 157, 1, 112, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsp.1993.1009 . [all data]

Maki and Olson, 1989
Maki, A.G.; Olson, W.B., Infrared spectrum of the ν6, ν7, and ν8 bands of NHO3, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1989, 133, 1, 171, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(89)90251-8 . [all data]

Tan, Wang, et al., 1996
Tan, T.L.; Wang, W.F.; Looi, E.C.; Ong, P.P., Spectrochim. Acta, 1996, 52A, 1315. [all data]

Looi, Tan, et al., 1996
Looi, E.C.; Tan, T.L.; Wang, W.F.; Ong, P.P., Improved Spectroscopic Constants for the ν7and ν8Bands of HNO3, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1996, 176, 1, 222, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsp.1996.0080 . [all data]

Wang, Looi, et al., 1996
Wang, W.F.; Looi, E.C.; Tan, T.L.; Ong, P.P., Line Intensities in the ν8Band of HNO3, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1996, 178, 1, 22, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsp.1996.0152 . [all data]

van der Veken, Pieters, et al., 1982
van der Veken, B.J.; Pieters, G.H.; Herman, M.A.; Durig, J.R., Internal rotation in nitric acid, J. Mol. Struct., 1982, 80, 467, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2860(82)87274-8 . [all data]

Goldman, Burkholder, et al., 1988
Goldman, A.; Burkholder, J.B.; Howard, C.J.; Escribano, R.; Maki, A.G., Spectroscopic constants for the ν9 infrared band of HNO3, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1988, 131, 1, 195, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(88)90118-X . [all data]

Sirota, Weber, et al., 1997
Sirota, J.M.; Weber, M.; Reuter, D.C.; Perrin, A., HNO3: Absolute Line Intensities for the ν9Fundamental, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1997, 184, 1, 140, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsp.1997.7310 . [all data]

Jacox, 1994
Jacox, M.E., Vibrational and electronic energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1994, 464. [all data]

Jacox, 1998
Jacox, M.E., Vibrational and electronic energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules: supplement A, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 2, 115-393, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556017 . [all data]

Jacox, 2003
Jacox, M.E., Vibrational and electronic energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules: supplement B, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2003, 32, 1, 1-441, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1497629 . [all data]

Millen and Morton, 1960
Millen, D.J.; Morton, J.R., J. Chem. Soc., 1960, 1523. [all data]

Cox and Riveros, 1965
Cox, A.P.; Riveros, J.M., Microwave Spectrum and Structure of Nitric Acid, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 42, 9, 3106, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1696387 . [all data]

Johnston, Chang, et al., 1974
Johnston, H.S.; Chang, S.-G.; Whitten, G., Photolysis of nitric acid vapor, J. Phys. Chem., 1974, 78, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100594a001 . [all data]

Cazzoli and De Lucia, 1979
Cazzoli, G.; De Lucia, F.C., Millimeter-wave spectrum, centrifugal distortion analysis, and energy levels of HNO3, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1979, 76, 1-3, 131, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(79)90222-4 . [all data]

Bowman, Helminger, et al., 1981
Bowman, W.C.; Helminger, P.; De Lucia, F.C., Millimeter and submillimeter wave spectra of HNO2 (cis), HNO2 (trans), and HNO3, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1981, 88, 2, 431, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(81)90194-6 . [all data]

Ghosh, Blom, et al., 1981
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Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, References

Symbols used in this document:

AE	Appearance energy
EA	Electron affinity
S°_{gas,1 bar}	Entropy of gas at standard conditions (1 bar)
Δ_fH°_gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
Δ_rG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions

Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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