Hydrogen chloride

• Formula: ClH
• Molecular weight: 36.461
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/ClH/h1H Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 7647-01-0
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Isotopologues:
  • Hydrochloric acid-d
• Other names: Hydrochloric ccid; Anhydrous hydrochloric acid; Chlorohydric acid; Hydrochloric acid gas; Hydrochloride; Muriatic acid; Salzsaeure; HCl; Hydrochloric acid, anhydrous; Hydrogen-chloride-anhydrous-; Acide chlorhydrique; Acido cloridrico; Chloorwaterstof; Chlorowodor; Chlorwasserstoff; NA 1789; Spirits of salt; UN 1050; UN 1789; UN 2186; Anhydrous hydrogen chloride; Hydrogen chloride (acid); Marine acid; Soldering acid; Spirit of salt; Spirits of salts; Hydrogen chloride (HCl); NSC 77365; Hydrochloric acid
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Constants of diatomic molecules
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data: reactions 1 to 50, reactions 51 to 100, reactions 101 to 150, reactions 151 to 158
  • Henry's Law data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Microwave spectra (on physics lab web site)
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
• Options:
  • Switch to SI units

Data at NIST subscription sites:

• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)

NIST subscription sites provide data under the NIST Standard Reference Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated with the development of data collections included in such sites. Your institution may already be a subscriber. Follow the links above to find out more about the data in these sites and their terms of usage.

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Constants of diatomic molecules, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to HCl⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

 +  =

By formula: Cl^- + H⁺ = HCl

Constants of diatomic molecules

Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Klaus P. Huber and Gerhard H. Herzberg

Notes

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Constants of diatomic molecules, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Wang, Dillon, et al., 1984
Wang, R.-G.; Dillon, M.A.; Spence, D., Electron spectroscopy of hydrogen chloride from 5 to 19 eV, J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 80, 63. [all data]

Pennetreau, Natalis, et al., 1983
Pennetreau, P.; Natalis, P.; Longton, L.; Collin, J.E., Ionization energies for the vibronic transitions from DCl X¹Σ⁺(v" = 0) to DCl⁺ X²Π(v' = 0-18) and A²Σ⁺ (v' = 0-17) determined by photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1983, 28, 295. [all data]

Von Niessen, Asbrink, et al., 1982
Von Niessen, W.; Asbrink, L.; Bieri, G., 30.4 nm He(II) Photoelectron spectra of organic molecules. Part VI. Halogeno-compounds (C,H,X: X = Cl, Br, I), J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1982, 26, 173. [all data]

Natalis, Pennetreau, et al., 1982
Natalis, P.; Pennetreau, P.; Longton, L.; Collin, J.E., Ionisation energy values for the vibronic transitions from HCl X¹Σ⁺ (v" = 0) to HCl⁺ ionic states X²Π (v' = 0-13) and A²Σ⁺ (v' = 0-12), determined by photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1982, 27, 267. [all data]

Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Achiba, Y.; Yamazaki, T.; Iwata, S., Ionization energies, Ab initio assignments, and valence electronic structure for 200 molecules in Handbook of HeI Photoelectron Spectra of Fundamental Organic Compounds, Japan Scientific Soc. Press, Tokyo, 1981. [all data]

Tiedemann, Anderson, et al., 1979
Tiedemann, P.W.; Anderson, S.L.; Ceyer, S.T.; Hirooka, T.; Ng, C.Y.; Mahan, B.H.; Lee, Y.T., Proton affinities of hydrogen halides determined by the molecular beam photoionization method, J. Chem. Phys., 1979, 71, 605. [all data]

Huber and Herzberg, 1979
Huber, K.P.; Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules,, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1979, ,1. [all data]

Weiss, Lawrence, et al., 1970
Weiss, M.J.; Lawrence, G.M.; Young, R.A., Photoelectron spectroscopy of HCI and DCI using molecular beams, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 52, 2867. [all data]

Lempka, Passmore, et al., 1968
Lempka, H.J.; Passmore, T.R.; Price, W.C., The photoelectron spectra and ionized states of the halogen acids, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 1968, A304, 53. [all data]

Nicholson, 1965
Nicholson, A.J.C., Photoionization-efficiency curves. II. False and genuine structure, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 43, 1171. [all data]

Watanabe, 1957
Watanabe, K., Ionization potentials of some molecules, J. Chem. Phys., 1957, 26, 542. [all data]

Krauss, Walker, et al., 1968
Krauss, M.; Walker, J.A.; Dibeler, V.H., Mass spectrometric study of photoionization. X. Hydrogen chloride and methyl halides, J. Res. NBS, 1968, 72A, 281. [all data]

Fox, 1957
Fox, R.E., Negative ion formation in hydrogen chloride by electron impact, J. Chem. Phys., 1957, 26, 1281. [all data]

Martin and Hepburn, 1998
Martin, J.D.D.; Hepburn, J.W., Determination of bond dissociation energies by threshold ion-pair production spectroscopy: An improved D-0(HCl), J. Chem. Phys., 1998, 109, 19, 8139-8142, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.477476 . [all data]

Fujio, McIver, et al., 1981
Fujio, M.; McIver, R.T., Jr.; Taft, R.W., Effects on the acidities of phenols from specific substituent-solvent interactions. Inherent substituent parameters from gas phase acidities, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 4017. [all data]

Check, Faust, et al., 2001
Check, C.E.; Faust, T.O.; Bailey, J.M.; Wright, B.J.; Gilbert, T.M.; Sunderlin, L.S., Addition of Polarization and Diffuse Functions to the LANL2DZ Basis Set for P-Block Elements, J. Phys. Chem. A,, 2001, 105, 34, 8111, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp011945l . [all data]

Hayes and Brown, 1972
Hayes, W.; Brown, F.C., Absorption by some molecular gases in the extreme ultraviolet, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1972, 6, 21. [all data]

Schwarz, 1975
Schwarz, W.H.E., Interpretation of the core electron excitation spectra of hydride molecules and the properties of hydride radicals, Chem. Phys., 1975, 11, 217. [all data]

Terwilliger and Smith, 1973
Terwilliger, D.T.; Smith, A.L., Analysis of autoionizing Rydberg states in the vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrum of HCl and DCl, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1973, 45, 366. [all data]

Douglas and Greening, 1979
Douglas; Greening, Unpublished cited in Huber and Herzberg, 1979, 2, 1979, 287. [all data]

Tilford, Ginter, et al., 1970
Tilford, S.G.; Ginter, M.L.; Vanderslice, J.T., Electronic spectra and structure of the hydrogen halides. The b³Π_i and C¹Π states of HCl and DCl, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1970, 33, 505. [all data]

Jacques, 1959
Jacques, D. Phil. Thesis, Oxford, 1959, 1. [all data]

Jacques and Barrow, 1959
Jacques, J.K.; Barrow, R.F., The transition v¹Σ⁺-x¹Σ⁺ in hydrogen chloride, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 1959, 73, 538. [all data]

Price, 1938
Price, W.C., The absorption spectra of the halogen acids in the vacuum ultra-violet, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 1938, A167, 216. [all data]

Datta and Banerjee, 1941
Datta, S.; Banerjee, S., The continuous absorption spectra of the hydrogen-halides. Part II. HCl, Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India, 1941, 7, 305. [all data]

Romand, 1949
Romand, J., Absorption ultraviolette dans la region de Schumann etude de: ClH, BrH et lH gazeux, Ann. Phys. (Paris), 1949, 4, 527. [all data]

Rank, Eastman, et al., 1962
Rank, D.H.; Eastman, D.P.; Rao, B.S.; Wiggins, T.A., Rotational and vibrational constants of the HCl³⁵ and DCl³⁵ molecules, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1962, 52, 1. [all data]

Rank, Rao, et al., 1965
Rank, D.H.; Rao, B.S.; Wiggins, T.A., Molecular constants of HCl³⁵, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1965, 17, 122. [all data]

Hansler and Oetjen, 1953
Hansler, R.L.; Oetjen, R.A., The infrared spectra of HCl, DCl, HBr, and NH₃ in the region from 40 to 140 microns, J. Chem. Phys., 1953, 21, 1340. [all data]

Jones and Gordy, 1964
Jones, G.; Gordy, W., Extension of submillimeter wave spectroscopy below a half-millimeter wavelength, Phys. Rev., 1964, 135, 295. [all data]

Rosenberg, Lightman, et al., 1972
Rosenberg, A.; Lightman, A.; Ben-Reuven, A., Interferometric measurements of the pure rotational spectra of HCl and DCl, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1972, 12, 219. [all data]

Kaiser, 1970
Kaiser, E.W., Dipole moment and hyperfine parameters of H³⁵Cl and D³⁵Cl, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 53, 1686. [all data]

de Leeuw and Dymanus, 1973
de Leeuw, F.H.; Dymanus, A., Magnetic properties and molecular quadrupole moment of HF and HCl by molecular-beam electric-resonance spectroscopy, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1973, 48, 427. [all data]

Code, Khosla, et al., 1968
Code, R.F.; Khosla, A.; Ozier, I.; Ramsey, N.F.; Yi, P.N., Nuclear magnetic hyperfine spectra of H³⁵Cl and H³⁷Cl, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 49, 1895. [all data]

Boursey, 1975
Boursey, E., Electronic excitation of HCl trapped in inert matrices, J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 62, 3353. [all data]

Tilford and Ginter, 1971
Tilford, S.G.; Ginter, M.L., Electronic spectra and structure of the hydrogen halides: states associated with the (σ²π³) cπ and (σ²π³) cσ configurations of HCl and DCl, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1971, 40, 568. [all data]

Bunker, 1972
Bunker, P.R., On the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation for a diatomic molecule, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1972, 5, 478. [all data]

Rank, Birtley, et al., 1960
Rank, D.H.; Birtley, W.B.; Eastman, D.P.; Rao, B.S.; Wiggins, T.A., Precise measurements of some infrared bands of hydrogen chloride, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1960, 50, 1275. [all data]

Mould, Price, et al., 1960
Mould, H.M.; Price, W.C.; Wilkinson, G.R., Infra-red emission from gases excited by a radio-frequency discharge, Spectrochim. Acta, 1960, 16, 479. [all data]

Ogilvie and Koo, 1976
Ogilvie, J.F.; Koo, D., Dunham potential energy coefficients of the hydrogen halides and carbon monoxide, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1976, 61, 332-336. [all data]

Meyer and Rosmus, 1975
Meyer, W.; Rosmus, P., PNO-Cl and CEPA studies of electron correlation effects. III. Spectroscopic constants and dipole moment functions for the ground states of the first-row and second-row diatomic hydrides, J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 63, 2356. [all data]

Cade, Bader, et al., 1969
Cade, P.E.; Bader, R.F.W.; Henneker, W.H.; Keaveny, I., Molecular charge distributions and chemical binding. IV. The second-row diatomic hydrides AH, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 5313. [all data]

Plyler and Tidwell, 1960
Plyler, E.K.; Tidwell, E.D., The rotational constants of hydrogen chloride, Z. Elektrochem., 1960, 64, 717. [all data]

Levy, Rossi, et al., 1965
Levy, A.; Rossi, I.; Joffrin, C.; Van Thanh, N., Spectre de vibration-rotation de l'acide chlorhydrique gazeux. Etude de la bande v_0→2 a 1,7 micron, J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol., 1965, 62, 600. [all data]

Levy, Rossi, et al., 1966
Levy, A.; Rossi, I.; Haeusler, C., Constantes de vibration-rotation de l'acide chlorhydrique gazeux etude des bandes v_o→2 et v_o→3, J. Phys. (Paris), 1966, 27, 526. [all data]

Webb and Rao, 1968
Webb, D.U.; Rao, K.N., Vibration rotation bands of heated hydrogen halides, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1968, 28, 121. [all data]

Herman and Asgharian, 1966
Herman, R.M.; Asgharian, A., Finite nuclear mass effects on the centrifugal stretching constant in H³⁵Cl, J. Chem. Phys., 1966, 45, 2433. [all data]

Watson, 1973
Watson, J.K.G., The isotope dependence of the equilibrium rotational constants in ¹Σ states of diatomic molecules, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1973, 45, 99. [all data]

Chamberlain and Gebbie, 1965
Chamberlain, J.E.; Gebbie, H.A., Sub-millimetre dispersion and rotational line strengths of the hydrogen halides, Nature (London), 1965, 208, 480. [all data]

Sanderson, 1967
Sanderson, R.B., Measurement of rotational line strengths in HCl by asymmetric Fourier transform techniques, Appl. Opt., 1967, 6, 1527. [all data]

Rank, Eastman, et al., 1960
Rank, D.H.; Eastman, D.P.; Birtley, W.B.; Wiggins, T.A., Perturbation of molecular rotation-vibration energy levels by rare gases, J. Chem. Phys., 1960, 33, 323. [all data]

Ben-Reuven, Kimel, et al., 1961
Ben-Reuven, A.; Kimel, S.; Hirshfeld, M.A.; Jaffe, J.H., Theory and measurement of pressure-induced shifts of HCl lines due to noble gases, J. Chem. Phys., 1961, 35, 955. [all data]

Gebbie and Stone, 1963
Gebbie, H.A.; Stone, N.W.B., Measurement of widths and shifts of pure rotation lines of hydrogen chloride perturbed by rare gases, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 1963, 82, 309. [all data]

Jaffe, Friedmann, et al., 1963
Jaffe, J.H.; Friedmann, H.; Hirshfeld, M.A.; Ben-Reuven, A., Pressure-induced shifts of molecular lines in emission and in absorption, J. Chem. Phys., 1963, 39, 1447. [all data]

Jaffe, Hirshfeld, et al., 1964
Jaffe, J.H.; Hirshfeld, M.A.; Ben-Reuven, A., Pressure-induced shifts of DCl lines due to HCl: shift oscillation, J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 40, 1705. [all data]

Atwood, Vu, et al., 1967
Atwood, M.R.; Vu, H.; Vodar, B., Forme et structures fines de la bande induite par la pression dans la bande fondamentale de vibration-rotation des molecules HF, HCl et HBr, Spectrochim. Acta, 1967, 23, 553. [all data]

Weiss and Cole, 1967
Weiss, S.; Cole, R.H., Pressure-induced rotational quadrupole spectra of HCl and HBr, J. Chem. Phys., 1967, 46, 644. [all data]

Benedict, Herman, et al., 1956
Benedict, W.S.; Herman, R.; Moore, G.E.; Silverman, S., The strengths, widths, and shapes of infrared lines. II. The HCl fundamental, Can. J. Phys., 1956, 34, 850. [all data]

Babrov, Ameer, et al., 1959
Babrov, H.; Ameer, G.; Benesch, W., Line strengths and widths in the HCl fundamental band, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1959, 3, 185. [all data]

Goldring and Benesch, 1962
Goldring, H.; Benesch, W., Widths of HCl overtone lines at various temperatures, Can. J. Phys., 1962, 40, 1801. [all data]

Jaffe, Kimel, et al., 1962
Jaffe, J.H.; Kimel, S.; Hirshfeld, M.A., Refraction spectrum of gases in the infrared intensities and widths of lines in the 2-0 band of HCl, Can. J. Phys., 1962, 40, 113. [all data]

Plyler and Thibault, 1962
Plyler, E.K.; Thibault, R.J., Foreign gas broadening of the lines of hydrogen chloride and carbon monoxide, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 1962, 66, 435. [all data]

Alamichel and Legay, 1966
Alamichel, C.; Legay, F., Etude de la dispersion dans le doublet isotopique R2 de la premiere bande harmonique de vibration-rotation de HCl, J. Phys. (Paris), 1966, 27, 233. [all data]

Levy, Mariel-Piollet, et al., 1970
Levy, A.; Mariel-Piollet, E.; Bouanich, J.-P.; Haeusler, C., Spectre de vibration-rotation du gaz chlorhydrique comprime. Intensites et largeurs de raies dans la bande v_0-2, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1970, 10, 203. [all data]

Toth, Hunt, et al., 1970
Toth, R.A.; Hunt, R.H.; Plyler, E.K., Line strengths, line widths, and dipole moment function for HCl, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1970, 35, 110. [all data]

Rich and Welsh, 1971
Rich, N.H.; Welsh, H.L., Measurement of the pressure broadening of the rotational Raman lines of HCl, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1971, 11, 292. [all data]

Katz and Ron, 1970
Katz, B.; Ron, A., Far infrared spectra of HCl and DCl in a nitrogen matrix, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1970, 7, 357. [all data]

Khatibi and Vu, 1972
Khatibi, P.; Vu, H., Spectres d'absorption infrarouge de HCl et de HBr en phases denses. I. Spectres dans le fondamental de vibration-rotation, J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol., 1972, 69, 654. [all data]

Smith, 1973
Smith, F.G., Dipole moment function and vibration-rotation matrix elements of HCl³⁵ and DCl³⁵, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1973, 13, 717. [all data]

Bunker, 1973
Bunker, P.R., The breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation for a diatomic molecule: the dipole moment and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1973, 45, 151. [all data]

Kaiser, 1974
Kaiser, E.W., Note: Comment to "Dipole moment function and vibration-rotation matrix elements of HCl³⁵ and DCl³⁵", J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1974, 14, 317. [all data]

Tokuhiro, 1967
Tokuhiro, T., Vibrational and rotational effects on the nuclear quadrupole coupling constants in hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium halides, J. Chem. Phys., 1967, 47, 109. [all data]

Leavitt, Baker, et al., 1961
Leavitt, J.A.; Baker, M.R.; Nelson, H.M.; Ramsey, N.F., Proton radio-frequency spectrum of HCl³⁵, Phys. Rev., 1961, 124, 1482. [all data]

Frost, McDowell, et al., 1967
Frost, D.C.; McDowell, C.A.; Vroom, D.A., Photoelectron spectra of the halogens and the hydrogen halides, J. Chem. Phys., 1967, 46, 4255. [all data]

Watanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962
Watanabe, K.; Nakayama, T.; Mottl, J., Ionization potentials of some molecules, J. Quant. Spectry. Radiative Transfer, 1962, 2, 369. [all data]

Huber and Herzberg, 1979, 2
Huber, K.P.; Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1979, 716. [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Constants of diatomic molecules, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
• The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database.
• Customer support for NIST Standard Reference Data products.