Acetaldehyde
- Formula: C2H4O
- Molecular weight: 44.0526
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 75-07-0
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: Acetic aldehyde; Ethanal; Ethyl aldehyde; CH3CHO; Acetaldehyd; Aldehyde acetique; Aldeide acetica; NCI-C56326; Octowy aldehyd; Acetylaldehyde; Rcra waste number U001; UN 1089; NSC 7594
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Reaction thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar
Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.
Individual Reactions
C2H3O- + =
By formula: C2H3O- + H+ = C2H4O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 1533.1 ± 3.4 | kJ/mol | D-EA | Mead, Lykke, et al., 1984 | gas phase; Uncertainty: 6 millical/mol (0.26 micro-eV).Dipolebound state at ca. 14.3 cal/mol (5 cm-1); B |
ΔrH° | 1531. ± 9.2 | kJ/mol | G+TS | Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979 | gas phase; Acid: ethanal. The enol is 9.6 kcal/mol more acidic: Holmes and Lossing, 1982; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B |
ΔrH° | 1533. ± 12. | kJ/mol | G+TS | Cumming and Kebarle, 1978 | gas phase; B |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 1505. ± 5.0 | kJ/mol | H-TS | Mead, Lykke, et al., 1984 | gas phase; Uncertainty: 6 millical/mol (0.26 micro-eV).Dipolebound state at ca. 14.3 cal/mol (5 cm-1); B |
ΔrG° | 1502. ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | IMRE | Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979 | gas phase; Acid: ethanal. The enol is 9.6 kcal/mol more acidic: Holmes and Lossing, 1982; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B |
ΔrG° | 1505. ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | IMRE | Cumming and Kebarle, 1978 | gas phase; B |
By formula: C2H5O+ + C2H4O = (C2H5O+ • C2H4O)
Bond type: Hydrogen bonds of the type OH-O between organics
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 121. | kJ/mol | ICR | Larson and McMahon, 1982 | gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984, Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 110. | J/mol*K | N/A | Larson and McMahon, 1982 | gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984, Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 88.7 | kJ/mol | ICR | Larson and McMahon, 1982 | gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984, Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M |
By formula: C2H7O+ + C2H4O = (C2H7O+ • C2H4O)
Bond type: Hydrogen bonds of the type OH-O between organics
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 131. | kJ/mol | ICR | Larson and McMahon, 1982 | gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984, Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 113. | J/mol*K | N/A | Larson and McMahon, 1982 | gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984, Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 97.1 | kJ/mol | ICR | Larson and McMahon, 1982 | gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984, Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M |
By formula: C2H5O+ + C2H4O = (C2H5O+ • C2H4O)
Bond type: Hydrogen bonds of the type OH-O between organics
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 133. | kJ/mol | ICR | Larson and McMahon, 1982 | gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 121. | J/mol*K | N/A | Larson and McMahon, 1982 | gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 97.5 | kJ/mol | ICR | Larson and McMahon, 1982 | gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984; M |
C2H3O- + =
By formula: C2H3O- + H+ = C2H4O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 1645.1 ± 4.0 | kJ/mol | D-EA | Nimlos, Soderquist, et al., 1989 | gas phase; B |
ΔrH° | 1636. ± 8.8 | kJ/mol | G+TS | DePuy, Bierbaum, et al., 1985 | gas phase; B |
ΔrH° | 1619. ± 33. | kJ/mol | CIDT | Graul and Squires, 1990 | gas phase; B |
ΔrH° | <1598.3 | kJ/mol | CIDT | Graul and Squires, 1988 | gas phase; B |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 1613. ± 4.6 | kJ/mol | H-TS | Nimlos, Soderquist, et al., 1989 | gas phase; B |
ΔrG° | 1604. ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | IMRB | DePuy, Bierbaum, et al., 1985 | gas phase; B |
ΔrG° | <1565.9 ± 2.5 | kJ/mol | H-TS | Graul and Squires, 1988 | gas phase; B |
By formula: Cl- + C2H4O = (Cl- • C2H4O)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 60.2 ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | IMRE | Larson and McMahon, 1984 | gas phase; B,M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 90.8 | J/mol*K | N/A | Larson and McMahon, 1984 | gas phase; switching reaction(Cl-)t-C4H9F, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Larson and McMahon, 1984, 2; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 33. ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | IMRE | Larson and McMahon, 1984 | gas phase; B,M |
By formula: C2H3O2- + C2H4O = (C2H3O2- • C2H4O)
Bond type: Hydrogen bonds of deprotonated acids to ketones/
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 68.2 ± 4.2 | kJ/mol | TDAs | Meot-ner, 1988 | gas phase; B,M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 90.8 | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Meot-ner, 1988 | gas phase; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 41. ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | TDAs | Meot-ner, 1988 | gas phase; B |
By formula: H2 + C2H4O = C2H6O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -81.3 ± 1.4 | kJ/mol | Chyd | Wiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991 | liquid phase; solvent: Triglyme; ALS |
ΔrH° | -69.08 ± 0.42 | kJ/mol | Chyd | Dolliver, Gresham, et al., 1938 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -70.1 ± 0.4 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS |
(C2H5O- • 4294967295) +
= C2H5O-
By formula: (C2H5O- • 4294967295C2H4O) + C2H4O = C2H5O-
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 158. ± 4.2 | kJ/mol | N/A | Ramond, Davico, et al., 2000 | gas phase; B |
ΔrH° | 165. ± 9.2 | kJ/mol | Ther | Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979 | gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B |
By formula: NO- + C2H4O = (NO- • C2H4O)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 164. | kJ/mol | ICR | Reents and Freiser, 1981 | gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(NO+)C2H5OH, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Farid and McMahon, 1978; M |
By formula: Li+ + C2H4O = (Li+ • C2H4O)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 173. | kJ/mol | ICR | Staley and Beauchamp, 1975 | gas phase; switching reaction(Li+)H2O, Keesee and Castleman, 1986 from Berman and Beauchamp, 1986; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970 interpolated; M |
By formula: 3C2H4O = C6H12O3
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -87. ± 6. | kJ/mol | Cm | Krasnov, Ozherel'eva, et al., 1983 | liquid phase; solvent: Nonaqueous; Trimerization; ALS |
ΔrH° | -98.1 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Busfield, Lee, et al., 1973 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: Mg+ + C2H4O = (Mg+ • C2H4O)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 260. ± 20. | kJ/mol | ICR | Operti, Tews, et al., 1988 | gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(Mg+)CH3OH; M |
By formula: C4H10O2 + H2O = 2CH4O + C2H4O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 36.07 ± 0.063 | kJ/mol | Cm | Wiberg, 1980 | liquid phase; solvent: Water; Hydrolysis; ALS |
By formula: C4H10O2 + H2O = 2CH4O + C2H4O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 35.7 ± 0.3 | kJ/mol | Cm | Birley and Skinner, 1970 | liquid phase; Heat of hydrolysis; ALS |
By formula: C4H10O2 + H2O = 2CH4O + C2H4O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 35.9 ± 0.8 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Wiberg, Morgan, et al., 1994 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: 2CH4O + C2H4O = C4H10O2 + H2O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -62. ± 1. | kJ/mol | Cm | Wiberg, Morgan, et al., 1994 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: C2H4O + I2 = HI + C2H3IO
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 3. ± 2. | kJ/mol | Eqk | Walsh and Benson, 1966 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: H2O + C8H10N2 = C6H8N2 + C2H4O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -61.1 | kJ/mol | Cm | Landrieu, 1905 | solid phase; ALS |
By formula: C6H12O3 = 3C2H4O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 98.1 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Busfield, Lee, et al., 1973 | gas phase; At 292-313 K; ALS |
By formula: Na+ + C2H4O = (Na+ • C2H4O)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 113. ± 3. | kJ/mol | CIDT | Armentrout and Rodgers, 2000 | RCD |
By formula: Ag+ + C2H4O = (Ag+ • C2H4O)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 182. ± 19. | kJ/mol | RAK | Ho, Yang, et al., 1997 | RCD |
References
Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Mead, Lykke, et al., 1984
Mead, R.D.; Lykke, K.R.; Lineberger, W.C.; Marks, J.; Brauman, J.I.,
Spectroscopy and Dynamics of the Dipole-Bound State of Acetaldehyde Enolate.,
J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 81, 11, 4883., https://doi.org/10.1063/1.447515
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Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979
Bartmess, J.E.; Scott, J.A.; McIver, R.T., Jr.,
The gas phase acidity scale from methanol to phenol,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1979, 101, 6047. [all data]
Holmes and Lossing, 1982
Holmes, J.L.; Lossing, F.P.,
Heats of formation of the ionic and neutral enols of acetaldehyde and acetone,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 2648. [all data]
Cumming and Kebarle, 1978
Cumming, J.B.; Kebarle, P.,
Summary of gas phase measurements involving acids AH. Entropy changes in proton transfer reactions involving negative ions. Bond dissociation energies D(A-H) and electron affinities EA(A),
Can. J. Chem., 1978, 56, 1. [all data]
Larson and McMahon, 1982
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B.,
Formation, Thermochemistry, and Relative Stabilities of Proton - Bound dimers of Oxygen n - Donor Bases from Ion Cyclotron Resonance Solvent - Exchange Equilibria Measurements,
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Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973
Grimsrud, E.P.; Kebarle, P.,
Gas Phase Ion Equilibria Studies of the Solvation of the Hydrogen Ion by Methanol, Dimethyl Ether and Water. Effect of Hydrogen Bonding,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1973, 95, 24, 7939, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00805a002
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Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984
Lias, S.G.; Liebman, J.F.; Levin, R.D.,
Evaluated gas phase basicities and proton affinities of molecules heats of formation of protonated molecules,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1984, 13, 695. [all data]
Keesee and Castleman, 1986
Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Jr.,
Thermochemical data on Ggs-phase ion-molecule association and clustering reactions,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1986, 15, 1011. [all data]
Nimlos, Soderquist, et al., 1989
Nimlos, M.R.; Soderquist, J.A.; Ellison, G.B.,
Spectroscopy of CH3CO- and CH3CO,
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DePuy, Bierbaum, et al., 1985
DePuy, C.H.; Bierbaum, V.M.; Damrauer, R.; Soderquist, J.A.,
Gas-phase reactions of the acetyl anion,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107, 3385. [all data]
Graul and Squires, 1990
Graul, S.T.; Squires, R.R.,
Gas-Phase Acidities Derived from Threshold Energies for Activated Reactions,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 7, 2517, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00163a007
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Graul and Squires, 1988
Graul, S.T.; Squires, R.R.,
On the Existence of Alkyl Carbanions in the Gas Phase,
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Larson and McMahon, 1984
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B.,
Hydrogen bonding in gas phase anions. An experimental investigation of the interaction between chloride ion and bronsted acids from ICR chloride exchange equilibria,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 517. [all data]
Larson and McMahon, 1984, 2
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B.,
Gas phase negative ion chemistry of alkylchloroformates,
Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 675. [all data]
Meot-ner, 1988
Meot-ner, M.,
Ionic Hydrogen Bond and Ion Solvation. 6. Interaction Energies of the Acetate Ion with Organic Molecules. Comparison of CH3COO- with Cl-, CN-, and SH-,
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Wiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991
Wiberg, K.B.; Crocker, L.S.; Morgan, K.M.,
Thermochemical studies of carbonyl compounds. 5. Enthalpies of reduction of carbonyl groups,
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Dolliver, Gresham, et al., 1938
Dolliver, M.A.; Gresham, T.L.; Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Smith, E.A.; Vaughan, W.E.,
Heats of organic reactions. VI. Heats of hydrogenation of some oxygen-containing compounds,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60, 440-450. [all data]
Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G.,
Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]
Ramond, Davico, et al., 2000
Ramond, T.M.; Davico, G.E.; Schwartz, R.L.; Lineberger, W.C.,
Vibronic structure of alkoxy radicals via photoelectron spectroscopy,
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Reents and Freiser, 1981
Reents, W.D.; Freiser, B.S.,
Gas-Phase Binding Energies and Spectroscopic Properties of NO+ Charge-Transfer Complexes,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 2791. [all data]
Farid and McMahon, 1978
Farid, R.; McMahon, T.B.,
Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions of Alkyl Nitrites by Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectroscopy,
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Staley and Beauchamp, 1975
Staley, R.H.; Beauchamp, J.L.,
Intrinsic Acid - Base Properties of Molecules. Binding Energies of Li+ to pi - and n - Donor Bases,
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Berman and Beauchamp, 1986
Berman, D.W.; Beauchamp, J.L.,
Quoted in Keesee and Castleman, 1986, 1986. [all data]
Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970
Dzidic, I.; Kebarle, P.,
Hydration of the Alkali Ions in the Gas Phase. Enthalpies and Entropies of Reactions M+(H2O)n-1 + H2O = M+(H2O)n,
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Krasnov, Ozherel'eva, et al., 1983
Krasnov, V.L.; Ozherel'eva, N.K.; Trub, E.P.; Tsvetkov, V.G.; Bodrikov, I.V.,
Trimerization of aldehydes under the action of sulfur dioxide,
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Busfield, Lee, et al., 1973
Busfield, W.K.; Lee, R.M.; Merifold, D.,
Gas phase equilibrium between acetaldehyde and paraldehyde, thermodynamic values for the trimerisation of acetaldehyde and the polymerisability of paraldehyde,
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Operti, Tews, et al., 1988
Operti, L.; Tews, E.C.; Freiser, B.S.,
Determination of Gas-Phase Ligand Binding Energies to Mg+ by FTMS Techniques,
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Wiberg, 1980
Wiberg, K.B.,
Energies of organic compounds,
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Birley and Skinner, 1970
Birley, G.I.; Skinner, H.A.,
Enthalpies of hydrolysis of dimethoxymethane and 1,1-dimethoxyethane,
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Wiberg, Morgan, et al., 1994
Wiberg, K.B.; Morgan, K.M.; Maltz, H.,
Thermochemistry of carbonyl reactions. 6. A study of hydration equilibria,
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Walsh and Benson, 1966
Walsh, R.; Benson, S.W.,
The heats of formation of acetyl iodide and the acetyl radical,
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Landrieu, 1905
Landrieu, M.Ph.,
Thermochimie. - Thermochimie des hydrazones,
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Armentrout and Rodgers, 2000
Armentrout, P.B.; Rodgers, M.T.,
An Absolute Sodium Cation Affinity Scale: Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation Experiments and ab Initio Theory,
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Ho, Yang, et al., 1997
Ho, Y.-P.; Yang, Y.-C.; Klippenstein, S.J.; Dunbar, R.C.,
Binding Energies of Ag+ and Cd+ Complexes from Analysis of Radiative Association Kinetics,
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. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, References
- Symbols used in this document:
ΔrG° Free energy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrS° Entropy of reaction at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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