Butane

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas-125.6 ± 0.67kJ/molCcbPittam and Pilcher, 1972ALS
Δfgas-127.1 ± 0.67kJ/molCmProsen, Maron, et al., 1951see Prosen and Rossini, 1945; ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δcgas-2877.5 ± 0.63kJ/molCcbPittam and Pilcher, 1972Corresponding Δfgas = -125.6 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS
Δcgas-2876.2 ± 0.63kJ/molCmProsen, Maron, et al., 1951see Prosen and Rossini, 1945; Corresponding Δfgas = -127.0 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS
Δcgas-2878.3 ± 0.63kJ/molCcbRossini, 1934Corresponding Δfgas = -124.9 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Cp,gas (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
38.0750.Chen S.S., 1975Recommended values are in good agreement with those calculated by [ Pitzer K.S., 1944, Pitzer K.S., 1946].; GT
55.35100.
67.32150.
76.44200.
92.30273.15
98.49298.15
98.95300.
124.77400.
148.66500.
169.28600.
187.02700.
202.38800.
215.73900.
227.361000.
237.481100.
246.271200.
253.931300.
260.581400.
266.401500.

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Cp,gas (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
110.58344.9Dailey B.P., 1943Other experimental values of heat capacity [ Sage B.H., 1937] are believed to be less reliable, see [ Chen S.S., 1975].; GT
114.93359.6
121.75387.5
137.99451.6
154.01521.0
162.26561.3
170.33600.8
185.85692.6

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
liquid231.0J/mol*KN/AAston and Messerly, 1940Using extrapolated values of Cp 273 to 298 K for the superheated liquid.
liquid226.8J/mol*KN/AParks, Shomate, et al., 1937Calculated from heat capacity data reported by 31HUF/PAR. Extrapolation below 67 K, 41.34 J/mol*K.
liquid229.7J/mol*KN/AHuffman, Parks, et al., 1931Extrapolation below 90 K, 48.95 J/mol*K. Extrapolated above 262 K.

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Cp,liquid (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
132.42270.Aston and Messerly, 1940T = 11 to 270 K.
129.7261.8Huffman, Parks, et al., 1931T = 69 to 262 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum.

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
CAL - James S. Chickos, William E. Acree, Jr., Joel F. Liebman, Students of Chem 202 (Introduction to the Literature of Chemistry), University of Missouri -- St. Louis

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tboil273. ± 1.KAVGN/AAverage of 33 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tfus136. ± 3.KAVGN/AAverage of 8 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Ttriple134.6 ± 0.7KAVGN/AAverage of 6 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Ptriple0.000007barN/AYounglove and Ely, 1987Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 8.×10-9 bar; TRC
Ptriple0.000007barN/AHaynes and Goodwin, 1982TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tc425. ± 1.KAVGN/AAverage of 18 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Pc38.0 ± 0.1barAVGN/AAverage of 15 out of 16 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Vc0.255l/molN/AAmbrose and Tsonopoulos, 1995 
Vc0.263l/molN/ALi and Kiran, 1988Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.01 l/mol; TRC
Vc0.2551l/molN/AYounglove and Ely, 1987Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.001 l/mol; TRC
Vc0.258l/molN/ABeattie, Simard, et al., 1939Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.003 l/mol; from graphical plot of isotherms; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ρc3.92 ± 0.03mol/lAVGN/AAverage of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δvap22.4kJ/molN/AReid, 1972AC

Enthalpy of vaporization

ΔvapH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
22.389272.05N/AAston and Messerly, 1940P = 101.325 kPa; DH
22.44272.7N/AMajer and Svoboda, 1985 
22.9308.N/ASako, Horiguchi, et al., 1997Based on data from 300. to 315. K.; AC
23.4277.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 195. to 292. K.; AC
23.2288.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 273. to 321. K.; AC
22.6331.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 316. to 383. K.; AC
22.8390.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 375. to 425. K.; AC
27.198.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 135. to 213. K. See also Carruth and Kobayashi, 1973.; AC
23.1264.N/AWackher, Linn, et al., 1945Based on data from 206. to 279. K. See also Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984.; AC
21.0 ± 0.08272.66VAston and Messerly, 1940, 2Reanalyzed by Pedley, Naylor, et al., 1986, Original value = 22.39 ± 0.63 kJ/mol; hfusion=1.11 kcal/mol; ALS
23.9258.N/AAston and Messerly, 1940Based on data from 195. to 273. K. See also Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984.; AC

Entropy of vaporization

ΔvapS (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
82.30272.05Aston and Messerly, 1940P; DH

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
135.42 to 212.894.708121200.475-13.013Carruth and Kobayashi, 1973Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.
272.66 to 425.4.355761175.581-2.071Das, Reed, et al., 1973Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.
195.11 to 272.813.85002909.65-36.146Aston and Messerly, 1940Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of sublimation

ΔsubH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
35.9107.BGeiseler, Quitzsch, et al., 1966AC

Enthalpy of fusion

ΔfusH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
4.66134.9Domalski and Hearing, 1996AC

Entropy of fusion

ΔfusS (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
19.06107.6Domalski and Hearing, 1996CAL
34.56134.9

Enthalpy of phase transition

ΔHtrs (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Initial Phase Final Phase Reference Comment
2.067107.55crystaline, IIcrystaline, IAston and Messerly, 1940DH
4.661134.86crystaline, IliquidAston and Messerly, 1940DH
2.117107.0crystaline, IIcrystaline, IHuffman, Parks, et al., 1931DH
4.372134.1crystaline, IliquidHuffman, Parks, et al., 1931DH

Entropy of phase transition

ΔStrs (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Initial Phase Final Phase Reference Comment
19.22107.55crystaline, IIcrystaline, IAston and Messerly, 1940DH
34.56134.86crystaline, IliquidAston and Messerly, 1940DH
19.8107.0crystaline, IIcrystaline, IHuffman, Parks, et al., 1931DH
32.6134.1crystaline, IliquidHuffman, Parks, et al., 1931DH

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:


Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
MS - José A. Martinho Simões
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C4H9- + Hydrogen cation = Butane

By formula: C4H9- + H+ = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1739. ± 8.4kJ/molBranDePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989gas phase; The HOF(Et(Me)N.) in Seetula, Russell, et al., 1990 gives BDE(N-H) = 99 kcal/mol, ca. 5 kcal/mol too strong; B
Δr1745. ± 20.kJ/molBranPeerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992gas phase; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1703. ± 8.8kJ/molH-TSDePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989gas phase; The HOF(Et(Me)N.) in Seetula, Russell, et al., 1990 gives BDE(N-H) = 99 kcal/mol, ca. 5 kcal/mol too strong; B
Δr1709. ± 21.kJ/molH-TSPeerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992gas phase; B

C4H9Li (l) + Hydrogen bromide (g) = Butane (l) + Lithium bromide (cr)

By formula: C4H9Li (l) + HBr (g) = C4H10 (l) + BrLi (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-374.0 ± 2.0kJ/molRSCHolm, 1974Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977. The reaction enthalpy was quoted from Pedley and Rylance, 1977. See Liebman, Martinho Simões, et al., 1995 for comments; MS

Hydrogen bromide (g) + C4H9Li (l) = Butane (l) + Lithium bromide (cr)

By formula: HBr (g) + C4H9Li (l) = C4H10 (l) + BrLi (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-352.7 ± 2.0kJ/molRSCHolm, 1974Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977. The reaction enthalpy was quoted from Pedley and Rylance, 1977. See Liebman, Martinho Simões, et al., 1995 for comments; MS

2Hydrogen + 2-Butyne = Butane

By formula: 2H2 + C4H6 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-272.4 ± 1.3kJ/molChydConn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1939gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -274.4 ± 0.54 kJ/mol; At 355 K; ALS

Hydrogen + 2-Butene, (E)- = Butane

By formula: H2 + C4H8 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-114.6 ± 0.42kJ/molChydKistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -115.57 ± 0.088 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

Hydrogen + 2-Butene, (Z)- = Butane

By formula: H2 + C4H8 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-118.5 ± 0.42kJ/molChydKistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -119.54 ± 0.079 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

1,3-Butadiene + 2Hydrogen = Butane

By formula: C4H6 + 2H2 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-236.7 ± 0.42kJ/molChydKistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1936gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -238.8 ± 0.4 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

C4H9Li (l) + Water (g) = Butane (g) + HLiO (cr)

By formula: C4H9Li (l) + H2O (g) = C4H10 (g) + HLiO (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-240.2 ± 2.9kJ/molRSCFowell and Mortimer, 1961Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977 and Cox and Pilcher, 1970, 2.; MS

C4H9ClMg (cr) + (Hydrogen chloride • 556Water) (solution) = Butane (g) + (Cl2Mg • 900Water) (solution)

By formula: C4H9ClMg (cr) + (HCl • 556H2O) (solution) = C4H10 (g) + (Cl2Mg • 900H2O) (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-305.8 ± 1.8kJ/molRSCGenchel, Evstigneeva, et al., 1976MS

C4H9BrMg (solution) + Hydrogen bromide (g) = Butane (solution) + Br2Mg (solution)

By formula: C4H9BrMg (solution) + HBr (g) = C4H10 (solution) + Br2Mg (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-292.5 ± 2.2kJ/molRSCHolm, 1981solvent: Diethyl ether; MS

C4H9BrMg (solution) + Hydrogen bromide (g) = Butane (solution) + Br2Mg (solution)

By formula: C4H9BrMg (solution) + HBr (g) = C4H10 (solution) + Br2Mg (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-305.9 ± 2.2kJ/molRSCHolm, 1981solvent: Diethyl ether; MS

C5O5W (g) + Butane (g) = C9H10O5W (g)

By formula: C5O5W (g) + C4H10 (g) = C9H10O5W (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-38. ± 13.kJ/molEqGBrown, Ishikawa, et al., 1990Temperature range: ca. 300-350 K; MS

1-Butene + Hydrogen = Butane

By formula: C4H8 + H2 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-125.9 ± 0.42kJ/molChydKistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935gas phase; At 355 °K; ALS

Butane = Isobutane

By formula: C4H10 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-9.699kJ/molEqkPines, Kvetinskas, et al., 1945gas phase; Heat of isomerization; ALS

3Hydrogen + 1-Buten-3-yne = Butane

By formula: 3H2 + C4H4 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-422. ± 2.kJ/molChydRoth, Adamczak, et al., 1991liquid phase; ALS

Henry's Law data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Rolf Sander

Henry's Law constant (water solution)

kH(T) = H exp(d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) ((1/T) - 1/(298.15 K)))
H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))
d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) = Temperature dependence constant (K)

H (mol/(kg*bar)) d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) (K) Method Reference Comment
0.0011 QN/A missing citation give several references for the Henry's law constants but don't assign them to specific species.
0.0011 LN/A 
0.00123100.LN/A 
0.0011 VN/A 
0.0049 VN/A 

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)10.53 ± 0.02eVN/AN/AL

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
10.57ESTLuo and Pacey, 1992LL
10.53 ± 0.10EVALLias, 1982LBLHLM
10.35 ± 0.15EQMautner(Meot-Ner), Sieck, et al., 1981LLK
10.6 ± 0.1PEBieri, Burger, et al., 1977LLK
10.61EQLias, Ausloos, et al., 1976LLK
10.87 ± 0.05EIFlesch and Svec, 1973LLK
10.89EIMatsumoto, Taniguchi, et al., 1970RDSH
10.67PIDewar and Worley, 1969RDSH
10.55 ± 0.05PIChupka and Berkowitz, 1967RDSH
10.50PIAl-Joboury and Turner, 1964RDSH
10.55 ± 0.05PISteiner, Giese, et al., 1961RDSH
10.63 ± 0.03PIWatanabe, 1957RDSH
11.09PEKimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981Vertical value; LLK
11.2PEBieri and Asbrink, 1980Vertical value; LLK
11.2 ± 0.1PEBieri, Burger, et al., 1977Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion AE (eV) Other Products MethodReferenceComment
CH3+29.7 ± 0.2?EIOlmsted, Street, et al., 1964RDSH
C2H4+~11.65C2H6PIChupka and Berkowitz, 1967RDSH
C2H5+12.55C2H5EIOmura, 1961RDSH
C3H5+13.40?EIOmura, 1961RDSH
C3H6+11.15CH4EIWolkoff and Holmes, 1978LLK
C3H6+11.06CH4EIMatsumoto, Taniguchi, et al., 1970RDSH
C3H6+11.18CH4PIChupka and Berkowitz, 1967RDSH
C3H6+11.16 ± 0.03CH4PISteiner, Giese, et al., 1961RDSH
C3H7+11.2CH3EIWolkoff and Holmes, 1978LLK
C3H7+11.09CH3EIMatsumoto, Taniguchi, et al., 1970RDSH
C3H7+11.10 ± 0.05CH3EIWilliams and Hamill, 1968RDSH
C3H7+11.18CH3PIChupka and Berkowitz, 1967RDSH
C3H7+11.19 ± 0.02CH3PISteiner, Giese, et al., 1961RDSH
C4H9+10.9 ± 0.1H-PIChupka and Berkowitz, 1967RDSH
C4H9+11.7 ± 0.1HPIChupka and Berkowitz, 1967RDSH
H3+31. ± 1.?EIFuchs, 1972LLK

De-protonation reactions

C4H9- + Hydrogen cation = Butane

By formula: C4H9- + H+ = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1739. ± 8.4kJ/molBranDePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989gas phase; The HOF(Et(Me)N.) in Seetula, Russell, et al., 1990 gives BDE(N-H) = 99 kcal/mol, ca. 5 kcal/mol too strong; B
Δr1745. ± 20.kJ/molBranPeerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992gas phase; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1703. ± 8.8kJ/molH-TSDePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989gas phase; The HOF(Et(Me)N.) in Seetula, Russell, et al., 1990 gives BDE(N-H) = 99 kcal/mol, ca. 5 kcal/mol too strong; B
Δr1709. ± 21.kJ/molH-TSPeerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992gas phase; B

IR Spectrum

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Data compiled by: Pamela M. Chu, Franklin R. Guenther, George C. Rhoderick, and Walter J. Lafferty


Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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NIST MS number 18940

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References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Pittam and Pilcher, 1972
Pittam, D.A.; Pilcher, G., Measurements of heats of combustion by flame calorimetry. Part 8.-Methane, ethane, propane, n-butane and 2-methylpropane, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 1972, 68, 2224-2229. [all data]

Prosen, Maron, et al., 1951
Prosen, E.J.; Maron, F.W.; Rossini, F.D., Heats of combustion, formation, and insomerization of ten C4 hydrocarbons, J. Res. NBS, 1951, 46, 106-112. [all data]

Prosen and Rossini, 1945
Prosen, E.J.; Rossini, F.D., Heats of formation and combustion of 1,3-butadiene and styrene, J. Res. NBS, 1945, 34, 59-63. [all data]

Rossini, 1934
Rossini, F.D., Calorimetric determination of the heats of combustion of ethane, propane, normal butane, and normal pentane, J. Res. NBS, 1934, 12, 735-750. [all data]

Chen S.S., 1975
Chen S.S., Ideal gas thermodynamic properties and isomerization of n-butane and isobutane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1975, 4, 859-869. [all data]

Pitzer K.S., 1944
Pitzer K.S., Thermodynamics of gaseous paraffins. Specific heat and related properties, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1944, 36, 829-831. [all data]

Pitzer K.S., 1946
Pitzer K.S., The entropies and related properties of branched paraffin hydrocarbons, Chem. Rev., 1946, 39, 435-447. [all data]

Dailey B.P., 1943
Dailey B.P., Heat capacities and hindered rotation in n-butane and isobutane, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1943, 65, 44-46. [all data]

Sage B.H., 1937
Sage B.H., Phase equilibria in hydrocarbon systems. XX. Isobaric heat capacity of gaseous propane, n-butane, isobutane, and n-pentane, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1937, 29, 1309-1314. [all data]

Aston and Messerly, 1940
Aston, J.G.; Messerly, G.H., The heat capacity and entropy, heats of fusion and vaporization and the vapor pressure of n-butane, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1940, 62, 1917-1923. [all data]

Parks, Shomate, et al., 1937
Parks, G.S.; Shomate, C.H.; Kennedy, W.D.; Crawford, B.L., Jr., The entropies of n-butane and isobutane, with some heat capacity data for isobutane, J. Chem. Phys., 1937, 5, 359-363. [all data]

Huffman, Parks, et al., 1931
Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S.; Barmore, M., Thermal data on organic compounds. X. Further studies on the heat capacities, entropies and free energies of hydrocarbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53, 3876-3888. [all data]

Younglove and Ely, 1987
Younglove, B.A.; Ely, J.F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids II. Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane, and Normal Butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1987, 16, 577. [all data]

Haynes and Goodwin, 1982
Haynes, W.M.; Goodwin, R.D., Thermopnhysical properties of normal butane from 135 to 700K at pressures to 70 MPa, NBS Monogr. (U. S.), 1982, 1982, 197 pp.. [all data]

Ambrose and Tsonopoulos, 1995
Ambrose, D.; Tsonopoulos, C., Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. 2. Normal Alkenes, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1995, 40, 531-546. [all data]

Li and Kiran, 1988
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Beattie, Simard, et al., 1939
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Notes

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