Benzaldehyde

• Formula: C₇H₆O
• Molecular weight: 106.1219
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C7H6O/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-6H Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: HUMNYLRZRPPJDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 100-52-7
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Other names: Artificial Almond Oil; Benzaldehyde FFC; Benzenecarbonal; Benzenecarboxaldehyde; Benzoic aldehyde; Phenylmethanal; Almond artificial essential oil; Phenylmethanal benzenecarboxaldehyde; NCI-C56133; Oil of Bitter Almond; Artificial essential oil of almond; Benzene carbaldehyde; NA 1989; Artifical essential oil of almond; Artificial bitter almond oil; Benzenemethylal; Benzoyl hydride; Ethereal oil of bitter almonds; Benzylaldehyde; NSC 7917; Benzyaldehyde
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • UV/Visible spectrum
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Henry's Law data
  • Gas Chromatography
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
  • X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 5.0
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Reduced pressure boiling point

Enthalpy of vaporization

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

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Enthalpy of fusion

Entropy of fusion

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + C₇H₆O = (Br^- • C₇H₆O)

Free energy of reaction

 +  = ( • )

By formula: NO^- + C₇H₆O = (NO^- • C₇H₆O)

 +  = 2

By formula: C₇H₆O + C₇H₆O₃ = 2C₇H₆O₂

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₇H₆O + C₈H₈O = H₂O + C₁₅H₁₂O

 +  =  + 

By formula: HI + C₇H₅IO = C₇H₆O + I₂

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₇H₆O + I₂ = HI + C₇H₅IO

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₁₃H₁₂N₂ + H₂O = C₇H₆O + C₆H₈N₂

=  + 

By formula: C₇H₈O = C₇H₆O + H₂

=  + 

By formula: C₇H₆O₃ = C₇H₆O + O₂

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

View reactions leading to C₇H₆O⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Electron affinity determinations

Proton affinity at 298K

Gas basicity at 298K

Protonation entropy at 298K

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

Ion clustering data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + C₇H₆O = (Br^- • C₇H₆O)

Free energy of reaction

 +  = ( • )

By formula: NO^- + C₇H₆O = (NO^- • C₇H₆O)

IR Spectrum

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Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

• SOLUTION (1% IN CCl4 FOR 3800-1330, 1% IN CS2 FOR 1330-450 CM^-1) VS SOLVENT; PERKIN-ELMER 180; DIGITIZED BY NIST FROM HARD COPY (FROM TWO SEGMENTS); 4 cm^-1 resolution
• SOLUTION (2% IN CCl4 FOR 3800-1330, 2% IN CS2 FOR 1330-450 CM^-1); DOW KBr FOREPRISM-GRATING; DIGITIZED BY NIST FROM HARD COPY (FROM TWO SEGMENTS); 4 cm^-1 resolution

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

• gas

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Additional Data

UV/Visible spectrum

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Eugeny B. Stern, Antonina A. Goncharova, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina

Spectrum

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Additional Data

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Ambrose, Connett, et al., 1975
Ambrose, D.; Connett, J.E.; Green, J.H.S.; Hales, J.L.; Head, A.J.; Martin, J.F., Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds. 42. Physical and thermodynamic properties of benzaldehyde, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1975, 7, 1143-1157. [all data]

Kudchadker and Kudchadker, 1975
Kudchadker, S.A.; Kudchadker, A.P., Thermodynamic properties of oxygen compounds. III. Benzaldehyde and furfural (2-furaldehyde), Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1975, 12, 432-437. [all data]

Lebedeva and Katin, 1972
Lebedeva, N.D.; Katin, Yu.A., Heats of combustion of certain monosubstituted benzenes, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1972, 46, 1088. [all data]

Pedley, Naylor, et al., 1986
Pedley, J.B.; Naylor, R.D.; Kirby, S.P., Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1986, 1-792. [all data]

Solly and Benson, 1971
Solly, R.K.; Benson, S.W., Thermochemistry of the reaction of benzaldehyde with iodine. The enthalpy of formation of benzaldehyde and benzoyl iodide, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1971, 3, 203-209. [all data]

Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929
Landrieu, P.; Baylocq, F.; Johnson, J.R., Etude thermochimique dans la serie furanique, Bull. Soc. Chim. France, 1929, 45, 36-49. [all data]

Ambrose D., 1975
Ambrose D., Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds. 42. Physical and thermodynamic properties of benzaldehyde, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1975, 7, 1143-1157. [all data]

Sarin V.N., 1973
Sarin V.N., Thermodynamic properties in the gaseous state of certain monosubstituted benzenes, Thermochim. Acta, 1973, 6, 39-46. [all data]

Kudchadker S.A., 1975
Kudchadker S.A., Thermodynamic properties of oxygen compounds. III. Benzaldehyde and furfural (2-furaldehyde), Thermochim. Acta, 1975, 12, 432-437. [all data]

de Kolossowsky and Udowenko, 1934
de Kolossowsky, N.; Udowenko, W.W., Determination des chaleurs specifiques des liquides, Compt. rend., 1934, 198, 1394-1395. [all data]

Kolosovskii and Udovenko, 1934
Kolosovskii, N.A.; Udovenko, W.W., Specific heat of liquids. II., Zhur. Obshchei Khim., 1934, 4, 1027-1033. [all data]

Buckingham and Donaghy, 1982
Buckingham, J.; Donaghy, S.M., Dictionary of Organic Compounds: Fifth Edition, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1982, 1. [all data]

Biltz, Fischer, et al., 1930
Biltz, W.; Fischer, W.; Wunnenberg, E., Molecular and Atomic Volumes. The Volume Requirements of Crystalline Organic Compounds and Low Temperatures, Z. Phys. Chem., Abt. A, 1930, 151, 13-55. [all data]

Timmermans, 1921
Timmermans, J., The Freezing Points of Organic Substances IV. New Exp. Determinations, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1921, 30, 62. [all data]

Altschul and Von Schneider, 1895
Altschul, M.; Von Schneider, B., Freezing points of some organic fluids, Z. Phys. Chem., Stoechiom. Verwandtschaftsl., 1895, 16, 24. [all data]

Ambrose, Connett, et al., 1975, 2
Ambrose, D.; Connett, J.E.; Green, J.H.S.; Hales, J.L.; Head, A.J.; Martin, J.F., Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds 42. Physical and thermodynamic properties of benzaldehyde, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1975, 7, 1143. [all data]

Anselme and Teja, 1990
Anselme, M.J.; Teja, A.S., The critical properties of rapidly reacting substances, AIChE Symp. Ser., 1990, 86, 279, 128-32. [all data]

Glaser and Ruland, 1957
Glaser, F.; Ruland, H., Untersuchungsen über dampfdruckkurven und kritische daten einiger technisch wichtiger organischer substanzen, Chem. Ing. Techn., 1957, 29, 772. [all data]

Weast and Grasselli, 1989
CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 2nd Editon, Weast,R.C and Grasselli, J.G., ed(s)., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1989, 1. [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

De Maré, Lehman, et al., 1973
De Maré, G.R.; Lehman, T.; Termonia, M., The vapour pressure of benzaldehyde between 273 and 376 K, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1973, 5, 6, 829-832, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9614(73)80044-8 . [all data]

Stull, 1947
Stull, Daniel R., Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 . [all data]

Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 . [all data]

Paul and Kebarle, 1991
Paul, G.J.C.; Kebarle, P., Stabilities of Complexes of Br- with Substituted Benzenes (SB) Based on Determinations of the Gas-Phase Equilibria Br- + SB = (BrSB)-, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 4, 1148, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00004a014 . [all data]

Reents and Freiser, 1981
Reents, W.D.; Freiser, B.S., Gas-Phase Binding Energies and Spectroscopic Properties of NO+ Charge-Transfer Complexes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 2791. [all data]

Farid and McMahon, 1978
Farid, R.; McMahon, T.B., Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions of Alkyl Nitrites by Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectroscopy, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1978, 27, 2, 163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7381(78)80037-0 . [all data]

Briner and Chastonay, 1954
Briner, E.; Chastonay, P., Etude thermochemique de l'autoxydation de Valdehyde benzoique, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1954, 238, 539-541. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Hao, Chang, et al., 1985
Hao, J.; Chang, J.; Wang, K.; Liu, Y.; Zhong, G., Heat of reaction of chalcone by calorimetric measurement, Huaxue Tongbao, 1985, 15-16. [all data]

Landrieu, 1905
Landrieu, M.Ph., Thermochimie. - Thermochimie des hydrazones, Compt. Rend., 1905, 141, 358-361. [all data]

Cubberley and Mueller, 1946
Cubberley, A.H.; Mueller, M.B., Equilibrium studies on the dehydrogenation of primary and secondary alcohols. I. 2-Butanol, 2-octanol, cyclopentanol and benzyl alcohol, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1946, 68, 1149-1151. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Wentworth, Kao, et al., 1975
Wentworth, W.E.; Kao, L.W.; Becker, R.S., Electron affinities of substituted aromatic compounds, J. Phys. Chem., 1975, 79, 1161. [all data]

Wentworth and Chen, 1967
Wentworth, W.E.; Chen, E., Experimental Determination of the Electron Affinity of Several Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones, J. Phys. Chem., 1967, 71, 6, 1929, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100865a063 . [all data]

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Zlatkis, A.; Lee, C.K.; Wentworth, W.E.; Chen, E.C.M., Constant current linearization for determination of electron capture mechanisms, Anal. Chem., 1983, 55, 1596. [all data]

Fernandez, Jennings, et al., 1989
Fernandez, T.; Jennings, K.R.; Mason, R.S., Gas-phase proton transfer reactions in xylene-dimethyl ether mixtures, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1989, 85, 1813. [all data]

Klasinc, Kovac, et al., 1983
Klasinc, L.; Kovac, B.; Gusten, H., Photoelectron spectra of acenes. Electronic structure and substituent effects, Pure Appl. Chem., 1983, 55, 289. [all data]

McLoughlin and Traeger, 1979
McLoughlin, R.G.; Traeger, J.C., A photoionization study of some benzoyl compounds - thermochemistry of [C₇H₅O]⁺ formation, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1979, 14, 434. [all data]

Elder, Beynon, et al., 1976
Elder, J.F.; Beynon, J.H.; Cooks, R.G., The benzoyl ion. Thermochemistry and kinetic energy release, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1976, 11, 415. [all data]

Behan, Johnstone, et al., 1976
Behan, J.M.; Johnstone, R.A.W.; Bentley, T.W., An evaluation of empirical methods for calculating the ionization potentials of substituted benzenes, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1976, 11, 207. [all data]

Rabalais and Colton, 1973
Rabalais, J.W.; Colton, R.J., Electronic interaction between the phenyl group and its unsaturated substituents, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1973, 1, 83. [all data]

Benoit, 1973
Benoit, F., The benzoyl cation: The participation of isolated electronic excited states in the dissociation of molecular ions of the form [C₆H₅COX]⁺, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1973, 7, 1407. [all data]

Iskakov and Potapov, 1971
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Bock, Alt, et al., 1969
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Watanabe, K.; Nakayama, T.; Mottl, J., Ionization potentials of some molecules, J. Quant. Spectry. Radiative Transfer, 1962, 2, 369. [all data]

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Terenin, A., Charge transfer in organic solids, induced by light, Proc. Chem. Soc., London, 1961, 321. [all data]

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Watanabe, K., Ionization potentials of some molecules, J. Chem. Phys., 1957, 26, 542. [all data]

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Gal, Geribaldi, et al., 1985
Gal, J.-F.; Geribaldi, S.; Pfister-Guillouzo, G.; Morris, D.G., Basicity of the carbonyl group. Part 12. Correlations between ionization potentials and lewis basicities in aromatic carbonyl compounds, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1985, 103. [all data]

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Benoit, F.M.; Harrison, A.G., Predictive value of proton affinity. Ionization energy correlations involving oxygenated molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99, 3980. [all data]

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Baker, A.D.; May, D.P.; Turner, D.W., Molecular photoelectron spectroscopy. Part VII. The vertical ionisation potentials of benzene and some of its monosubstituted and 1,4-disubstituted derivatives, J. Chem. Soc. B, 1968, 22. [all data]

Reed and Thornley, 1958
Reed, R.I.; Thornley, M.B., Studies in electron impact methods. Part 5. Acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzaldehyde, and propionaldehyde, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1958, 54, 949. [all data]

Howe and Williams, 1969
Howe, I.; Williams, D.H., Calculation and qualitative predictions of mass spectra. Mono- and paradisubstituted benzenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1969, 91, 7137. [all data]

Ramart-Lucas and Guilmart, 1950
Ramart-Lucas, P.; Guilmart, T., Sur les variations d'absorption dans les series homologues, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1950, 17, 405-411. [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  Cp,gas	Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
  Cp,liquid	Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid
  EA	Electron affinity
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  Pc	Critical pressure
  S°liquid	Entropy of liquid at standard conditions
  T	Temperature
  Tboil	Boiling point
  Tc	Critical temperature
  Tfus	Fusion (melting) point
  Ttriple	Triple point temperature
  ΔcH°liquid	Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions
  ΔfH°gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
  ΔfH°liquid	Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions
  ΔfusH	Enthalpy of fusion
  ΔfusS	Entropy of fusion
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔvapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
  ΔvapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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