1,3-Butadiene
- Formula: C4H6
- Molecular weight: 54.0904
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 106-99-0
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: α,γ-Butadiene; Biethylene; Bivinyl; Buta-1,3-diene; Butadiene; Divinyl; Erythrene; Pyrrolylene; Vinylethylene; CH2=CHCH=CH2; Butadieen; Buta-1,3-dieen; Butadien; Buta-1,3-dien; NCI-C50602
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Gas phase thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔfH°gas | 108.8 ± 0.79 | kJ/mol | Cm | Prosen, Maron, et al., 1951 | ALS |
ΔfH°gas | 111.9 ± 0.96 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Prosen and Rossini, 1945 | ALS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔcH°gas | -2540.4 ± 0.75 | kJ/mol | Cm | Prosen, Maron, et al., 1951 | Corresponding ΔfHºgas = 108.8 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
Cp,gas (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
35.09 | 50. | Thermodynamics Research Center, 1997 | p=1 bar. Recommended values are in excellent agreement with experiment and other statistically calculated values [ Sverdlov L.M., 1962, Compton D.A.C., 1976]. Discrepancies with earlier calculations [ Aston J.D., 1946] and [ Godnev I., 1947] amount to 4.7 and 2.7 J/mol*K, respectively, in S(T) and 3.6 and 2.4 J/mol*K in Cp(T).; GT |
41.31 | 100. | ||
48.28 | 150. | ||
57.14 | 200. | ||
73.70 | 273.15 | ||
79.81 | 298.15 | ||
80.27 | 300. | ||
103.44 | 400. | ||
122.09 | 500. | ||
136.51 | 600. | ||
148.04 | 700. | ||
157.67 | 800. | ||
165.92 | 900. | ||
173.10 | 1000. | ||
179.36 | 1100. | ||
184.84 | 1200. | ||
189.64 | 1300. | ||
193.85 | 1400. | ||
197.54 | 1500. |
Condensed phase thermochemistry data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔfH°liquid | 90.50 ± 0.96 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Prosen and Rossini, 1945 | ALS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔcH°liquid | -2522.1 ± 0.96 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Prosen and Rossini, 1945 | Corresponding ΔfHºliquid = 90.54 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
S°liquid | 199.00 | J/mol*K | N/A | Scott, Meyers, et al., 1945 | At vapor pressure of 2105 Torr.; DH |
Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid
Cp,liquid (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
123.65 | 298.15 | Scott, Meyers, et al., 1945 | T = 15 to 303 K.; DH |
Phase change data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tboil | 268.6 ± 0.3 | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 10 out of 11 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Tfus | 164.3 ± 0.2 | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 6 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Ttriple | 164.24 | K | N/A | Scott, Meyers, et al., 1945 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Tc | 425. ± 1. | K | N/A | Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996 | |
Tc | 425. | K | N/A | Majer and Svoboda, 1985 | |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Pc | 43.2 ± 1.0 | bar | N/A | Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996 | |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Vc | 0.221 | l/mol | N/A | Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996 | |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ρc | 4.53 ± 0.10 | mol/l | N/A | Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996 | |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔvapH° | 21.47 | kJ/mol | N/A | Majer and Svoboda, 1985 | |
ΔvapH° | 21.1 | kJ/mol | N/A | Reid, 1972 | See also Prosen and Rossini, 1945, 2.; AC |
Enthalpy of vaporization
ΔvapH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
22.47 | 268.7 | N/A | Majer and Svoboda, 1985 | |
0.08141 | 273.15 | N/A | Scott, Meyers, et al., 1945 | P = 119.95 kPa; DH |
23. | 285. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 270. to 318. K.; AC |
25.7 | 203. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 193. to 213. K.; AC |
23.6 | 261. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 213. to 276. K.; AC |
22.4 | 330. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 315. to 382. K.; AC |
22.9 | 395. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 380. to 425. K.; AC |
23.7 | 256. | N/A | Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984 | Based on data from 198. to 271. K. See also Heisig, 1933.; AC |
24.7 | 235. | N/A | Vaughan, 1932 | Based on data from 191. to 249. K. See also Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984.; AC |
Enthalpy of vaporization
ΔvapH =
A exp(-βTr) (1 − Tr)β
ΔvapH =
Enthalpy of vaporization (at saturation pressure)
(kJ/mol)
Tr = reduced temperature (T / Tc)
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Temperature (K) | A (kJ/mol) | β | Tc (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
247. to 296. | 34.85 | 0.2687 | 425. | Majer and Svoboda, 1985 |
Entropy of vaporization
ΔvapS (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
280.64 | 273.15 | Scott, Meyers, et al., 1945 | P; DH |
Antoine Equation Parameters
log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
P = vapor pressure (bar)
T = temperature (K)
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Temperature (K) | A | B | C | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
197.7 to 271.7 | 3.99798 | 941.662 | -32.753 | Heisig, 1933 | Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data. |
Enthalpy of fusion
ΔfusH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
7.9839 | 164.24 | Scott, Meyers, et al., 1945 | DH |
7.98 | 164.2 | Acree, 1991 | AC |
Entropy of fusion
ΔfusS (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
48.61 | 164.24 | Scott, Meyers, et al., 1945 | DH |
Reaction thermochemistry data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
B - John E. Bartmess
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar
Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.
Individual Reactions
By formula: C4H6 + 2H2 = C4H10
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -236.7 ± 0.42 | kJ/mol | Chyd | Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1936 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -238.8 ± 0.4 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS |
C4H5- + =
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 1672. ± 13. | kJ/mol | G+TS | Devisser, Dekoning, et al., 1995 | gas phase; B |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 1637. ± 13. | kJ/mol | IMRB | Devisser, Dekoning, et al., 1995 | gas phase; B |
By formula: Na+ + C4H6 = (Na+ • C4H6)
Free energy of reaction
ΔrG° (kJ/mol) | T (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
43.1 | 298. | IMRE | McMahon and Ohanessian, 2000 | Anchor alanine=39.89; RCD |
(CAS Reg. No. 88032-19-3 • 4294967295) +
= CAS Reg. No. 88032-19-3
By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 88032-19-3 • 4294967295C4H6) + C4H6 = CAS Reg. No. 88032-19-3
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 61.5 ± 8.8 | kJ/mol | N/A | DePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989 | gas phase; B |
By formula: C8H8O3 = C4H6 + C4H2O3
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 283.62 ± 0.96 | kJ/mol | Cm | Ghitau, Ciopec, et al., 1983 | solid phase; At 65 to 90°C; ALS |
By formula: C4H6 + O2S = C4H6O2S
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -74.9 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Mackle and McNally, 1969 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: C4H6 + C4H2O3 = C8H8O3
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -283.62 | kJ/mol | Cm | Ghitau, Ciopec, et al., 1983 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: C4H6 + O2S = C4H6O2S
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -69.0 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Mackle and McNally, 1969 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: C4H6 = C4H6
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 53.47 ± 0.67 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Prosen, Maron, et al., 1949 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: Au+ + C4H6 = (Au+ • C4H6)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | >310. | kJ/mol | IMRB | Schroeder, Hrusak, et al., 1995 | RCD |
Gas phase ion energetics data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
View reactions leading to C4H6+ (ion structure unspecified)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IE (evaluated) | 9.072 ± 0.007 | eV | N/A | N/A | L |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Proton affinity (review) | 783.4 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Gas basicity | 757.6 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Ionization energy determinations
IE (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
9.082 ± 0.004 | S | Mallard, Miller, et al., 1983 | LBLHLM |
9.07 | PE | Masclet, Mouvier, et al., 1981 | LLK |
9.09 | PE | Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981 | LLK |
9.03 | EI | Dannacher, Flamme, et al., 1980 | LLK |
9.03 | PE | Bieri and Asbrink, 1980 | LLK |
9.03 ± 0.02 | PE | Bieri, Burger, et al., 1977 | LLK |
9.0691 | S | McDiarmid, 1976 | LLK |
9.06 | PE | Brundle and Robin, 1970 | RDSH |
9.06 ± 0.02 | PI | Matthews and Warneck, 1969 | RDSH |
9.09 ± 0.05 | PE | Eland, 1969 | RDSH |
9.07 ± 0.02 | PI | Parr and Elder, 1968 | RDSH |
9.07 | PE | Dewar and Worley, 1968 | RDSH |
~9.2 | DER | Dewar and Worley, 1968 | RDSH |
9.18 ± 0.04 | EI | Bock and Seidl, 1968 | RDSH |
9.09 ± 0.03 | EI | Franklin and Mogenis, 1967 | RDSH |
9.075 ± 0.005 | PI | Brehm, 1966 | RDSH |
9.07 ± 0.01 | PI | Watanabe, 1954 | RDSH |
9.06 ± 0.01 | S | Price and Walsh, 1940 | RDSH |
9.03 | PE | Schmidt, Schweig, et al., 1976 | Vertical value; LLK |
Appearance energy determinations
De-protonation reactions
C4H5- + =
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 1672. ± 13. | kJ/mol | G+TS | Devisser, Dekoning, et al., 1995 | gas phase; B |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 1637. ± 13. | kJ/mol | IMRB | Devisser, Dekoning, et al., 1995 | gas phase; B |
Ion clustering data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: Robert C. Dunbar
Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.
Clustering reactions
By formula: Au+ + C4H6 = (Au+ • C4H6)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | >310. | kJ/mol | IMRB | Schroeder, Hrusak, et al., 1995 |
By formula: Na+ + C4H6 = (Na+ • C4H6)
Free energy of reaction
ΔrG° (kJ/mol) | T (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
43.1 | 298. | IMRE | McMahon and Ohanessian, 2000 | Anchor alanine=39.89 |
IR Spectrum
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, References, Notes
Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Data compiled by: Pamela M. Chu, Franklin R. Guenther, George C. Rhoderick, and Walter J. Lafferty
- gas; IFS66V (Bruker); 3-Term B-H Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm-1 resolution - gas; IFS66V (Bruker); Boxcar Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm-1 resolution - gas; IFS66V (Bruker); Happ Genzel Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm-1 resolution - gas; IFS66V (Bruker); NB Strong Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm-1 resolution - gas; IFS66V (Bruker); Triangular Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm-1 resolution
Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, UV/Visible spectrum, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Spectrum
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Additional Data
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Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.
Owner | NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
---|---|
NIST MS number | 18901 |
UV/Visible spectrum
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Eugeny B. Stern, Antonina A. Goncharova, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina
Spectrum
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Additional Data
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Download spectrum in JCAMP-DX format.
Source | Rosenbaum and Symons, 1961 |
---|---|
Owner | INEP CP RAS, NIST OSRD Collection (C) 2007 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
Origin | INSTITUTE OF ENERGY PROBLEMS OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, RAS |
Source reference | RAS UV No. 1478 |
Instrument | Unicam SP 500 |
Melting point | -109 |
Boiling point | -4.4 |
References
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Prosen, Maron, et al., 1951
Prosen, E.J.; Maron, F.W.; Rossini, F.D.,
Heats of combustion, formation, and insomerization of ten C4 hydrocarbons,
J. Res. NBS, 1951, 46, 106-112. [all data]
Prosen and Rossini, 1945
Prosen, E.J.; Rossini, F.D.,
Heats of formation and combustion of 1,3-butadiene and styrene,
J. Res. NBS, 1945, 34, 59-63. [all data]
Thermodynamics Research Center, 1997
Thermodynamics Research Center,
Selected Values of Properties of Chemical Compounds., Thermodynamics Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 1997. [all data]
Sverdlov L.M., 1962
Sverdlov L.M.,
Calculation of thermodynamic functions of gaseous 1,3-butadiene from spectroscopic data,
Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1962, 36, 2765-2767. [all data]
Compton D.A.C., 1976
Compton D.A.C.,
Conformations of conjugated hydrocarbons. Part 1. A spectroscopic and thermodynamic study of buta-1,3-diene and 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene,
J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1976, 1666-1671. [all data]
Aston J.D., 1946
Aston J.D.,
Thermodynamic properties of gaseous 1,3-butadiene and normal butenes above 25 C. Equilibria in the system 1,3-butadiene, n-butenes, and n-butane,
J. Chem. Phys., 1946, 14, 67-79. [all data]
Godnev I., 1947
Godnev I.,
Thermodynamic functions of divinyl and equilibrium constant of formation of divinyl from alcohol,
Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1947, 21, 799-809. [all data]
Scott, Meyers, et al., 1945
Scott, R.B.; Meyers, C.H.; Rands, R.D., Jr.; Brickwedde, F.G.; Bekkedahl, N.,
Thermodynamic properties of 1,3-butadiene in the solid, liquid, and vapor states,
J. Res. NBS, 1945, 35, 39-85. [all data]
Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996
Tsonopoulos, C.; Ambrose, D.,
Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. 6. Unsaturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1996, 41, 645-656. [all data]
Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V.,
Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]
Reid, 1972
Reid, Robert C.,
Handbook on vapor pressure and heats of vaporization of hydrocarbons and related compounds, R. C. Wilhort and B. J. Zwolinski, Texas A Research Foundation. College Station, Texas(1971). 329 pages.$10.00,
AIChE J., 1972, 18, 6, 1278-1278, https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180637
. [all data]
Prosen and Rossini, 1945, 2
Prosen, E.J.; Rossini, F.D.,
Heats of formation and combustion of 1,3-butadiene and styrene,
J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN., 1945, 34, 1, 59-17, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.034.031
. [all data]
Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw,
Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2
. [all data]
Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984
Boublik, T.; Fried, V.; Hala, E.,
The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances: Selected Values of the Temperature Dependence of the Vapour Pressures of Some Pure Substances in the Normal and Low Pressure Region, 2nd ed., Elsevier, New York, 1984, 972. [all data]
Heisig, 1933
Heisig, G.B.,
Action of Radon on Some Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. III. Vinylacetylene and Butadiene,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1933, 55, 6, 2304-2311, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01333a015
. [all data]
Vaughan, 1932
Vaughan, William E.,
THE HOMOGENEOUS THERMAL POLYMERIZATION OF 1,3-BUTADIENE,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1932, 54, 10, 3863-3876, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01349a008
. [all data]
Acree, 1991
Acree, William E.,
Thermodynamic properties of organic compounds: enthalpy of fusion and melting point temperature compilation,
Thermochimica Acta, 1991, 189, 1, 37-56, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(91)87098-H
. [all data]
Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1936
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E.,
Heats of organic reactions. IV. Hydrogenation of some dienes and of benzene,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 146-153. [all data]
Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G.,
Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]
Devisser, Dekoning, et al., 1995
Devisser, S.P.; Dekoning, L.J.; Vanderhart, W.J.; Nibbering, N.M.M.,
Chemical properties of butadienyl anions in the gas-phase,
Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 1995, 114, 6, 267, https://doi.org/10.1002/recl.19951140603
. [all data]
McMahon and Ohanessian, 2000
McMahon, T.B.; Ohanessian, G.,
An Experimental and Ab Initio Study of the Nature of the Binding in Gas-Phase Complexes of Sodium Ions,
Chem. Eur. J., 2000, 6, 16, 2931, https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3765(20000818)6:16<2931::AID-CHEM2931>3.0.CO;2-7
. [all data]
DePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989
DePuy, C.H.; Gronert, S.; Barlow, S.E.; Bierbaum, V.M.; Damrauer, R.,
The Gas Phase Acidities of the Alkanes,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 6, 1968, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00188a003
. [all data]
Ghitau, Ciopec, et al., 1983
Ghitau, M.; Ciopec, M.; Pintea, O.,
Study on Diels-Alder reaction for the synthesis of tetrahydrophthalic anhydride,
Rev. Chim. (Bucharest), 1983, 34, 299-305. [all data]
Mackle and McNally, 1969
Mackle, H.; McNally, D.V.,
Studies in the thermochemistry of sulphones. Part 9 - Thermochemistry of the butadiene and isoprene sulphones,
Trans. Faraday Soc., 1969, 65, 1738-1741. [all data]
Prosen, Maron, et al., 1949
Prosen, E.J.; Maron, F.W.; Rossini, F.D.,
Heat of isomerization of the two butadienes,
J. Res. NBS, 1949, 42, 269-275. [all data]
Schroeder, Hrusak, et al., 1995
Schroeder, D.; Hrusak, J.; Hertwig, R.H.; Koch, W.; Schwerdtfeger, P.; Schwarz, H.,
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Gold(I) Complexes Au(L)+ (L=H2O, CO, NH3, C2H4, C3H6, C4H6, C6H6, C6F6),
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. [all data]
Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G.,
Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update,
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. [all data]
Mallard, Miller, et al., 1983
Mallard, W.G.; Miller, J.H.; Smyth, K.C.,
The ns Rydberg series of 1,3-trans-butadiene observed using multiphoton ionization,
J. Chem. Phys., 1983, 79, 5900. [all data]
Masclet, Mouvier, et al., 1981
Masclet, P.; Mouvier, G.; Bocquet, J.F.,
Effets electroniques et effets steriques dus a la substitution alcoyle dans les dienes conjugues,
J. Chim. Phys., 1981, 78, 99. [all data]
Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Achiba, Y.; Yamazaki, T.; Iwata, S.,
Ionization energies, Ab initio assignments, and valence electronic structure for 200 molecules
in Handbook of HeI Photoelectron Spectra of Fundamental Organic Compounds, Japan Scientific Soc. Press, Tokyo, 1981. [all data]
Dannacher, Flamme, et al., 1980
Dannacher, J.; Flamme, J.P.; Stadelmann, J.P.; Vogt, J.,
Unimolecular fragmentations of internal energy selected 1,3-butadiene cations,
Chem. Phys., 1980, 51, 189. [all data]
Bieri and Asbrink, 1980
Bieri, G.; Asbrink, L.,
30.4-nm He(II) photoelectron spectra of organic molecules,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 20, 149. [all data]
Bieri, Burger, et al., 1977
Bieri, G.; Burger, F.; Heilbronner, E.; Maier, J.P.,
Valence ionization enrgies of hydrocarbons,
Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 2213. [all data]
McDiarmid, 1976
McDiarmid, R.,
On the ultraviolet spectrum of trans-1,3-butadiene,
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Brundle and Robin, 1970
Brundle, C.R.; Robin, M.B.,
Nonplanarity in hexafluorobutadiene as revealed by photoelectron and optical spectroscopy,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92, 5550. [all data]
Matthews and Warneck, 1969
Matthews, C.S.; Warneck, P.,
Heats of formation of CHO+ and C3H3+ by photoionization,
J. Chem. Phys. 5, 1969, 1, 854. [all data]
Eland, 1969
Eland, J.H.D.,
Photoelectron spectra of conjugated hydrocarbons and heteromolecules,
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Parr and Elder, 1968
Parr, A.C.; Elder, F.A.,
Photoionization of 1,3butadiene, 1,2-butadiene, allene, and propyne,
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Dewar and Worley, 1968
Dewar, M.J.S.; Worley, S.D.,
Ionization potential of cis-1,3-butadiene,
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Bock and Seidl, 1968
Bock, H.; Seidl, H.,
'd-Orbital effects' in silicon- substituted π-electron systems. XI. Syntheses and properties of the isomeric bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-butadienes,
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Franklin and Mogenis, 1967
Franklin, J.L.; Mogenis, A.,
An electron impact study of ions from several dienes,
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Brehm, 1966
Brehm, B.,
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Watanabe, 1954
Watanabe, K.,
Photoionization and total absorption cross section of gases. I. Ionization potentials of several molecules. Cross sections of NH3 and NO,
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Price and Walsh, 1940
Price, W.C.; Walsh, A.D.,
The absorption spectra of conjugated dienes in the vacuum ultra-violet (1),
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Schmidt, Schweig, et al., 1976
Schmidt, H.; Schweig, A.; Anastassiou, A.G.; Wetzel, J.C.,
The dominant role of hyperconjugation in the 9-oxabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7-triene series,
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Field, F.H.; Franklin, J.L.; Lampe, F.W.,
Reactions of gaseous ions. II. Acetylene,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 79, 2665. [all data]
Rosenbaum and Symons, 1961
Rosenbaum, J.; Symons, M.C.R.,
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J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 1-7. [all data]
Notes
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- Symbols used in this document:
AE Appearance energy Cp,gas Constant pressure heat capacity of gas Cp,liquid Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid IE (evaluated) Recommended ionization energy Pc Critical pressure S°liquid Entropy of liquid at standard conditions T Temperature Tboil Boiling point Tc Critical temperature Tfus Fusion (melting) point Ttriple Triple point temperature Vc Critical volume ΔcH°gas Enthalpy of combustion of gas at standard conditions ΔcH°liquid Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions ΔfH°gas Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions ΔfH°liquid Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions ΔfusH Enthalpy of fusion ΔfusS Entropy of fusion ΔrG° Free energy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions ΔvapH Enthalpy of vaporization ΔvapH° Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions ΔvapS Entropy of vaporization ρc Critical density - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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