Carbon dioxide

Formula: CO₂
Molecular weight: 44.0095
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 124-38-9
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Isotopologues:
- Carbon dioxide (¹²C¹⁶O₂)
Other names: Carbon oxide (CO2); Carbonic acid, gas; Carbonic anhydride; Dry ice; CO2; Anhydride carbonique; Carbonica; Kohlendioxyd; Kohlensaure; UN 1013; UN 1845; UN 2187; Cardice; Dricold; Drikold; Carbonic acid anhydride; Khladon 744; R 744
Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
Information on this page:
Other data available:
- Reaction thermochemistry data: reactions 1 to 50, reactions 51 to 100, reactions 101 to 143
- IR Spectrum
- Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
- Gas Chromatography
- Fluid Properties
Data at other public NIST sites:
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References, Notes

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH°_gas	-94.051 ± 0.031	kcal/mol	Review	Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984	CODATA Review value
Δ_fH°_gas	-94.054	kcal/mol	Review	Chase, 1998	Data last reviewed in September, 1965
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
S°_{gas,1 bar}	51.0958 ± 0.0024	cal/mol*K	Review	Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984	CODATA Review value
S°_{gas,1 bar}	51.097	cal/mol*K	Review	Chase, 1998	Data last reviewed in September, 1965

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
C_p = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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View table.

Temperature (K)	298. to 1200.	1200. to 6000.
A	5.974511	13.90210
B	13.19000	0.650113
C	-8.052431	-0.117660
D	1.899711	0.009284
E	-0.032657	-1.540941
F	-96.46451	-101.7970
G	54.55141	63.00490
H	-94.05411	-94.05411
Reference	Chase, 1998	Chase, 1998
Comment	Data last reviewed in September, 1965	Data last reviewed in September, 1965

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_triple	216.58	K	N/A	Marsh, 1987	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.008 K; recommended as fixed point for thermometery; TRC
T_triple	216.58	K	N/A	Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1976	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.03 K; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
P_triple	5.117	atm	N/A	Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1976	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.005 atm; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_c	304.18	K	N/A	Suehiro, Nakajima, et al., 1996	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.04 K; TRC
T_c	304.1	K	N/A	Weber, 1989	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.1 K; TRC
T_c	304.35	K	N/A	Li and Kiran, 1988	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.4 K; TRC
T_c	304.200	K	N/A	Morrison, 1981	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; TRC
T_c	304.23	K	N/A	Efremova and Shvarts, 1972	Visual, agreement with literature evidence of sample purity; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
P_c	72.83	atm	N/A	Suehiro, Nakajima, et al., 1996	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.15 atm; TRC
P_c	72.44	atm	N/A	Li and Kiran, 1988	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.49 atm; TRC
P_c	72.860	atm	N/A	Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1976	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.005 atm; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
V_c	0.0919	l/mol	N/A	Li and Kiran, 1988	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.001 l/mol; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ρ_c	10.6	mol/l	N/A	Suehiro, Nakajima, et al., 1996	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.05 mol/l; TRC
ρ_c	10.590	mol/l	N/A	Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1976	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.007 mol/l; TRC
ρ_c	10.8	mol/l	N/A	Andrizhievskii and Chernova, 1970	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 mol/l; TRC
ρ_c	10.64	mol/l	N/A	Lowry and Erickson, 1927	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.034 mol/l; from a plot of (DN(liq) + DN(g))/2 based on exp. measurement and extrapolated to 31.0 deg C; TRC

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH (kcal/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
3.99	288.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 273. to 304. K.; AC
3.92	258.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 216. to 273. K.; AC
3.94	282.	N/A	Boublík and Aim, 1972	Based on data from 267. to 303. K.; AC

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
P = vapor pressure (atm)
T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K)	A	B	C	Reference	Comment
154.26 to 195.89	6.80657	1301.679	-3.494	Giauque and Egan, 1937	Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of sublimation

Δ_subH (kcal/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
6.24	207.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 198. to 216. K.; AC
6.50 ± 0.1	70. to 102.	LE	Bryson, Cazcarra, et al., 1974	AC
6.19	188.	N/A	Ambrose, 1956	Based on data from 179. to 198. K.; AC
6.29	167.	A	Stull, 1947	Based on data from 139. to 195. K.; AC
6.02	195.	N/A	Giauque and Egan, 1937, 2	Based on data from 154. to 196. K.; AC

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:

Henry's Law data

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Data compiled by: Rolf Sander

Henry's Law constant (water solution)

k_H(T) = k°_H exp(d(ln(k_H))/d(1/T) ((1/T) - 1/(298.15 K)))
k°_H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))
d(ln(k_H))/d(1/T) = Temperature dependence constant (K)

k°_H (mol/(kg*bar))	d(ln(k_H))/d(1/T) (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.035	2400.	L	N/A
0.034	2600.	Q	N/A	Only the tabulated data between T = 273. K and T = 303. K from missing citation was used to derive k_H and -Δ k_H/R. Above T = 303. K the tabulated data could not be parameterized by equation (reference missing) very well. The partial pressure of water vapor (needed to convert some Henry's law constants) was calculated using the formula given by missing citation. The quantities A and α from missing citation were assumed to be identical.
0.045		Q	N/A	missing citation give several references for the Henry's law constants but don't assign them to specific species.
0.035	2300.	L	N/A
0.034	2400.	C	N/A
0.034	2400.	C	N/A
0.034	2400.	C	N/A
0.031	2400.	T	N/A
0.034	2400.	Q	N/A	missing citation refer to several references in their list of Henry's law constants but they don't assign them to specific species.
0.034		N/A	N/A
0.034		C	N/A
0.032	2400.	X	N/A
0.035	2400.	L	N/A
0.034	2400.	L	N/A
0.034	2400.	X	N/A	The value is taken from the compilation of solubilities by W. Asman (unpublished).
0.034	2700.	X	N/A	The value is taken from the compilation of solubilities by W. Asman (unpublished).
0.034	2400.	N/A	N/A

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Ion clustering data, References, Notes

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
IE (evaluated)	13.777 ± 0.001	eV	N/A	N/A	L
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Proton affinity (review)	129.2	kcal/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Gas basicity	123.3	kcal/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
-0.599986	EIAE	Knapp, Echt, et al., 1986	Unbound but in -0.3 eV well, from (CO2)n; B
-1.60 ± 0.10	NBIE	Compton, Reinhardt, et al., 1975	B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
13.778 ± 0.002	PE	Wang, Reutt, et al., 1988	LL
13.78	PE	Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981	LLK
13.776 ± 0.002	PE	Potts and Fattahallah, 1980	LLK
13. ± 1.	PI	Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980	LLK
13.89 ± 0.03	EI	Sahini, Constantin, et al., 1978	LLK
13.79 ± 0.05	EI	Mark and Hille, 1978	LLK
13.77	PI	Jones and Taylor, 1978	LLK
13.777 ± 0.002	PE	Frey, Gotchev, et al., 1977	LLK
13.83 ± 0.05	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
13.788	PE	Kronebusch and Berkowitz, 1976	LLK
13.776 ± 0.002	TE	Batten, Taylor, et al., 1976	LLK
13.774 ± 0.003	PI	Parr and Taylor, 1974	LLK
13.9 ± 0.2	EI	Semenov, Volkov, et al., 1973	LLK
13.776 ± 0.008	PI	Parr and Taylor, 1973	LLK
13.78	PE	Natalis, 1973	LLK
13.773 ± 0.002	PI	McCulloh, 1973	LLK
13.80 ± 0.01	PE	Frost, Lee, et al., 1973	LLK
13.788 ± 0.005	PE	Brundle and Turner, 1969	RDSH
13.78 ± 0.01	PE	Eland and Danby, 1968	RDSH
13.77	PE	Spohr and Puttkamer, 1967	RDSH
13.75 ± 0.05	EI	Carette, 1967	RDSH
13.767 ± 0.003	PI	Nakata, Watanabe, et al., 1965	RDSH
13.77 ± 0.03	S	Tanaka, Jursa, et al., 1960	RDSH
13.773	PE	Eland and Berkowitz, 1977	Vertical value; LLK
13.78	PE	Benoit and Harrison, 1977	Vertical value; LLK
13.78	PE	Schweig and Thiel, 1974	Vertical value; LLK
13.79	PE	Potts and Williams, 1974	Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion	AE (eV)	Other Products	Method	Reference	Comment
C⁺	25. ± 2.	O₂	PI	Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980	LLK
C⁺	22.7 ± 0.2	O₂	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
C⁺	27.8 ± 0.1	2O	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
C⁺	24.6 ± 1.0	O₂	EI	Crowe and McConkey, 1974	LLK
C⁺	28.4 ± 0.6	2O	EI	Cuthbert, Farren, et al., 1968	RDSH
C⁺	14.2 ± 0.5	2O	EI	Cuthbert, Farren, et al., 1968	RDSH
C⁺	23.2 ± 0.5	O₂	EI	Cuthbert, Farren, et al., 1968	RDSH
CO⁺	19. ± 2.	O	PI	Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980	LLK
CO⁺	19.466	O	PE	Eland and Berkowitz, 1977, 2	LLK
CO⁺	19.42 ± 0.075	O	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
CO⁺	19.466	O	PE	Kronebusch and Berkowitz, 1976	LLK
CO⁺	20.9 ± 1.0	O	EI	Crowe and McConkey, 1974	LLK
CO⁺	29.0	O	PI	Samson and Gardner, 1973	LLK
O⁺	19. ± 1.	CO	PI	Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980	LLK
O⁺	19.071	CO	PE	Eland and Berkowitz, 1977, 2	LLK
O⁺	19.05 ± 0.05	CO	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
O⁺	19.067	CO	PE	Kronebusch and Berkowitz, 1976	LLK
O⁺	19.393 ± 0.008	?	PI	Parr and Taylor, 1974	LLK
O⁺	22.6 ± 1.0	CO	EI	Crowe and McConkey, 1974	LLK
O⁺	19.10 ± 0.01	CO	PI	Dibeler and Walker, 1967	RDSH

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + CO₂ = (Br^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; Affinity: shift in apparent EA from lesser-solvated ion. Ignores any neutral-neutral bond.; B
Δ_rH°	6.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	16.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.8 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Br^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	6.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Br^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Br^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.2 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (Br^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.2 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (Br^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (Br^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 7 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 8)

By formula: (Br^- • 7CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 8CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 8 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 9)

By formula: (Br^- • 8CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 9CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.8 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 9 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 10)

By formula: (Br^- • 9CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 10CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.8 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 10 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 11)

By formula: (Br^- • 10CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 11CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	0.5 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: CHO⁺ + CO₂ = (CHO⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	12.6	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (CHO⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (CHO⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.9	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (CHO⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

CHO₂⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (CHO₂⁺ • )

By formula: CHO₂⁺ + CO₂ = (CHO₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	19.8	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	18.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	19.1	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Jennings, Headley, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	20.1	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	26.6	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	22.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	27.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Jennings, Headley, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

(CHO₂⁺ • Carbon dioxide ) + = (CHO₂⁺ • 2)

By formula: (CHO₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.9	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

(CHO₂⁺ • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CHO₂⁺ • 3)

By formula: (CHO₂⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO₂⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.9	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 4294967295 Carbon dioxide ) + =

By formula: (CHO₂^- • 4294967295CO₂) + CO₂ = CHO₂^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	51.6 ± 2.3	kcal/mol	N/A	Caldwell, Renneboog, et al., 1989	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: CH₃⁺ + CO₂ = (CH₃⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	49.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	McMahon, Heinis, et al., 1988	gas phase; switching reaction(CH3+)N2, Entropy change calculated or estimated, uses MCA(N2) = 48.3 kcal/mol; Foster, Williamson, et al., 1974; M

CH₆N⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (CH₆N⁺ • )

By formula: CH₆N⁺ + CO₂ = (CH₆N⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	13.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978	gas phase; M

CN^- + Carbon dioxide = (CN^- • )

By formula: CN^- + CO₂ = (CN^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	17.30 ± 0.80	kcal/mol	TDAs	Larson, Szulejko, et al., 1988	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	31.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Larson, Szulejko, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	7.90 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Larson, Szulejko, et al., 1988	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: CO₂⁺ + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	16. ± 1.	kcal/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 7 out of 10 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	18.6	cal/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=15.9 kcal/mol; M
Δ_rS°	19.5	cal/mol*K	DT	Van Koppen, Kemper, et al., 1983	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	22.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Headley, Mason, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	21.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.6 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	8.3	kcal/mol	EI	Cameron, Aitken, et al., 1994	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	3.3	kcal/mol	PI	Linn and Ng, 1981	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	6.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	14.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.0	kcal/mol	EI	Cameron, Aitken, et al., 1994	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	5.1 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	2.8	kcal/mol	PI	Linn and Ng, 1981	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.8 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.3 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

CO₃^- + Carbon dioxide = C₂O₅^-

By formula: CO₃^- + CO₂ = C₂O₅^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.90 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	7.10 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	0.60 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

CO₃^- + Carbon dioxide = (CO₃^- • )

By formula: CO₃^- + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.9 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	16.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 2)

By formula: (CO₃^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.7 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 3)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.5 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 4)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.2 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 5)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.8 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 6)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.7 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 7)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.45	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 4294967295 Carbon dioxide ) + =

By formula: (C₂H₂O₂^- • 4294967295CO₂) + CO₂ = C₂H₂O₂^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	61.7 ± 2.7	kcal/mol	CIDT	Wenthold and Squires, 1994	gas phase; B

( • 4294967295 Carbon dioxide ) + =

By formula: (C₂H₃O₂^- • 4294967295CO₂) + CO₂ = C₂H₃O₂^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	59.7 ± 2.5	kcal/mol	CIDC	Wenthold and Squires, 1994	gas phase; B

C₂H₈N⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (C₂H₈N⁺ • )

By formula: C₂H₈N⁺ + CO₂ = (C₂H₈N⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	11.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978	gas phase; M

C₂O₅^- + 2 Carbon dioxide = C₃O₇^-

By formula: C₂O₅^- + 2CO₂ = C₃O₇^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.4 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₃O₇^- + 3 Carbon dioxide = C₄O₉^-

By formula: C₃O₇^- + 3CO₂ = C₄O₉^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₄O₉^- + 4 Carbon dioxide = C₅O₁₁^-

By formula: C₄O₉^- + 4CO₂ = C₅O₁₁^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₅O₁₁^- + 5 Carbon dioxide = C₆O₁₃^-

By formula: C₅O₁₁^- + 5CO₂ = C₆O₁₃^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₆O₁₃^- + 6 Carbon dioxide = C₇O₁₅^-

By formula: C₆O₁₃^- + 6CO₂ = C₇O₁₅^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.9 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₇O₁₅^- + 7 Carbon dioxide = C₈O₁₇^-

By formula: C₇O₁₅^- + 7CO₂ = C₈O₁₇^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Estimated entropy; single temperature measurement; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-2.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Estimated entropy; single temperature measurement; B

(Ca⁺² • 4 Carbon dioxide • ) + = (Ca⁺² • 5 • )

By formula: (Ca⁺² • 4CO₂ • CCaO₃) + CO₂ = (Ca⁺² • 5CO₂ • CCaO₃)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
7.6	296.	FA	Spears and Fehsenfeld, 1972	gas phase; M

(Ca⁺² • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = (Ca⁺² • 6)

By formula: (Ca⁺² • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (Ca⁺² • 6CO₂)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
8.1	296.	FA	Spears and Fehsenfeld, 1972	gas phase; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Cl^- + CO₂ = (Cl^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.80 ± 0.50	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; Affinity: shift in apparent EA from lesser-solvated ion. Ignores any neutral-neutral bond.; B
Δ_rH°	7.60	kcal/mol	TDEq	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	8.00 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	19.6	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	2.10	kcal/mol	TDEq	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	2.10 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	7.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.4 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	1.00	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	6.80	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Cl^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.40	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; entropy estimated.; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.80	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; entropy estimated.; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Cs⁺ + CO₂ = (Cs⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.2	kcal/mol	DT	McKnight and Sawina, 1972	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	14.3	cal/mol*K	DT	McKnight and Sawina, 1972	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
2.4	301.	HPMS	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; electric fields; M

( • ) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • )

By formula: (Cs⁺ • H₂O) + CO₂ = (Cs⁺ • CO₂ • H₂O)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
1.2	301.	HPMS	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; electric fields; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: F^- + CO₂ = (F^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	32.07	kcal/mol	N/A	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	32.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	31.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	IMRE	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	33.0 ± 3.0	kcal/mol	IMRE	McMahon and Northcott, 1978	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	26.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(F-)H2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Arshadi, Yamdagni, et al., 1970; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	24.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	24.5 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	IMRE	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rG°	11.6	kcal/mol	FA	Spears and Ferguson, 1973	gas phase; DG>; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (F^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.9 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (F^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.6	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.5 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (F^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.2 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (F^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.6 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (F^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.4 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (F^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.9	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Fe⁺ + CO₂ = (Fe⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	14.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	CIDT	Rodgers and Armentrout, 2000	RCD

HO^- + Carbon dioxide = (HO^- • )

By formula: HO^- + CO₂ = (HO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	50.9 ± 2.5	kcal/mol	CIDT	Squires, 1992	gas phase; Dissociative protonation threshold at nPrSH, 9 kcal> calc. CIDC(HOCO2-..HSH) = 7:1 HOCO2-; B
Δ_rH°	87.60	kcal/mol	Endo	Hierl and Paulson, 1984	gas phase; Implies ΔHacid = 291.4, anion appears too stable - JEB; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: HO^- + CO₂ = (HO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	88.	kcal/mol	CID	Hierl and Paulson, 1984	gas phase; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: H₃O⁺ + CO₂ = (H₃O⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	14.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	15.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	14.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.6	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	20.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (H₃O⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (H₃O⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	12.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	26.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (H₃O⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (H₃O⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	10.5	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	26.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: H₄N⁺ + CO₂ = (H₄N⁺ • CO₂)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
2.3	296.	FA	Spears and Fehsenfeld, 1972	gas phase; M

( • 2) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • 2)

By formula: (H₄N⁺ • 2H₂O) + CO₂ = (H₄N⁺ • CO₂ • 2H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.3	kcal/mol	HPMS	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; electric fields; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: I^- + CO₂ = (I^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.7 ± 1.8	kcal/mol	N/A	Piani, Becucci, et al., 2008	gas phase; Stated electron affinity is the Vertical Detachment Energy; B
Δ_rH°	4.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	3.20	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	5.60 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	13.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	18.2	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	0.80 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rG°	0.40 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (I^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	2.60	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (I^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2.20	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	3.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.6 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (I^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.80	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	3.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (I^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.70	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	3.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.4 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (I^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	1.80	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	4.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (I^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	1.90	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B

( • 7 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 8)

By formula: (I^- • 7CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 8CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	1.90	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B

( • 8 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 9)

By formula: (I^- • 8CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 9CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2.8 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 9 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 10)

By formula: (I^- • 9CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 10CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	0.9 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 10 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 11)

By formula: (I^- • 10CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 11CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 11 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 12)

By formula: (I^- • 11CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 12CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 12 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 13)

By formula: (I^- • 12CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 13CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: K⁺ + CO₂ = (K⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.5	kcal/mol	HPMS	Castleman and Keesee, 1981	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	15.2	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Castleman and Keesee, 1981	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
3.7	310.	DT	Keller and Beyer, 1971	gas phase; low E/N; M

Kr⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (Kr⁺ • )

By formula: Kr⁺ + CO₂ = (Kr⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	18.9 ± 0.7	kcal/mol	SIFT	Praxmarer, Jordan, et al., 1993	gas phase; switching reaction(Kr+)Kr; Wadt, 1978, Radzig and Smirnov, 1985; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Mg⁺ + CO₂ = (Mg⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	13.8 ± 1.4	kcal/mol	CIDT	Andersen, Muntean, et al., 2000	RCD

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Mg⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Mg⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	11.5 ± 0.7	kcal/mol	CIDT	Andersen, Muntean, et al., 2000	RCD

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Mg⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Mg⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	10.6 ± 1.4	kcal/mol	CIDT	Andersen, Muntean, et al., 2000	RCD

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO^- + CO₂ = (NO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.5 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=8.60 kcal/mol; M
Δ_rH°	7.7 ± 0.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	13.8	kcal/mol	FA	Dunkin, Fehsenfeld, et al., 1971	gas phase; switching reaction(NO+)NO, Δ_rH<; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.0	cal/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=8.60 kcal/mol; M
Δ_rS°	13.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (NO^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.4 ± 0.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (NO^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2 ± 0.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (NO^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.7 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (NO^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.2 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	26.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (NO^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	28.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO₂^- + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.30 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	9.30 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.2	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	2.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	2.00 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (NO₂^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	25.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.9 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-2.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.4 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-2.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 7 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 8)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 7CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 8CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-2.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO₃^- + CO₂ = (NO₃^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	2.70 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; B,M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	15.9	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	13.7	kcal/mol	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.1	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	19.8	cal/mol*K	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
6.6	310.	DT	Keller and Beyer, 1971, 2	gas phase; low E/N; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Na⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	11.0	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.7	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
4.8	310.	DT	Keller and Beyer, 1971, 2	gas phase; low E/N; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	9.7	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.0	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.4	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	25.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.7	310.	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • ) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • )

By formula: (Na⁺ • H₂O) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂ • H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	12.6	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.5	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M

( • 2) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • 2)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 2H₂O) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂ • 2H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	10.3	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.9	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M

( • 3) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • 3)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 3H₂O) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂ • 3H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	25.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.3	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

O^- + Carbon dioxide = (O^- • )

By formula: O^- + CO₂ = (O^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	48. ± 10.	kcal/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 8 out of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	48.0 ± 5.0	kcal/mol	IMRE	Adams and Bohme, 1970	gas phase; O₃^- + CO₂ <=> CO₃^- + O₂; B

(O^- • Carbon dioxide ) + = (O^- • 2)

By formula: (O^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.1	kcal/mol	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.8	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M

(O^- • ) + Carbon dioxide = (O^- • • )

By formula: (O^- • H₂O) + CO₂ = (O^- • CO₂ • H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	36.4	kcal/mol	PDiss	Roehl, Snodgrass, et al., 1991	gas phase; Δ_rH>; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: O₂⁺ + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	9.8 ± 0.9	kcal/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 4 out of 6 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	18.9	cal/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=9.80 kcal/mol; M
Δ_rS°	20.7	cal/mol*K	N/A	Dotan, Davidson, et al., 1978	gas phase; switching reaction(O2+)O2, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Conway and Janik, 1970; M
Δ_rS°	20.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, DG>, Δ_rH>; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	4.4	kcal/mol	DT	Rakshit and Warneck, 1981	gas phase; M
Δ_rG°	4.3	kcal/mol	FA	Dotan, Davidson, et al., 1978	gas phase; switching reaction(O2+)O2, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Conway and Janik, 1970; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
9.4	600.	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, DG>, Δ_rH>; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.6 ± 0.5	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	7.5	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	15.	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.2 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.1 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.6	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.5 ± 0.5	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: O₂^- + CO₂ = (O₂^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	19.00 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	17.7 ± 1.8	kcal/mol	IMRE	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; Corrected with more recent EA(O2) = 0.45 eV; B,M
Δ_rH°	25.4 ± 4.6	kcal/mol	PDis	Vestal and Mauclaire, 1977	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	21.	cal/mol*K	DT	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	11.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	12.2 ± 1.2	kcal/mol	IMRE	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; Corrected with more recent EA(O2) = 0.45 eV; B
Δ_rG°	10.0	kcal/mol	FA	Adams and Bohme, 1970	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)O2; Conway and Nesbit, 1968; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
12.9	296.	FA	Fehsenfeld and Ferguson, 1974	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)H2O; Arshadi and Kebarle, 1970; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (O₂^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.60 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (O₂^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.6 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (O₂^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (O₂^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (O₂^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (O₂^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • ) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • )

By formula: (O₂^- • H₂O) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • CO₂ • H₂O)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
8.2	296.	FA	Fehsenfeld and Ferguson, 1974	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)2H2O; Arshadi and Kebarle, 1970; M

O₂S⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (O₂S⁺ • )

By formula: O₂S⁺ + CO₂ = (O₂S⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	9.6 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=10.2 kcal/mol; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	16.5	cal/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=10.2 kcal/mol; M

O₃S^- + Carbon dioxide = (O₃S^- • )

By formula: O₃S^- + CO₂ = (O₃S^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.50 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.7	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.30 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Notes

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Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References

Symbols used in this document:

AE	Appearance energy
EA	Electron affinity
IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
P_c	Critical pressure
P_triple	Triple point pressure
S°_{gas,1 bar}	Entropy of gas at standard conditions (1 bar)
T	Temperature
T_c	Critical temperature
T_triple	Triple point temperature
V_c	Critical volume
d(ln(k_H))/d(1/T)	Temperature dependence parameter for Henry's Law constant
k°_H	Henry's Law constant at 298.15K
Δ_fH°_gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
Δ_rG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_subH	Enthalpy of sublimation
Δ_vapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
ρ_c	Critical density

Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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