Buckminsterfullerene

Formula: C₆₀
Molecular weight: 720.6420
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C60/c1-2-5-6-3(1)8-12-10-4(1)9-11-7(2)17-21-13(5)23-24-14(6)22-18(8)28-20(12)30-26-16(10)15(9)25-29-19(11)27(17)37-41-31(21)33(23)43-44-34(24)32(22)42-38(28)48-40(30)46-36(26)35(25)45-39(29)47(37)55-49(41)51(43)57-52(44)50(42)56(48)59-54(46)53(45)58(55)60(57)59
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 99685-96-8
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
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Information on this page:
Other data available:
- Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
Data at other public NIST sites:
- Gas Phase Kinetics Database
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 5.0
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH°_gas	2560. ± 100.	kJ/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 6 values; Individual data points

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH°_solid	2320. ± 100.	kJ/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 6 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_cH°_solid	-25930. ± 100.	kJ/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 6 values; Individual data points

Constant pressure heat capacity of solid

C_p,solid (J/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
536.9	298.15	Jin, Cheng, et al., 1992	T = 120 to 560 K.; DH
550.	300.	Matsuo, Suga, et al., 1992	T = 13 to 300 K. Data given graphically, only. Value estimated from graph.; DH
556.46	300.	Steele, Chirico, et al., 1992	T = 300 to 800 K. Csat(c) = -136.9 + 2.442(T/K) - 2.56x10-4(T/K)2 - 6.5x10-7(T/K)3 J/mol*K (300 to 800 K). Value calculated from equation.; DH

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_subH°	190. ± 40.	kJ/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 11 values; Individual data points

Enthalpy of sublimation

Δ_subH (kJ/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
152.8 ± 0.1	897.	GS	Pankajavalli, Mallika, et al., 1998	Based on data from 789. to 907. K.; AC
175.2 ± 2.9	860.	ME,TE	Piacente, Gigil, et al., 1995	Based on data from 730. to 990. K.; AC
180. ± 10.	634.	UV	Dai, Mac Toth, et al., 1994	Based on data from 546. to 722. K.; AC
158. ± 3.0	700.	ME	Popovic, Drazic, et al., 1994	AC
181.4 ± 2.3	700.	MS	Sai Baba, Lakshmi Narasimhan, et al., 1994	See also Mathews, Baba, et al., 1992.; AC
158.6	773.	ME	Mathews, Baba, et al., 1993	AC
159.0 ± 4.2	673. to 873.	ME	Abrefah, Olander, et al., 1992	AC
160. ± 4.	673.	V	Abrefah, Olander, et al., 1992, 2	crystal phase; High level of uncertainty in the data; ALS
176. ± 2.	727.	V	Mathews, Vasudeva Rao, et al., 1991	High level of uncertainty in the data; ALS
168. ± 5.4	707.	V	Pan, Sampson, et al., 1991	High level of uncertainty in the data; ALS
167.8 ± 5.4	707.	ME,MS	Pan, Sampson, et al., 1991	Based on data from 640. to 800. K.; AC
138. ± 4.	550.	V	Tokmakoff, Haynes, et al., 1991	High level of uncertainty in the data; ALS

Temperature of phase transition

T_trs (K)	Initial Phase	Final Phase	Reference	Comment
230.	crystaline, II	crystaline, I	Atake, Tanaka, et al., 1991	Anomaly from 160 to 260 K.; DH

Enthalpy of phase transition

ΔH_trs (kJ/mol)	Temperature (K)	Initial Phase	Final Phase	Reference	Comment
6.990	256.	crystaline, II	crystaline, I	Jin, Cheng, et al., 1992	DH
7.540	257.6	crystaline, II	crystaline, I	Matsuo, Suga, et al., 1992	Excess entropy at 240 and 254 K.; DH
2.100	260.	crystaline	crystaline	Byszewski, Diduszko, et al., 1992	He atmosphere; DH
0.600	260.	crystaline	crystaline	Byszewski, Diduszko, et al., 1992	Ar atmosphere; DH
4.900	240.	crystaline	crystaline	Byszewski, Diduszko, et al., 1992	He atmosphere; DH
5.300	240.	crystaline	crystaline	Byszewski, Diduszko, et al., 1992	Ar atmosphere; DH
1.000	265.	crystaline	crystaline	Byszewski, Diduszko, et al., 1992	He atmosphere; DH
0.500	265.	crystaline	crystaline	Byszewski, Diduszko, et al., 1992	Ar atmosphere; DH
6.945	257.	crystaline	crystaline	Dworkin, Fabre, et al., 1991	DH
2.710	257.2	crystaline, II	crystaline, I	Dworkin, Szwarc, et al., 1991	DH

Entropy of phase transition

ΔS_trs (J/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Initial Phase	Final Phase	Reference	Comment
27.3	256.	crystaline, II	crystaline, I	Jin, Cheng, et al., 1992	DH
30.0	257.6	crystaline, II	crystaline, I	Matsuo, Suga, et al., 1992	Excess; DH

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, References, Notes

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
B - John E. Bartmess

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Gas basicity	827.5	kJ/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
2.68350 ± 0.00060	LPES	Huang, Dau, et al., 2014	B
2.6830 ± 0.0080	LPES	Wang, Woo, et al., 2005	B
2.6890 ± 0.0080	LPES	Wang, Ding, et al., 1999	B
2.6660 ± 0.0010	LPD	Brink, Andersen, et al., 1995	Cooled in ring - extrapolated to cold ions; B
2.650 ± 0.050	LPD	Wang, Conceicao, et al., 1991	There exists a 0.15±0.05 eV barrier to attachment of electrons: Huang, Carman, et al., 1995, Jaffke, Illenberger, et al., 1994; B
2.4680 ± 0.0089	LPES	Palpant, Otake, et al., 1999	Vertical Detachment Energy: 2.72 eV. See Palpant, Negishi, et al., 2001 for 5.81 eV LPES; B
1.62 ± 0.19	CIDC	Chen, Ma, et al., 1997	Represents a "local" EA of a portion of the surface with EA comparable to cluster partner.; B
<2.70 ± 0.20	LPES	Yang, Pettiette, et al., 1987	EA appreciably less, HOMO-LUMO gap larger than homologs, indicating closed shell neutral.; B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
7.6	EI	Muigg, Scheier, et al., 1996	LL
7.8	EI	SaiBaba, LakshmiNarasimhan, et al., 1995	LL
7.6 ± 0.5	EI	Scheier, Dunser, et al., 1994	LL
7.61	DTI	Beck, Weis, et al., 1994	LL
8.1 ± 0.5	EI	SaiBaba, LakshmiNarasimhan, et al., 1993	LL
7.57 ± 0.01	PI	Yoo, Ruscic, et al., 1992	LL
8.1 ± 0.5	EI	SaiBaba, LakshmiNarasimhan, et al., 1992	LL
7.54 ± 0.04	PI	Hertel, Steger, et al., 1992	LL
7.58 ± 0.03	PI	DeVries, Steger, et al., 1992	LL
7.61 ± 0.11	IMB	Zimmerman and Eyler, 1991	LL
7.6 ± 0.1	IMB	McElvany and Bach, 1991	LL
7.61 ± 0.02	PE	Lichtenberger, Jatko, et al., 1991	LL
7.6 ± 0.2	PE	Lichtenberger, Nebesny, et al., 1991	Vertical value; LL

Appearance energy determinations

Ion	AE (eV)	Other Products	Method	Reference	Comment
C₃⁺	78.9 ± 3.9	?	EI	Muigg, Scheier, et al., 1996	LL
C₄⁺	78.6 ± 4.9	?	EI	Muigg, Scheier, et al., 1996	LL
C₅⁺	85. ± 5.	?	EI	Muigg, Scheier, et al., 1996	LL
C₆⁺	83.7 ± 3.7	?	EI	Muigg, Scheier, et al., 1996	LL
C₇⁺	84.9 ± 4.2	?	EI	Muigg, Scheier, et al., 1996	LL
C₈⁺	83.9 ± 4.2	?	EI	Muigg, Scheier, et al., 1996	LL
C₉⁺	86.2 ± 5.8	?	EI	Muigg, Scheier, et al., 1996	LL
C₁₀⁺	91.1 ± 5.3	?	EI	Muigg, Scheier, et al., 1996	LL
C₄₄⁺	85.1	8C₂	EI	Worgotter, Dunser, et al., 1996	LL
C₄₄⁺	85.1	8C₂	EI	Scheier, Dunser, et al., 1994	LL
C₄₆⁺	78.7	7C₂	EI	Worgotter, Dunser, et al., 1996	LL
C₄₆⁺	78.7	7C₂	EI	Scheier, Dunser, et al., 1994	LL
C₄₈⁺	73.4	6C₂	EI	Worgotter, Dunser, et al., 1996	LL
C₄₈⁺	74.3	6C₂	EI	Scheier, Dunser, et al., 1994	LL
C₅₀⁺	65.0	5C₂	EI	Worgotter, Dunser, et al., 1996	LL
C₅₀⁺	29.7	?	EI	SaiBaba, LakshmiNarasimhan, et al., 1995	LL
C₅₀⁺	65.	5C₂	EI	Scheier, Dunser, et al., 1994	LL
C₅₂⁺	59.9	4C₂	EI	Worgotter, Dunser, et al., 1996	LL
C₅₂⁺	26.3	?	EI	SaiBaba, LakshmiNarasimhan, et al., 1995	LL
C₅₂⁺	59.9	4C₂	EI	Scheier, Dunser, et al., 1994	LL
C₅₄⁺	54.3	3C₂	EI	Worgotter, Dunser, et al., 1996	LL
C₅₄⁺	24.2	?	EI	SaiBaba, LakshmiNarasimhan, et al., 1995	LL
C₅₄⁺	54.3	3C₂	EI	Scheier, Dunser, et al., 1994	LL
C₅₄⁺	~55.	3C₂	EI	Foltin, Lezius, et al., 1993	LL
C₅₆⁺	48.8	2C₂	EI	Worgotter, Dunser, et al., 1996	LL
C₅₆⁺	22.5	?	EI	SaiBaba, LakshmiNarasimhan, et al., 1995	LL
C₅₆⁺	48.8	2C₂	EI	Scheier, Dunser, et al., 1994	LL
C₅₆⁺	~50.	2C₂	EI	Foltin, Lezius, et al., 1993	LL
C₅₈⁺	43.7	C₂	EI	Worgotter, Dunser, et al., 1996	LL
C₅₈⁺	20.2	C₂	EI	SaiBaba, LakshmiNarasimhan, et al., 1995	LL
C₅₈⁺	43.7	C₂	EI	Scheier, Dunser, et al., 1994	LL
C₅₈⁺	~44.	C₂	EI	Foltin, Lezius, et al., 1993	LL
C₅₈⁺	>40.8	C₂	PI	Yoo, Ruscic, et al., 1992	LL

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Notes

Jin, Cheng, et al., 1992
Jin, Y.; Cheng, J.; Varma-Nair, M.; Liang, G.; Fu, Y.; Wunderlich, B., Xiang, S.-D. Mostovoy, R., and Zettl, A.K., Thermodynamic characterization of CA6A0 by DSC, J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96(12), 5151-5156. [all data]

Matsuo, Suga, et al., 1992
Matsuo, T.; Suga, H.; David, W.I.F.; Ibberson, R.M.; Bernier, P.; Zahab, A.; Fabre, C.; Rassat, A.; Dworkin, A., The heat capacity of solid C₆₀, Solid State Commun., 1992, 83(9), 711-715. [all data]

Steele, Chirico, et al., 1992
Steele, W.V.; Chirico, R.D.; Smith, N.K.; Billups, W.; Elmore, P.R.; Wheeler, A.E., Standard enthalpy of formation of buckminsterfullerene J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 45731-4733. [all data]

Pankajavalli, Mallika, et al., 1998
Pankajavalli, R.; Mallika, C.; Sreedharan, O.M.; Premila, M.; Gopalan, Padma, Vapour pressure of C60 by a transpiration method using a horizontal thermobalance, Thermochimica Acta, 1998, 316, 1, 101-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(98)00304-9 . [all data]

Piacente, Gigil, et al., 1995
Piacente, V.; Gigil, G.; Scandala, P.; Giustini, A., Vapor pressure of C₆₀ buckminsterfullerene, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 14052-14057. [all data]

Dai, Mac Toth, et al., 1994
Dai, Sheng; Mac Toth, L.; Del Cul, G.D.; Metcalf, David H., Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum of C60 vapor and determination of the C60 vaporization enthalpy, J. Chem. Phys., 1994, 101, 5, 4470, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.467433 . [all data]

Popovic, Drazic, et al., 1994
Popovic, Arkadij; Drazic, Goran; Marsel, Joze, Mass spectrometric investigations of fullerenes. I. Vapour pressure over the C60/C70 binary system, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 1994, 8, 12, 985-990, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290081216 . [all data]

Sai Baba, Lakshmi Narasimhan, et al., 1994
Sai Baba, M.; Lakshmi Narasimhan, T.S.; Balasubramanian, R.; Sivaraman, N.; Mathews, C.K., Studies on the thermodynamics of the fullerene C60-C70 binary system, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 4, 1333-1340, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100055a047 . [all data]

Mathews, Baba, et al., 1992
Mathews, C.K.; Baba, M. Sai; Narasimhan, T.S. Lakshmi; Balasubramanian, R.; Sivaraman, N.; Srinivasan, T.G.; Rao, P.R. Vasudeva, Vaporization studies on buckminsterfullerene, J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 9, 3566-3568, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100188a002 . [all data]

Mathews, Baba, et al., 1993
Mathews, C.K.; Baba, M. Sai; Lakshmi Narasimhan, T.S.; Balasubramanian, R.; Sivaraman, N.; Srinivasan, T.G.; Vasudeva Rao, P.R., Vapour Pressure and Enthalpy of Sublimation of C ₇₀, Fullerene Science and Technology, 1993, 1, 1, 101-109, https://doi.org/10.1080/15363839308015519 . [all data]

Abrefah, Olander, et al., 1992
Abrefah, J.; Olander, D.R.; Balooch, M.; Siekhaus, W.J., Vapor pressure of Buckminsterfullerene, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1992, 60, 11, 1313, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.107327 . [all data]

Abrefah, Olander, et al., 1992, 2
Abrefah, J.; Olander, D.R.; Balooch, M.; Siekhaus, W.J., Vapor pressure of buckminsterfullerene, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1992, 60, 1313-1314. [all data]

Mathews, Vasudeva Rao, et al., 1991
Mathews, C.K.; Vasudeva Rao, P.R.; Srinivasan, T.G.; Ganesan, V.; Sivaraman, N.; Lakshmi Narasimhan, T.S.L.; Kaliappan, I.; Chandran, K.; Dhamodaran, R., Preparation and characterization of buckministerfullerene and measurement of its heat of sublimation, Curr. Sci., 1991, 61, 834-838. [all data]

Pan, Sampson, et al., 1991
Pan, C.; Sampson, M.P.; Chai, Y.; Hauge, R.H.; Margrave, J.L., Heats of sublimation from a polycrystalline mixture of C₆₀ and C₇₀, J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95, 2944-2946. [all data]

Tokmakoff, Haynes, et al., 1991
Tokmakoff, A.; Haynes, D.R.; George, S.M., Desorption kinetics of C₆₀ multilayers from Al₂O₃(0001), Chem. Phys. Lett., 1991, 186, 450-455. [all data]

Atake, Tanaka, et al., 1991
Atake, T.; Tanaka, T.; Kawaji, H.; Kikuchi, K.; Saito, K.; Suzuki, S.; Ikemoto, I.; Achiba, Y., Heat capacity measurements and thermodynamic studies of the new compound C₆₀, Physica C (Amsterdam), 1991, 185-189(Pt. 1), 427-428. [all data]

Byszewski, Diduszko, et al., 1992
Byszewski, P.; Diduszko, R.; Kowalska, E.; Fink-Fiowicki, J.; Witowski, A., Crystallization and phase transitions in C₆₀, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1992, 61(25), 2981-2983. [all data]

Dworkin, Fabre, et al., 1991
Dworkin, A.; Fabre, C.; Schutz, D.; Kriza, G.; Ceolin, R.; Szwarc, H.; Bernier, P.; Jerome, D.; Leach, S.; Rassat, A.; Hare, J.P.; Dennis, J.; Droto, H.W.; Taylor, R.; Walton, D.R.M., Thermodynamic characterization of the crystallinity of a solid of footballene carbon sixty-atom molecules, C.R. Acad. Sci., Ser., 1991, II 313(9), 1017-1021. [all data]

Dworkin, Szwarc, et al., 1991
Dworkin, A.; Szwarc, H.; Leach, S.; Hare, J.P.; Dennis, T.J.; Kroto, H.W.; Taylor, R.; Walton, D.R.M., Thermodynamic evidence for a phase transition in crystalline fullerene C₆₀, C.R. l'Academie Sci., Ser. II Univers., 1991, 312(9), 979-982. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Huang, Dau, et al., 2014
Huang, D.L.; Dau, P.D.; Liu, H.T.; Wang, L.S., High-resolution photoelectron imaging of cold C-60(-) anions and accurate determination of the electron affinity of C-60, J. Chem. Phys., 2014, 140, 22, 224315, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4881421 . [all data]

Wang, Woo, et al., 2005
Wang, X.B.; Woo, H.K.; Wang, L.S., Vibrational cooling in a cold ion trap: Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of cold C-60(-) anions, J. Chem. Phys., 2005, 123, 5, 051106, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1998787 . [all data]

Wang, Ding, et al., 1999
Wang, X.B.; Ding, C.F.; Wang, L.S., High resolution photoelectron spectroscopy of C-60(-), J. Chem. Phys., 1999, 110, 17, 8217-8220, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.478732 . [all data]

Brink, Andersen, et al., 1995
Brink, C.; Andersen, L.H.; Hvelplund, P.; Mathur, D.; Voldstad, J.D., Laser photodetachment of C-60(-) and C-70(-) ions cooled in a storage ring, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1995, 233, 1-2, 52, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(94)01413-P . [all data]

Wang, Conceicao, et al., 1991
Wang, L.-S.; Conceicao, J.; Jin, C.; Smalley, R.E., Threshold Photodetachment of Cold C60-, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1991, 182, 1, 5, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(91)80094-E . [all data]

Huang, Carman, et al., 1995
Huang, J.; Carman, H.S.; Compton, R.N., Low-energy electron attachment to C-60, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 6, 1719, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100006a013 . [all data]

Jaffke, Illenberger, et al., 1994
Jaffke, T.; Illenberger, E.; Lezius, M.; Matejcik, S.; Smith, D.; Mark, T.D., Formation of C60(-) and C70(-) by Free Electron Capture - Activation Energy and Effect of the Internal Energy on Lifetime, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1994, 226, 1-2, 213, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(94)00704-7 . [all data]

Palpant, Otake, et al., 1999
Palpant, B.; Otake, A.; Hayakawa, F.; Negishi, Y.; Lee, G.H.; Nakajima, A.; Kaya, K., Photoelectron spectroscopy of sodium-coated C-60 and C-70 cluster anions, Phys. Rev. B: Cond. Matt., 1999, 60, 7, 4509-4512, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.60.4509 . [all data]

Palpant, Negishi, et al., 2001
Palpant, B.; Negishi, Y.; Sanekata, M.; Miyajima, K.; Nagao, S.; Judai, K.; Rayner, D.M.; Simard, B.; Hackett, P.A.; Nakajima, A.; Kaya, K., Electronic and geometric properties of exohedral sodium- and gold-fullerenes, J. Chem. Phys., 2001, 114, 19, 8459-8466, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1366641 . [all data]

Chen, Ma, et al., 1997
Chen, G.; Ma, S.; Cooks, R.G.; Bronstein, H.E.; Best, M.D.; Scott, L.T., Electron Affinities and C60 Anion Clusters of Certain Bowl-shaped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, J. Mass Spectrom., 1997, 32, 12, 1305, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199712)32:12<1305::AID-JMS590>3.0.CO;2-W . [all data]

Yang, Pettiette, et al., 1987
Yang, S.H.; Pettiette, C.L.; Conceicao, J.; Cheshnovsky, O.; Smalley, R.E., UPS of Buckminsterfullerene and other Large Clusters of Carbon, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1987, 139, 3-4, 233, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(87)80548-1 . [all data]

Muigg, Scheier, et al., 1996
Muigg, D.; Scheier, P.; Becker, K.; Mark, T.D., Measured appearance energies of C_n⁺ (3 ≤ n ≤ 10) fragment ions produced by electron impact on C₆₀, J. Phys. B:, 1996, 29, 5193. [all data]

SaiBaba, LakshmiNarasimhan, et al., 1995
SaiBaba, M.; LakshmiNarasimhan, T.S.; Balasubramanian, R.; Mathews, C.K., Ionization and fragmentation of C₆₀: An electron impact ionization study, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 3020. [all data]

Scheier, Dunser, et al., 1994
Scheier, P.; Dunser, B.; Worgotter, R.; Lezius, M.; Robl, R.; Mark, T.D., Appearance and ionization energies of singly, doubly and triply charged C₆₀ and its fragment ions produced by electron impact ionization, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 1994, 138, 77. [all data]

Beck, Weis, et al., 1994
Beck, R.D.; Weis, P.; Brauchle, G.; Kappes, M.M., Mechanistic aspects of fullerene coalescence upon ultraviolet laser desorption from thin films, J. Chem. Phys., 1994, 100, 262. [all data]

SaiBaba, LakshmiNarasimhan, et al., 1993
SaiBaba, M.; LakshmiNarasimhan, T.S.; Balasubramanian, R.; Mathews, C.K., Electron impact ionisation of fullerenes: appearance energies of C₆₀⁺, C₂₆₀⁺ and C₃₆₀⁺, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 1993, 125, R1. [all data]

Yoo, Ruscic, et al., 1992
Yoo, R.K.; Ruscic, B.; Berkowitz, J., Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometric study of C₆₀, J. Chem. Phys., 1992, 96, 911. [all data]

SaiBaba, LakshmiNarasimhan, et al., 1992
SaiBaba, M.; LakshmiNarasimhan, T.S.; Balasubramanian, R.; Mathews, C.K., Appearance potential and electron impact ionisation cross-section of C₆₀, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 1992, 114, R1. [all data]

Hertel, Steger, et al., 1992
Hertel, I.V.; Steger, H.; DeVries, J.; Weisser, B.; Menzel, C.; Kamke, B.; Kamke, W., Giant plasmon excitation in free C₆₀ and C₇₀ molecules studied by photoionization, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1992, 68, 784. [all data]

DeVries, Steger, et al., 1992
DeVries, J.; Steger, H.; Kamke, B.; Menzel, C.; Weisser, B.; Kamke, W.; Hertel, I.V., Single-photon ionization of C₆₀- and C₇₀-fullerene with synchrotron radiation; Determination of the ionization potential of C₆₀, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1992, 188, 159. [all data]

Zimmerman and Eyler, 1991
Zimmerman, J.A.; Eyler, J.R., 'Magic number' carbon clusters: Ionization potentials and selective reactivity, J. Chem. Phys., 1991, 94, 3556. [all data]

McElvany and Bach, 1991
McElvany, S.W.; Bach, S.B.H., First and second ionization potentials and reactions of C₆₀ and related clusters, Proceedings of the 39th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, 1991, 39, 422. [all data]

Lichtenberger, Jatko, et al., 1991
Lichtenberger, D.L.; Jatko, M.E.; Nebesny, K.W.; Ray, C.D.; Huffman, D.R.; Lamb, L.D., The ionization of the carbon sixty-atom molecule in the gas phase and in thin solid films, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 1991, 206, 673. [all data]

Lichtenberger, Nebesny, et al., 1991
Lichtenberger, D.L.; Nebesny, K.W.; Ray, C.D.; Huffman, D.R.; Lamb, L.D., Valence and core photoelectron spectroscopy of C₆₀, buckminsterfullerene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 176, 203. [all data]

Worgotter, Dunser, et al., 1996
Worgotter, R.; Dunser, B.; Scheier, P.; Mark, T.D.; Foltin, M.; Klots, C.E.; Laskin, J.; Lifshitz, C., Self-consistent determination of fullerene binding energies BE(C_n⁺ - C₂), n = 58,...,44, J. Chem. Phys., 1996, 104, 1225. [all data]

Foltin, Lezius, et al., 1993
Foltin, M.; Lezius, M.; Scheier, P.; Mark, T.D., On the unimolecular fragmentation of C₆₀⁺ fullerene ions: The comparison of measured and calculated breakdown patterns, J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 98, 9624. [all data]

Notes

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Symbols used in this document:

AE	Appearance energy
C_p,solid	Constant pressure heat capacity of solid
EA	Electron affinity
T_trs	Temperature of phase transition
ΔH_trs	Enthalpy of phase transition
ΔS_trs	Entropy of phase transition
Δ_cH°_solid	Enthalpy of combustion of solid at standard conditions
Δ_fH°_gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
Δ_fH°_solid	Enthalpy of formation of solid at standard conditions
Δ_subH	Enthalpy of sublimation
Δ_subH°	Enthalpy of sublimation at standard conditions

Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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