Propane

• Formula: C₃H₈
• Molecular weight: 44.0956
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C3H8/c1-3-2/h3H2,1-2H3 Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 74-98-6
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Isotopologues:
  • Propane-2-¹³c
  • Propane-d8
  • CH3CD2CH3
• Other names: n-Propane; Dimethylmethane; Freon 290; Liquefied petroleum gas; LPG; Propyl hydride; R 290; C3H8; UN 1978; A-108; Hydrocarbon propellant A-108; HC 290
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Henry's Law data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels
  • Fluid Properties
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Microwave spectra (on physics lab web site)
  • Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections (on physics web site)
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
• Options:
  • Switch to SI units

Data at NIST subscription sites:

• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)
• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)

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Condensed phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Enthalpy of vaporization

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH = A exp(-αT_r) (1 − T_r)^β
    Δ_vapH = Enthalpy of vaporization (at saturation pressure) (kcal/mol)
    T_r = reduced temperature (T / T_c)

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Entropy of vaporization

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (atm)
    T = temperature (K)

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Enthalpy of sublimation

Enthalpy of fusion

Temperature of phase transition

Enthalpy of phase transition

Entropy of phase transition

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
MS - José A. Martinho Simões

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C₃H₇^- +  =

By formula: C₃H₇^- + H⁺ = C₃H₈

 +  =

By formula: C₃H₆ + H₂ = C₃H₈

 +  =  + 

By formula: H₂ + C₃H₇F = C₃H₈ + HF

 +  =  + 

By formula: H₂ + C₃H₇F = C₃H₈ + HF

2 +  =  + 2

By formula: 2H₂ + C₃H₆Cl₂ = C₃H₈ + 2HCl

2 +  =

By formula: 2H₂ + C₃H₄ = C₃H₈

2 +  =

By formula: 2H₂ + C₃H₄ = C₃H₈

 +  =  + 

By formula: H₂ + C₃H₇Br = HBr + C₃H₈

 +  =

By formula: C₃H₇^- + H⁺ = C₃H₈

C₃H₇⁺ +  = (C₃H₇⁺ • )

By formula: C₃H₇⁺ + C₃H₈ = (C₃H₇⁺ • C₃H₈)

C₄H₉⁺ +  = (C₄H₉⁺ • )

By formula: C₄H₉⁺ + C₃H₈ = (C₄H₉⁺ • C₃H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Fe⁺ + C₃H₈ = (Fe⁺ • C₃H₈)

Enthalpy of reaction

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Co⁺ + C₃H₈ = (Co⁺ • C₃H₈)

Enthalpy of reaction

C₃H₇BrMg (solution) +  (g) =  (solution) + Br₂Mg (solution)

By formula: C₃H₇BrMg (solution) + HBr (g) = C₃H₈ (solution) + Br₂Mg (solution)

C₅O₅W (g) +  (g) = C₈H₈O₅W (g)

By formula: C₅O₅W (g) + C₃H₈ (g) = C₈H₈O₅W (g)

 +  =  + 

By formula: H₂ + C₃H₇Cl = C₃H₈ + HCl

 +  =  + 

By formula: H₂ + C₃H₇Cl = C₃H₈ + HCl

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₃H₇Br + H₂ = HBr + C₃H₈

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

C₃H₇^- +  =

By formula: C₃H₇^- + H⁺ = C₃H₈

 +  =

By formula: C₃H₇^- + H⁺ = C₃H₈

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

C₃H₇⁺ +  = (C₃H₇⁺ • )

By formula: C₃H₇⁺ + C₃H₈ = (C₃H₇⁺ • C₃H₈)

C₄H₉⁺ +  = (C₄H₉⁺ • )

By formula: C₄H₉⁺ + C₃H₈ = (C₄H₉⁺ • C₃H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Co⁺ + C₃H₈ = (Co⁺ • C₃H₈)

Enthalpy of reaction

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Fe⁺ + C₃H₈ = (Fe⁺ • C₃H₈)

Enthalpy of reaction

References

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Prosen and Rossini, 1945
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Kemp, J.D.; Egan, C.J., Hindered rotation of the methyl groups in propane. The heat capacity, vapor pressure, heats of fusion and vaporization of propane. Entropy and density of the gas, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60, 1521-1525. [all data]

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Vas'kov, E.T., Heat capacity of propane, Deposited Doc., 1982, VINITI 1728-82, 1-15. [all data]

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Goodwin, R.D., Specific heats of saturated and compressed liquid propane, J. Res., 1978, NBS 83, 449-458. [all data]

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Younglove, B.A.; Ely, J.F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids II. Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane, and Normal Butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1987, 16, 577. [all data]

Goodwin and Haynes, 1982
Goodwin, R.D.; Haynes, W.M., Thermophysical Properties of Propane from 85 to 700 K at Pressures to 70 MPa, NBS Monogr. (U. S.) No. 170, 249 pp., 1982. [all data]

Ambrose and Tsonopoulos, 1995
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Barber, Kay, et al., 1982
Barber, J.R.; Kay, W.B.; Teja, A.S., A study of the volumetric and phase behavior of binary systems: part I. critical properties of propane + perfluorocyclobutane mixtures., AIChE J., 1982, 28, 134-8. [all data]

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Majer, Sváb, et al., 1980
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Helgeson and Sage, 1967
Helgeson, N.L.; Sage, B.H., Latent Heat of Vaporization of Propane, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1967, 12, 1, 47-49, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60032a015 . [all data]

Rips, 1963
Rips, S.M., On a Feasible Level of Filling in of Reservoires by Liquid Hydrocarbons, Khim. Prom. (Moscow), 1963, 8, 610-613. [all data]

Bondi, 1963
Bondi, A., Heat of Siblimation of Molecular Crystals: A Catalog of Molecular Structure Increments., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1963, 8, 3, 371-381, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60018a027 . [all data]

Perkins, Ochoa, et al., 2009
Perkins, Richard A.; Ochoa, Jesus C. Sanchez; Magee, Joseph W., Thermodynamic Properties of Propane. II. Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Volume from (85 to 345) K with Pressures to 35 MPa, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2009, 54, 12, 3192-3201, https://doi.org/10.1021/je900137r . [all data]

Acree, 1991
Acree, William E., Thermodynamic properties of organic compounds: enthalpy of fusion and melting point temperature compilation, Thermochimica Acta, 1991, 189, 1, 37-56, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(91)87098-H . [all data]

Takeda, Oguni, et al., 1990
Takeda, K.; Oguni, M.; Suga, H., A DTA apparatus for vapour-deposited samples. Characterisation of some vapour-deposited hydrocarbons, Thermochim. Acta, 1990, 158(1), 195-203. [all data]

DePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989
DePuy, C.H.; Gronert, S.; Barlow, S.E.; Bierbaum, V.M.; Damrauer, R., The Gas Phase Acidities of the Alkanes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 6, 1968, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00188a003 . [all data]

Peerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992
Peerboom, R.A.L.; Rademaker, G.J.; Dekoning, L.J.; Nibbering, N.M.M., Stabilization of Cycloalkyl Carbanions in the Gas Phase, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 1992, 6, 6, 394, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290060608 . [all data]

DePuy, Bierbaum, et al., 1984
DePuy, C.H.; Bierbaum, V.M.; Damrauer, R., Relative Gas-Phase Acidities of the Alkanes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 4051. [all data]

Kistiakowsky and Nickle, 1951
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Nickle, A.G., Ethane-ethylene and propane-propylene equilibria, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 1951, 10, 175-187. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of organic reactions. II. Hydrogenation of some simpler olefinic hydrocarbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57, 876-882. [all data]

Lacher, Kianpour, et al., 1956
Lacher, J.R.; Kianpour, A.; Park, J.D., Reaction heats of organic halogen compounds. VI. The catalytic hydrogenation of some alkyl fluorides, J. Phys. Chem., 1956, 60, 1454-1455. [all data]

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Kolesov, V.P.; Kozina, M.P., Thermochemistry of organic and organohalogen compounds, Russ. Chem. Rev., 1986, 55, 912. [all data]

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Lacher, J.R.; Amador, A.; Park, J.D., Reaction heats of organic compounds. Part 5.-Heats of hydrogenation of dichloromethane, 1,1- and 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dichloropropane, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1967, 63, 1608-1611. [all data]

Conn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1939
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Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of organic reactions. IV. Hydrogenation of some dienes and of benzene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 146-153. [all data]

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Sunner, Hirao, et al., 1989
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Armentrout and Kickel, 1994
Armentrout, P.B.; Kickel, B.L., Gas Phase Thermochemistry of Transition Metal Ligand Systems: Reassessment of Values and Periodic Trends, in Organometallic Ion Chemistry, B. S. Freiser, ed, 1994. [all data]

Holm, 1981
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Brown, Ishikawa, et al., 1990
Brown, C.E.; Ishikawa, Y.; Hackett, P.A.; Rayner, D.M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 2530. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Au, Cooper, et al., 1993
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Notes

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  Cp,liquid	Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  Pc	Critical pressure
  Ptriple	Triple point pressure
  S°liquid	Entropy of liquid at standard conditions
  T	Temperature
  Tboil	Boiling point
  Tc	Critical temperature
  Tfus	Fusion (melting) point
  Ttriple	Triple point temperature
  Ttrs	Temperature of phase transition
  Vc	Critical volume
  ΔHtrs	Enthalpy of phase transition
  ΔStrs	Entropy of phase transition
  ΔfH°liquid	Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions
  ΔfusH	Enthalpy of fusion
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔsubH	Enthalpy of sublimation
  ΔvapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
  ΔvapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions
  ΔvapS	Entropy of vaporization
  ρc	Critical density

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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