Iodine

Formula: I₂
Molecular weight: 253.80894
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/I2/c1-2
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 7553-56-2
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Other names: I2; Eranol; Iode; Iodine-127; Iodio; Iosan Superdip; Jod; Jood; Molecular iodine; Tincture iodine; Vistarin; Iodine crystals; Iodine sublimed; Diiodine; Diatomic iodine
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Other data available:
- Gas phase thermochemistry data
- Condensed phase thermochemistry data
- Phase change data
- Reaction thermochemistry data: reactions 1 to 50, reactions 51 to 75
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Henry's Law data

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Data compiled by: Rolf Sander

Henry's Law constant (water solution)

k_H(T) = k°_H exp(d(ln(k_H))/d(1/T) ((1/T) - 1/(298.15 K)))
k°_H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))
d(ln(k_H))/d(1/T) = Temperature dependence constant (K)

k°_H (mol/(kg*bar))	d(ln(k_H))/d(1/T) (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
3.0	4400.	R	N/A
1.1		C	N/A	missing citation quote a paper as the source that gives only the solubility but not the Henry's law constant.
3.3	4800.	T	N/A
3.1	4600.	R	N/A

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

View reactions leading to I₂⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
IE (evaluated)	9.3074 ± 0.0002	eV	N/A	N/A	L

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
2.5240 ± 0.0050	LPES	Zanni, Taylor, et al., 1997	B
2.52 ± 0.10	NBIE	Auerbach, Baeda, et al., 1973	B
2.42 ± 0.20	Endo	Hughes, Lifschitz, et al., 1973	B
2.58 ± 0.10	Endo	Chupka, Berkowitz, et al., 1971	B
2.60 ± 0.10	EIAE	DeCorpo and Franklin, 1971	From CHI₃; B
2.40 ± 0.10	NBIE	Moutinho, Aten, et al., 1971	B
2.33004	ECD	Ayala, Wentworth, et al., 1981	Vertical Detachment Energy: 1.7 eV; B
1.722 ± 0.050	NBIE	Hubers, Kleyn, et al., 1976	Stated electron affinity is the Vertical Detachment Energy; B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
9.3074 ± 0.0002	TE	Cockett, Donovan, et al., 1996	LL
9.3074 ± 0.0002	TE	Cockett, Goode, et al., 1995	LL
9.33	PE	Carlson, Gerard, et al., 1988	LL
9.29 ± 0.05	PI	Grade and Rosinger, 1985	LBLHLM
9.3 ± 0.2	EI	Grade and Rosinger, 1985	LBLHLM
9.3 ± 0.2	EI	Grade and Rosinger, 1984	LBLHLM
9.3 ± 0.2	EI	Grade, Rosinger, et al., 1984	LBLHLM
9.3 ± 0.05	EI	Hoareau, Cabaud, et al., 1981	LLK
9.5	EI	Pittermann and Weil, 1980	LLK
9.311 ± 0.002	PE	Higginson, Lloyd, et al., 1973	LLK
9.22 ± 0.01	PE	Potts and Price, 1971	LLK
~9.37	PI	Dibeler, Walker, et al., 1971	LLK
9.3995 ± 0.0012	S	Venkateswarlu, 1970	RDSH
9.331	PI	Myer and Samson, 1970	RDSH
9.356	PE	Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981	Vertical value; LLK
9.34	PE	Cornford, Frost, et al., 1971	Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion	AE (eV)	Other Products	Method	Reference	Comment
I⁺	8.8 ± 0.2	I^-	EI	Grade and Rosinger, 1985	LBLHLM
I⁺	11.94 ± 0.15	I	PI	Grade and Rosinger, 1985	LBLHLM
I⁺	8.83 ± 0.07	I^-	PI	Grade and Rosinger, 1985	LBLHLM
I⁺	8.9 ± 0.2	I^-	EI	Grade and Rosinger, 1984	LBLHLM
I⁺	8.8 ± 0.2	I^-	EI	Grade, Rosinger, et al., 1984	LBLHLM
I⁺	13.0	I	EI	Pittermann and Weil, 1980	LLK
I⁺	8.922 ± 0.013	I^-	PI	Myer and Samson, 1970	RDSH
I⁺	8.95 ± 0.02	I^-	PI	Morrison, Hurzeler, et al., 1960	RDSH
I⁺	8.83 ± 0.02	I^-	PI	Watanabe, 1957	RDSH

Ion clustering data

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Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
B - John E. Bartmess

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

+ Iodine = ( • Iodine )

By formula: I^- + I₂ = (I^- • I₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	24.0	kcal/mol	N/A	Downs and Adams, 1973	gas phase; from Δ_rH(f); M

+ Iodine = I₃^-

By formula: I^- + I₂ = I₃^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	32.5 ± 2.4	kcal/mol	N/A	Taylor, Asmis, et al., 1999	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	30.1 ± 1.4	kcal/mol	CIDT	Do, Klein, et al., 1997	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	85.10	kcal/mol	Ther	Finch, Gates, et al., 1977	gas phase; This value is far more bound than expected from other studies; B
Δ_rH°	32.60	kcal/mol	N/A	Check, Faust, et al., 2001	gas phase; FeF3-(t); ; ΔS(EA)=2.8; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	22.50	kcal/mol	N/A	Check, Faust, et al., 2001	gas phase; FeF3-(t); ; ΔS(EA)=2.8; B

I₃^- + Iodine = (I₃^- • Iodine )

By formula: I₃^- + I₂ = (I₃^- • I₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	11.7 ± 1.4	kcal/mol	CIDT	Do, Klein, et al., 1997	gas phase; B

Constants of diatomic molecules

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Data compiled by: Klaus P. Huber and Gerhard H. Herzberg

Data collected through January, 1977

Symbols used in the table of constants
Symbol	Meaning
State	electronic state and / or symmetry symbol
T_e	minimum electronic energy (cm^-1)
ω_e	vibrational constant – first term (cm^-1)
ω_ex_e	vibrational constant – second term (cm^-1)
ω_ey_e	vibrational constant – third term (cm^-1)
B_e	rotational constant in equilibrium position (cm^-1)
α_e	rotational constant – first term (cm^-1)
γ_e	rotation-vibration interaction constant (cm^-1)
D_e	centrifugal distortion constant (cm^-1)
β_e	rotational constant – first term, centrifugal force (cm^-1)
r_e	internuclear distance (Å)
Trans.	observed transition(s) corresponding to electronic state
ν₀₀	position of 0-0 band (units noted in table)

Diatomic constants for ¹²⁷I₂
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
The absorption spectrum from 450000 to 870000 cm^-1 (55.8 to 107.9 eV) at low resolution has been described by Myer and Samson, 1970. It corresponds to excitation from 4d shell to various unfilled orbitals.
↳Comes, Nielsen, et al., 1973
The absorption spectrum in the VUV region at high resolution has most recently been photographed by Venkateswarlu, 1970 who gives an extensive table of observed features in the region 56500 - 75800 cm^-1. Most of the bands are assigned to extended Rydberg series converging to a common limit at 75814 cm^-1 (9.400 eV), a smaller number to fragments of series converging to 80895 cm^-1 (10.03 eV). The limits are assumed to correspond to v=0 of X ² Π_g, 3/2 and 1/2, respectively, of I₂⁺; see, however, 1. Several of the progressions observed in absorption Venkateswarlu, 1970 appear to correspond to emission bands recorded by Haranath and Rao, 1958 under medium resolution in the region 56000 - 68000 cm^-1 and classified by them as belonging to twelve systems. See also Cordes, 1935 Myer and Samson, 1970*.
↳Haranath and Rao, 1958; missing citation
I	(51973) 2	112.4 H	0.70₅	0.004							I → (B) 2 R	36197 H
I	↳Venkateswarlu, 1951; Verma, 1959; Mulliken, 1971
(H)	(46063)	103.7 H	0.09₅								(H → B) 3 R	30283 H
(H)	↳Verma, 1959; Mulliken, 1971
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
F (¹Σ_u⁺) 6	47217.8	95.95₅ H	0.3623							(3.6) 4	F ↔ X 5 R	47158.6 H
F (¹Σ_u⁺) 6	↳Verma, 1959; Mulliken, 1971; missing citation
F'	45230	93.4 H	0.6								F' → X 7 R	45169 H
F'	↳Haranath and Rao, 1958
G' (³Π_1g) 9	(42300) 8										G' ← A
G' (³Π_1g) 9	↳Skorko, 1933; Mulliken, 1971
E ³Π_o+g 9	41411.4	101.59 H	0.238₀							(3.65)	E → B 10 R	25630.5 H
E ³Π_o+g 9	↳Haranath and Rao Prasada, 1960; Mulliken, 1971; Wieland, Tellinghuisen, et al., 1972
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
D ¹Σ_u⁺ 13	(40679)	104.41 H	0.2343 11	0.00045							D ↔ X 12 R	(40624)
D ¹Σ_u⁺ 13	↳missing citation; Mulliken, 1971; Mulliken, 1971
G ³Π_2g 9	(40300) 14										G ← A' 15
G ³Π_2g 9	↳Skorko, 1933; Mulliken, 1971
C ³Σ_1u⁺ 13	16										C ← X
C ³Σ_1u⁺ 13	↳Kortum and Friedheim, 1947; Mathieson and Rees, 1956; Mulliken, 1971
B" ¹Π_1u 19	17										B" ↔ X 18
B" ¹Π_1u 19	↳Oldman, Sander, et al., 1971; Tellinghuisen, 1973; Brown and Burns, 1974
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
B' ³Π_0-u 19	20
B ³Π_0+u 19	15769.01	125.69₇ Z	0.764₂ 21 22		0.02903₉ 23 24	0.000158₂ 25 22		5.4₃E-9 26	0.3₀E-9	3.024₇	B ↔ X 18 27 28 R	15724.57 29 Z
B ³Π_0+u 19	↳Barrow and Yee, 1973; missing citation; Wei and Tellinghuisen, 1974
A ³Π_1u 19	(11888)	(44.0) 30 H	(1.0)		30						A ← X 31 R	(11803) 30
A ³Π_1u 19	↳Brown, 1931; Tellinghuisen, 1973
A' ³Π_2u 19	(10100) 32
X ¹Σ_g⁺	0	214.50₂ 33 Z	0.614₇ 33		0.03737₂ 33 34	0.000113₈ 33		4.2₅E-9 35	3.2E-10	2.666₃ 36
X ¹Σ_g⁺	↳Kiefer and Bernstein, 1972; Williams, Rousseau, et al., 1974

Notes

From the photoelectron spectrum Potts and Price, 1971, Higginson, Lloyd, et al., 1973; adiabatic potential established by temperature variation. The same method yields 9.953 eV for the ionization potential to ²Π_1/2g(v=0). Neither result agrees with the values obtained by Venkateswarlu, 1970 from Rydberg series, i.e. 9.400 and 10.03 eV. The discrepancy could be understood if the Rydberg series were to correspond to v'=3, but the absence of series with v' = 0, 1, 2 would still be puzzling.

Weak emission bands in the presence of foreign gases, 2785-2731 . T_e is based on the assumption that the lower state is the B state, but Mulliken, 1971, has suggested that instead it may be the D state leading to T_e ~ 76872 cm^-1 Mulliken, 1971.

Strong emission bands in the presence of foreign gases, 3460 - 3015 Angstroms. It is by no means certain that the lower state has been correctly identified as the B state. Mulliken, 1971, suggests that the bands arise from the transition G → A'.

From the intensity distribution and Franck-Condon principle Mulliken, 1971, Wieland, Tellinghuisen, et al., 1972.

In emission in electric discharges in the presence of foreign gases, 2740 - 2490 . Also observed for ¹²⁹ I₂, confirming the vibrational numbering. Emission bands in the region 2240 - 1950 Angstroms are assigned by Haranath and Rao, 1958, to a separate system (called H → X), with v₀₀ = 48072 and w ~ 79. It seems, however, possible that these bands belong to F → X.

Configuration...σ_g²π_u³π_g³σ_u².

The analysis of this fairly extensive system [2400 - 2240 , called E → X by Haranath and Rao, 1958] is not yet supported by isotope studies, nor is it seen in absorption.

Suggested upper state of high temperature absorption "continuum" shortward of 3263 (30640 cm^-1)

Configuration...σ_gπ_u⁴π_g³σ_u².

Emission bands in the presence of foreign gases, 4400 - 4000 . Also observed for ¹²⁹I₂, confirming the vibrational numbering. The E → B fluorescence spectrum following two-photon absorption Rousseau and Williams, 1974, consists of transitions both to the discrete and to the continuous part of B, the latter giving rise to diffuse bands ("structured" continuum) Tellinghuisen, 1975. From a comparison of the calculated with the observed intensity distribution Tellinghuisen, 1975, obtains the potential function of E as well as the variation of the transition moment with r. The lifetime of E → B is 27 ns Rousseau, 1975 confirming that this is an allowed transition and that the E state is ³Π_0+g.

The v' numbering is uncertain and, therefore, the vibrational constants are subject to change.

The system includes the absorption bands of Pringsheim and Rosen, 1928, Kimura and Miyanishi, 1929, Cordes, 1935, remeasured by Nobs and Wieland, 1966. It also includes the resonance series of Verma, 1960 in the region 1830 - 2370 which arise from very high vibrational levels (v' ~ 195), of the D state excited by the 1830 atomic line of iodine. The system further includes the diffuse emission bands in the region 2500 - 5000 with a characteristic group near 3250 [McLennan bands McLennan, 1913]. The diffuse bands have been recognized by Mulliken, 1971, to correspond to transitions from D to the continuum of X [Condon diffraction bands, see also Tellinghuisen, 1974]. Earlier summaries Mathieson and Rees, 1956, Haranath and Rao, 1958, Venkateswarlu, 1970 gave an electronic state at T_e = 51427.9 with ω_e = 169.41, ω_ex_e = 0.941, ω_ey_e = +0.0022 which was to represent the Cordes absorption bands from 1950 to 1795 Cordes, 1935. Following Mulliken, 1971, Mulliken, 1971, we consider these bands as part of D ← X.

Configuration . . . σ_gπ_u⁴π_g⁴σ_u.

Suggested upper state of high temperature absorption "continuum" shortward of 3427 (29170 cm^-1)

The G →A' transition has been observed to lase strongly when mixtures of HI or CF₃I or CH₃I with argon (1000 - 4000 torr), are excited by a pulsed high current electron beam Hays, Hoffman, et al., 1976. See also H → B footnote 3.

Repulsive state from ²P_3/2 + ²P_1/2 responsible for a weak but broad absorption continuum with maximum at 2700 (37000 cm^-1). 38

Repulsive state from ²P_3/2 + ²P_3/2, responsible for absorption continuum with maximum at 20050 cm^-1 and for the predissociation of B ³Π_0+u.

f values based on magnetic circular dichroism spectra have been estimated as 0.0018 (B"←X) and 0.009 (B ←X) and have been compared with earlier results Brith, Rowe, et al., 1975. For a comparison of theoretical and observed intensities in the B → X resonance series see Zare, 1964.

Configuration . . . σ_g²π_u⁴π_g³σ_u.

Repulsive state from ²P_3/2 + ²P_3/2. The previous assignment of B' as the state responsible for the magnetic field induced predissociation of B is now in doubt; See 23.

-0.00178(v +1/2)³ - 0.0000738(v+1/2)⁴ + 0.00000103(v+1/2)⁵, from levels with 4≤v≤50 Barrow and Yee, 1973.

Somewhat different constants, valid for 4≤v≤77, are given by Wei and Tellinghuisen, 1974, T_e = 15768.32, ω_e = 126.165, ω_ex_e = 0.8673, ..., B_e = 0.028939, α_e = 0.0001204, ... (using calculated D_v values); see also Brown, Burns, et al., 1973, Tellinghuisen, 1976. RKR potential curve Barrow and Yee, 1973. For a discussion of the long-range potential and ΔG, B_v values near the dissociation limit see LeRoy and Bernstein, 1971, LeRoy, 1972, Barrow and Yee, 1973, Le Roy, 1973, Yee, 1973, LeRoy, 1974.

Collision induced predissociation of the B state missing citation; magnetic field induced predissociation Degenkolb, Steinfeld, et al., 1969, Capelle and Broida, 1972, Chapman and Bunker, 1972; spontaneous predissociation Tellinghuisen, 1972; hyperfine predissociation Broyer, Vigue, et al., 1976. The purely radiative lifetime Brewer and Tellinghuisen, 1972, Tellinghuisen, 1972, Broyer, Vigue, et al., 1976, increases smoothly from τ= 0.91 μs at v=7 to approximately τ= 10 μs at the highest observed levels. The measured lifetimes Brewer and Tellinghuisen, 1972, missing citation, Capelle and Broida, 1973, Keller, Broyer, et al., 1973, Paisner and Wallenstein, 1974, Broyer, Vigue, et al., 1975 are considerably reduced by spontaneous predissociation due to rotational and hyperfine mixing with B" ¹Π_1u, the latter leading to differences in lifetime between ortho and para levels Broyer, Vigue, et al., 1976. Only near v=12 and above v~50 are the actual lifetimes close to the purely radiative ones. The magnetic field-induced predissociation of B ³Π_0+u was previously assumed to be caused by B' ³Π_0-u, and a potential function for this latter state was derived from magnetic quenching data Chapman and Bunker, 1972, Child, 1973. The recent observation, however, of a quantum interference effect between magnetic and spontaneous predissociations Broyer, Vigue, et al., 1973, Vigue, Broyer, et al., 1974, Vigue, Broyer, et al., 1975 has established that the magnetic predissociation, too, is produced by the B" ¹Π_1u state.

g_J varies from -0.059 at low v to -5.4₅ μ_N near the dissociation limit; from Hanle effect observations Broyer and Lehmann, 1972, Broyer, Lehmann, et al., 1975, Gouedard, Broyer, et al., 1976, Gouedard, Broyer, et al., 1976, 2. See also Wallenstein, Paisner, et al., 1974.

-3.3₆E-7(v+1/2)² - 4.7₈E-8(v+1/2)³ + 3.2₆E-10(v+1/2)⁴, from levels with 4≤v≤77 Barrow and Yee, 1973.

For v ≤ 10 Barrow and Yee, 1973. D_v increases rapidly above v=20; for more details see Brown, Burns, et al., 1973, Wei and Tellinghuisen, 1974.

The continuum joining onto the discrete bands is overlapped by the B"← X continuum. A resolution of these two continua and the A ←X continuum was given by Tellinghuisen, 1973,. See also Tellinghuisen, 1973, 2.

The hyperfine structure of several lines has been observed by various high resolution laser techiques; electric quadrupole, magnetic octupole, and other magnetic hfs constants have been evaluated Hanes and Dahlstrom, 1969, Kroll, 1969, Hansch, Levenson, et al., 1971, Hanes, Lapierre, et al., 1971, Sorem, Levenson, et al., 1971, Levenson and Schawlow, 1972, Sorem, Hansch, et al., 1972, Youmans, Hackel, et al., 1973, Ruben, Kukolich, et al., 1973, Bunker and Hanes, 1974, missing citation; similar analyses for ¹²⁹I₂ and ^127,129I₂ Tesic and Pao, 1975.

Extrapolated from data with v' ≥ 4. The vibrational numbering, changed Steinfeld, Zare, et al., 1965, by 1 from the previous table in MOLSPEC 1, has been confirmed by isotope studies Brown and James, 1965.

Tellinghuisen, 1973, suggests that the v'=4 numbering of Brown, 1931, may have to be raised substantially. Preliminary results of a rotational analysis Ashby, 1975, of nine bands in the A ←X, v"=5 progression and of three bands in the v"=4 progression indicate that w' ~ 57.5 Ashby, 1975, w'x' ~ 1.85 Ashby, 1975, B'(for the lowest analyzed level) = 0.02375 Ashby, 1975, α' ~ 0.0005 Ashby, 1975.

The continuum joining onto the discrete bands has been studied by many investigators, most recently by Tellinghuisen, 1973, who derives an f value of f= 0.00062 Tellinghuisen, 1973; see also Brith, Rowe, et al., 1975.

Suggested as lower state of high temperature absorption bands near 3427 Mulliken, 1971 Mulliken, 1971.

These constants Barrow and Yee, 1973, represent the levels v=0-5; Wei and Tellinghuisen, 1974, for v=0-6, give ω_e = 214.582, ω_ex_e = 0.6243, B_e = 0.037363, α_e = 0.0001145 using calculated D_v values. On the basis of the resonance series of Rank and Baldwin, 1951, Rank and Rao, 1964 and Verma, 1960, LeRoy, 1970 has given polynomial formulae for G(v), B_v, and D_v valid up to v = 82; ω_e = 214.548, ω_ex_e = 0.6163 , ...B_e = 0.037395, α_e = 0.0001244, ... ,D_e = 4.54E-9, β_e = 0.017E-9;... The most accurate constants for v = 0 were derived Gerstenkorn, Luc, et al., 1977 from the analysis by means of Fourier transform spectroscopy of the B←X, 30-0 bands: B₀ = 0.037311₅, D₀ = 4.5₅E-9, H₀ = -0.76E-15. The vibrational levels of the ground state have been observed up to v = 84 [D → X resonance series Verma, 1960], i.e. to within 400 cm^-1 of the dissociation limit. The levels v" = 98...115 originally reported by Verma, 1960, were found to be due to an NO impurity Verma and LeRoy, 1974. As a consequence the RKR potential function of Verma, 1960, must be corrected at high v. The RKR curves of Zare, 1964 and LeRoy, 1970 extend only to v = 82 and are unaffected by this correction. 35 see 33.

g_J(v=0, J=12,14)=9.l3E-4 μ_N Solarz and Levy, 1972 from non-linear level crossing.

missing note

Raman sp. 39

From the convergence of the vibrational levels in the B ³Π_0+u state Barrow, Broyd, et al., 1973, Barrow and Yee, 1973.

Nature of the upper state (1_u) and of the dissociation products confirmed by photofragment spectroscopy Clear and Wilson, 1973.

High resolution resonance Raman spectra of I₂ vapor up to the eleventh overtone (12-0). Raman spectra in rare gas matrices Howard and Andrews, 1974.

References

Go To: Top, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Constants of diatomic molecules, Notes

Zanni, Taylor, et al., 1997
Zanni, M.T.; Taylor, T.R.; Greenblatt, J.; Soep, B.; Neumark, D.M., Characterization of the I2- Anion Ground State Using Conventional and Femtosecond Photoelectron Spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 1997, 107, 19, 7613, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.475110 . [all data]

Auerbach, Baeda, et al., 1973
Auerbach, J.; Baeda, A.P.M.; Los, D.J., Fragmentation of Negative Ions Formed in Collisions of Alkali Atoms and Halogen Molecules, Physica, 1973, 64, 1, 134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914(73)90119-5 . [all data]

Hughes, Lifschitz, et al., 1973
Hughes, B.M.; Lifschitz, C.; Tiernan, T.O., Electron affinities from endothermic negative-ion charge-transfer reactions. III. NO, NO₂, S₂, CS₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂, and C₂H, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 59, 3162. [all data]

Chupka, Berkowitz, et al., 1971
Chupka, W.A.; Berkowitz, J.; Gutman, D., Electron Affinities of Halogen Diatomic Molecules as Determined by Endoergic Charge Exchange, J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 55, 6, 2724, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1676487 . [all data]

DeCorpo and Franklin, 1971
DeCorpo, J.J.; Franklin, J.L., Electron affinities of the halogen molecules by dissociative electron attachment, J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 54, 1885. [all data]

Moutinho, Aten, et al., 1971
Moutinho, A.M.C.; Aten, J.A.; Los, J., Temperature dependence of the total cross section for chemi-ionization in ackali halide-galogen collisions, Physica, 1971, 53, 471. [all data]

Ayala, Wentworth, et al., 1981
Ayala, J.A.; Wentworth, W.E.; Chen, E.C.M., Electron attachment to halogens, J. Phys. Chem., 1981, 85, 768. [all data]

Hubers, Kleyn, et al., 1976
Hubers, M.M.; Kleyn, A.W.; Los, J., Ion pair formation in alkali-halogen collisions at high velocities, Chem. Phys., 1976, 17, 303. [all data]

Cockett, Donovan, et al., 1996
Cockett, M.C.R.; Donovan, R.J.; Lawley, K.P., Zero kinetic energy pulsed field ionization (ZEKE-PFI) spectroscopy of electronically and vibrationally excited states of I₂+: The A ²Π_3/2,u state and a new electronic state, the a ⁴σ^-_u state, J. Chem. Phys., 1996, 105, 3347. [all data]

Cockett, Goode, et al., 1995
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Notes

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Symbols used in this document:

AE	Appearance energy
EA	Electron affinity
IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
d(ln(k_H))/d(1/T)	Temperature dependence parameter for Henry's Law constant
k°_H	Henry's Law constant at 298.15K
Δ_rG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions

Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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