Nitrogen

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Constants of diatomic molecules, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
gas,1 bar45.7957 ± 0.001cal/mol*KReviewCox, Wagman, et al., 1984CODATA Review value
gas,1 bar45.796cal/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in March, 1977

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H° − H°298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
    Cp = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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View table.

Temperature (K) 100. to 500.500. to 2000.2000. to 6000.
A 6.9279194.6620068.489178
B 0.4431114.7531200.269772
C -2.305798-2.055099-0.046870
D 3.9759490.3273860.003504
E 0.0000280.126100-1.088375
F -2.072637-1.179542-4.534157
G 54.1149150.7624353.77175
H 0.00.00.0
ReferenceChase, 1998Chase, 1998Chase, 1998
Comment Data last reviewed in March, 1977; New parameter fit January 2009 Data last reviewed in March, 1977; New parameter fit January 2009 Data last reviewed in March, 1977; New parameter fit January 2009

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Constants of diatomic molecules, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tboil77.34KN/AJacobsen, Stewart, et al., 1986TRC
Tboil77.4KN/AStreng, 1971Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.3 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tfus63.3KN/AStreng, 1971Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.3 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Ttriple63.14KN/AJacobsen, Stewart, et al., 1986TRC
Ttriple63.14KN/AAngus, de Reuck, et al., 1979Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.005 K; TRC
Ttriple63.14KN/AHenning and Otto, 1936Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.06 K; temperature measured with He gas thermometer; TRC
Ttriple63.13KN/AGiauque and Clayton, 1933Crystal phase 1 phase; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.06 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Ptriple0.1236atmN/AJacobsen, Stewart, et al., 1986Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.0005 atm; TRC
Ptriple0.1237atmN/AAngus, de Reuck, et al., 1979Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.0002 atm; TRC
Ptriple0.124atmN/AHenning and Otto, 1936Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.0007 atm; TRC
Ptriple0.1237atmN/AGiauque and Clayton, 1933Crystal phase 1 phase; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.0001 atm; Average Pressure; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tc126.19KN/AJacobsen, Stewart, et al., 1986Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.01 K; TRC
Tc126.2KN/AAngus, de Reuck, et al., 1979Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.05 K; TRC
Tc126.2KN/AWeber, 1970Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; IPTS-68, critical point not observed and Tc taken from literature but equation would allow pc to be calculated. Tc unct. several tenths K. "Ultra-high" purity nitrogen.; TRC
Tc128.45KN/ACardoso, 1915Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.5 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Pc33.534atmN/AJacobsen, Stewart, et al., 1986Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.007 atm; TRC
Pc33.56atmN/AAngus, de Reuck, et al., 1979Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.05 atm; TRC
Pc3.0297atmN/ACardoso, 1915Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.003 atm; TRC
Pc3.0281atmN/ACardoso, 1915Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.003 atm; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ρc11.18mol/lN/AJacobsen, Stewart, et al., 1986Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 mol/l; TRC
ρc11.2mol/lN/AAngus, de Reuck, et al., 1979Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 mol/l; TRC

Enthalpy of vaporization

ΔvapH (kcal/mol) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
1.578.Edejer and Thodos, 1967Based on data from 63. to 126. K.; AC
1.377.Giauque and Clayton, 1933, 2AC

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (atm)
    T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
63.14 to 126.3.7305264.651-6.788Edejer and Thodos, 1967Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.
63.14 to 78.003.63221257.877-6.344Moussa, Muijlwijk, et al., 1966Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:


Henry's Law data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Constants of diatomic molecules, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Rolf Sander

Henry's Law constant (water solution)

kH(T) = H exp(d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) ((1/T) - 1/(298.15 K)))
H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))
d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) = Temperature dependence constant (K)

H (mol/(kg*bar)) d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) (K) Method Reference
0.000601300.XN/A
0.000651300.LN/A

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Constants of diatomic molecules, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to N2+ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)15.581 ± 0.008eVN/AN/AL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Proton affinity (review)118.0kcal/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Gas basicity111.0kcal/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
15.581 ± 0.008STrickl, Cromwell, et al., 1989LL
15.7 ± 0.1EIStephen, Mark, et al., 1984LBLHLM
15.6 ± 0.1EIGrade, Wienecke, et al., 1983LBLHLM
15.60PEKimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981LLK
10.1 ± 0.6EIArmentrout, Tarr, et al., 1981LLK
15.58EIArmentrout, Tarr, et al., 1981LLK
15.5808EVALHuber and Herzberg, 1979LLK
15.58 ± 0.02EISahini, Constantin, et al., 1978LLK
15.5PIRabalais, Debies, et al., 1974LLK
15.58PELee and Rabalais, 1974LLK
15.61PENatalis, 1973LLK
15.58 ± 0.01PEHotop and Niehaus, 1970RDSH
15.56CICermak, 1968RDSH
15.58PICook and Metzger, 1964RDSH
15.5803SOgawa and Tanaka, 1962RDSH
15.5802SWorley, 1943RDSH
15.5812 ± 0.0002SWorley and Jenkins, 1938RDSH
15.58PEPotts and Williams, 1974Vertical value; LLK
15.60PEKatrib, Debies, et al., 1973Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion AE (eV) Other Products MethodReferenceComment
N+24.34N(4So)EILocht, Schopman, et al., 1975LLK
N+24.3NEISmyth, Schiavone, et al., 1973LLK
N+24.4 ± 0.25NEICrowe and McConkey, 1973LLK
N+24.32 ± 0.03NEIHierl and Franklin, 1967RDSH
N+48. ± 2.N+EIHierl and Franklin, 1967RDSH
N+24.32 ± 0.02NEIFrost and McDowell, 1956RDSH

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Constants of diatomic molecules, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Mass spectrum
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Additional Data

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Owner NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin D.HENNEBERG, MAX-PLANCK INSTITUTE, MULHEIM, WEST GERMANY
NIST MS number 61309

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Constants of diatomic molecules

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Klaus P. Huber and Gerhard H. Herzberg

Data collected through February, 1977

Symbols used in the table of constants
SymbolMeaning
State electronic state and / or symmetry symbol
Te minimum electronic energy (cm-1)
ωe vibrational constant – first term (cm-1)
ωexe vibrational constant – second term (cm-1)
ωeye vibrational constant – third term (cm-1)
Be rotational constant in equilibrium position (cm-1)
αe rotational constant – first term (cm-1)
γe rotation-vibration interaction constant (cm-1)
De centrifugal distortion constant (cm-1)
βe rotational constant – first term, centrifugal force (cm-1)
re internuclear distance (Å)
Trans. observed transition(s) corresponding to electronic state
ν00 position of 0-0 band (units noted in table)
Diatomic constants for 14N2
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
For a very detailed and critical review of the spectrum of nitrogen and its ions see the recent publication by Lofthus and Krupenie Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977. An Atlas of the VUV absorption spectrum 1060 - 1520 Å and table of absorption lines Tilford, Wilkinson, et al., 1966. Tables of band head wavelengths Wallace, 1962 Pearse and Gaydon, 1963 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977. Photoionization and absorption cross sections Huffman, Tanaka, et al., 1963 Cook and Metzger, 1964 Carter, 1972. Potential functions Gilmore, 1965 Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1965 Gartner and Thrush, 1975 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977.
Several Rydberg series (excitation of 1sN) with limit (K edge) at 409.5 eV.
Nakamura, Sasanuma, et al., 1969; Werme, Grennberg, et al., 1973; Vinogradov, Shlarbaum, et al., 1974; Vinogradov, Zimkina, et al., 1974
x" (1Σu+) 1           x" ← X 405.59 $eV
Nakamura, Sasanuma, et al., 1969; Werme, Grennberg, et al., 1973; Vinogradov, Shlarbaum, et al., 1974; Vinogradov, Zimkina, et al., 1974
x' (1Πu) 2           x'↔ X 400.84 $eV
Nakamura, Sasanuma, et al., 1969; Werme, Grennberg, et al., 1973; Vinogradov, Shlarbaum, et al., 1974; Vinogradov, Zimkina, et al., 1974
Photoionization and dissociative photoionization processes corresponding to various excited states of N2+. 3
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
v 1Πg 4           v ← X 253000
Lee, Wong, et al., 1975
u5 (183640) (2100) (15) 5        u5←X (183510)
Codling, 1966; Lee, Carlson, et al., 1973
u4 (178565) (2070) (15) 5        u4 ← X (178420)
Codling, 1966; Lee, Carlson, et al., 1973
HopfieldHopfields Rydberg series converging to B 2 Σu+(v=0) of N2+:
...2σuu4g2nsσ ν = 151233 - R/(m+0.141 - 0.199/m)2, m=3...11 (apparent emission series)6
Hopfield, 1930; missing citation; missing citation
...2σuu4g2ndσ ν = 151233 - R/(m+0.070 - 0.041/m)2, m=3...20 (absorption series)7 8 9
Hopfield, 1930; missing citation; missing citation
WorleyWorley's ("third") Rydberg series joining on to o3, o4, o5 and converging to A 2Πu1/2(v=0) of N2+:
...2σu2u3g2nsσ ν = 134721 - R/(n - 1.06)2, n = 3...16.10 11 12 13
Worley, 1943; missing citation; missing citation
OgawaOgawa and Tanaka's Rydberg series joining on to O4, O5 and converging to A 2Πu3/2(v=0) of N2+:
...2σu2u3g2nsσ ν = 134644 - R/(n*)2, n* = 2.84, 3.85, 4.86, ..., 14.91.10 11 12 13
missing citation; missing citation
Several dissociation continua in the region 100000 - 160000 cm-1.
Comes and Weber, 1969; Cook, Ogawa, et al., 1973
Several unidentified bands in the region 126100 - 131550 cm-1.
Ogawa, 1964
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
s 133355 14 1885 H (12) 15        s ← X 133119 H
Ogawa, 1964
133316 14 H ( ) 15        s ← X 133080 H
Ogawa, 1964
r 132878 14 1903 H (15) 16        r ← X R 132650 H
Ogawa, 1964
q 132136 14 1900 H (18) 17        q ← X 18 131906 H
Ogawa, 1964
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
p 129136 14 1869 H (10) 19        p ← X R 128892 H
Ogawa, 1964
o5 1Πu (127868) (1935) 20 (19)        o5 ← X R 127655 HQ
missing citation; missing citation
O5 (3Πu) 127445 1925 HQ 18.4        O5 ← X R 127227 HQ
missing citation; missing citation
c'n and cn Rydberg series converging to X 2Σg+(v=0) of N2+:
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
c'n 1Σu+ 21           c'n ← X 
Carroll and Yoshino, 1967; missing citation; Johns and Lepard, 1975
cn 1Πu 22           cn ← a" 
missing citation
cn 1Πu 26           cn ← X 23 24 25 
Worley and Jenkins, 1938; missing citation; missing citation; missing citation
o4 1Πu 122419 [1824.1] H   [1.7338] 27   [4E-6]  [1.1784] o4 ← X R 122155.4 Z
Ogawa and Tanaka, 1962; Yoshino, Tanaka, et al., 1975
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
O4 (3Πu) 121263 1982 H 27.0        O4←X R 121071.1 H
Ogawa and Tanaka, 1962
c'5 1Σu+ (115876) [2221.8] Z 28  [1.345] 29      c'5←X R 115849.8 Z
Carroll and Collins, 1970; missing citation
c4 1Πu 115635.9 2220.3 Z 19.4  [1.9261] 30 0.015  [6.3E-6] 30  1.116 c4 ← a" 16725.12 Z
missing citation
c4 1Πu 31           c4←X R 115565.53 Z
missing citation; missing citation
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
z 1Δg (115435) (1700)   1.761 0.0153    1.169 z → w V 43411.2 32 Z
Lofthus, 1957
y 1Πg 114305.2 33 1906.43 33 37.51 33  1.739 33 34 0.017 33  (5.8E-6)  1.177 y → w V 42467.5 35 Z
missing citation; Carroll and Subbaram, 1975
           y → a' V 46426.7 35 Z
missing citation; Carroll and Subbaram, 1975
k 1Πg (113808) 36 [2182.32] 33   1.959 33 0.031 33  (5.9E-6)  1.109 k → w V 41932.4 35 Z
missing citation
           k → a' V 45891.7 35 Z
missing citation
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
x 1Σg- 113438.0 1910.0 Z 20.7  1.750 37 0.0225  (6E-6)  1.173 x → a' V 45472.8 Z
Gaydon, 1944; missing citation; Rajan, 1974
d' 1Σu- or 1Δu [112500] 38          d' → a 42373 H
Herman-Montagne, 1945; Gaydon and Herman, 1946; Dressler, 1969
o3 1Πu 105869 39 1987.4 39 16.3 39  1.7339 39 0.0088 39  (5.3E-6)  1.1784 o3→a V 36731
Janin and Crozet, 1946; Janin, 1950
           o3 ← X 40 R 105683
Worley, 1943; Yoshino, Tanaka, et al., 1975
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
H 3Φu (105720) 924.21 Z 12.29 -0.173 1.0873 0.0191  [7.0E-6] 41  1.4881 (H → ?) 42 12407.2 H
Herman, 1951; Carroll and Sayers, 1953
           H → G 43 V 17897.08 44 Z
Gaydon, 1944, 2; Herman-Montagne, 1945; Grun, 1954; missing citation
c'4 1Σu+ 104519 45 2201.78 45 25.199 45  1.9612 45 0.0436 45    1.1080 c'4 → a VR 35371.2 Z
missing citation
           c'4 ↔ X 46 R 104323.3 47 Z
Tilford and Wilkinson, 1964; Carroll and Yoshino, 1967; Carroll and Collins, 1969; Dressler, 1969; Carroll and Collins, 1970
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
c3 1Πu 104476 2192.20 48 14.70 48  1.9320 48 0.0395 48    1.1163 c3 → a RV (35187.0) (Z
Janin, 1950
           c3 ↔ X 49 R 104138.2 50 Z
Carroll and Collins, 1969; Dressler, 1969
b' 1Σu+ 104498 51 760.08 51 4.418 51 0.1093 1.1549 51 52 0.007387 51 -7.50E-5   1.4439 b' → a R 53
Lofthus, 1957
           b' ↔ X 49 R 103673.8 54 Z
Wilkinson and Houk, 1956; Carroll and Collins, 1970
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
D 3Σu+ [104746.6] 55    [1.961]   [20E-6]  [1.1080] D → B 56 V 44264.1 57 Z
Gero and Schmid, 1940
b 1Πu (101675) [634.8] 58   [1.4483] 59 60 -0.00362  [29E-6] 61  1.2841 62 b → a R (31865.7) Z
Gaydon, 1944; Herman-Montagne, 1945; Lofthus, 1957; Rajan, 1974
           b ↔ X 49 R 100816.9 Z
Carroll and Collins, 1969; Yoshino, Tanaka, et al., 1975
a" 1Σg+ [100016.0]    [1.9133] 63   [6.2E-6] 63  [1.1218] a" ← X 64 98840.30 63 Z
Lutz, 1969
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
C' 3Πu 98351 65 791 33.5  [1.04976] 66  [10.9E-6] 67  [1.5146] C' ↔ B R 38255.5 68 Z
missing citation; missing citation; missing citation
E 3Σg+ (95858) [2185] H   [1.927.3]   [6.0E-6]  [1.1177] E → B V (36467.9) Z
Freund, 1969
           E → A V 46019.72 Z
missing citation
           E ← X 69 
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
C" 5Πu (93500) 70           
C 3Πu 89136.88 71 2047.178 Z 28.4450 72  1.82473 73 0.01868 74    1,14869 C → B 75 76 V 29671.0 Z
Coster, Brons, et al., 1933; Dieke and Heath, 1959; missing citation; missing citation; missing citation
           C ← X 77 R 88977.89 Z
Tanaka, 1955; Tanaka, Ogawa, et al., 1964; missing citation
G 3Δg (87900) 78 [742.49] Z (11.85) H  0.9280 0.0161  [5.0E-6]  1.6107  
Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
A' 5Σg+ (78800) 79 (650) 79 80        (1.55) 81  
w 1Δu 72097.4 1559.26 82 H 11.63  1.498 83 0.0166    1.268 w → a 84 R 2747.29 Z
McFarlane, 1966
           w ← X 77 85 R 71698.4 86 Z
Tanaka, Ogawa, et al., 1964; Chutjian, Cartwright, et al., 1973
a 1Πg 69283.06 1694.208 Z 13.9491 87 7.935E-3 1.6169 88 0.01793 -2.93E-5 (5.89E-6)  1.2203 a → a' 84 V 1212.28 Z
McFarlane, 1965; McFarlane, 1966, 2
           a ↔ X 89 90 R 68951.20 Z
missing citation; Miller, 1970
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
a' 1Σu- 68152.66 1530.254 Z 12.0747 91 .04129 1.4799 0.01657 2.41E-5 (5.55E-6)  1.2755 a' ↔ X 92 R 67739.31 Z
missing citation; missing citation; Campbell and Thrush, 1969; Golde, 1975; Chutjian, Cartwright, et al., 1973
B' 3Σu- 66272.47 1516.88 Z 12.181 93 .04186 1.4733 94 0.01666 95 9E-6 (5.56E-6)  1.2784 B' → B R (6545.5) Z
Carroll and Rubalcava, 1960; Dieke and Heath, 1960; Gartner and Thrush, 1975
           B'↔X 96 R 65852.35 Z
missing citation; Wilkinson, 1960; missing citation; Golde and Thrush, 1972; Chutjian, Cartwright, et al., 1973
W 3Δu 59808 (1501.4) Z 11.6        W ↔ B RV 73
Wu and Benesch, 1968; Saum and Benesch, 1970; Benesch and Saum, 1971; Covey, Saum, et al., 1973
           W ← X 97 R 59380
missing citation; Chutjian, Cartwright, et al., 1973
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
B 3Πg 59619.35 98 1733.39 Z 14.122 99 -0.0569 1.63745 100 0.01791 101 7.7E-5 [5.9E-6]  1.21260 B ↔ A 102 103 V 9552.03 Z
Dieke and Heath, 1959; Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977
           B ← X 104 R 59306.81 Z
Wilkinson, 1962
A 3Σu+ 50203.63 1460.64 Z 13.872 105 .0103 1.4546 106 0.0180 107 -8.8E-5 [6.15E-6]  1.2866 A↔X 108 104 R 49754.78 Z
Dieke and Heath, 1959; Miller, 1965; Miller, 1966
X 1Σg+ 0 2358.57 Z 14.324 109 -2.26E-3 1.998241 110 0.017318 110  [5.76E-6]  1.097685 111  
- pressure induced
Crawford, Welsh, et al., 1949; Bosomworth and Gush, 1965; Reddy and Cho, 1965; Shapiro and Gush, 1966; de Remigis, Welsh, et al., 1971; Sheng and Ewing, 1971; Buontempo, Cunsolo, et al., 1975
- el. field induced
Courtois and Jouve, 1975
Raman Spectra 112
Stoicheff, 1954; Butcher, Willetts, et al., 1971; Bendtsen, 1974
Mol. beam magn. reson. 113

Notes

1X-ray absorption (3sσ ← 1sN).
2X-ray absorption and emission (1πg ↔ 1sN), broad peak. 119
3Absorption cross sections 140000-500000 cm-1 Lee, Carlson, et al., 1973, Watson, Lang, et al., 1973.
4From high-energy electron impact spectroscopy.
5First two members of Codling's Rydberg series. 120
6Longward of the apparent emission "lines" are close-lying fairly sharp absorption "lines" Ogawa and Tanaka, 1962. Both features belong to the same Fano shape produced by the interaction of the series of Rydberg levels with the continuum joining on to the A 2Π (or, less likely, X 2Σ) limit.
7Similar series with v'=1.
8The first three members at 138330, 144090, 146690 cm-1 are very broad (presumably because of preionization), the higher members are sharper and shaded to the red. No rotational structure has been resolved. Preionization also observed by electron spectroscopy Hicks, Comer, et al., 1973, Wilden, Hicks, et al., 1976.
9Oscillator strengths from absorption coefficients: f(m=3,4,..) = 0.0131, 0.0053, ... Cook and Ogawa, 1970.
10Similar series for v'=l [observed to n=45 (2Π1/2) and n*=40.2 (2Π3/2)] and for v'=2...7 Yoshino, Ogawa, et al., 1976.
11Corresponding series in 15N2 Ogawa, 1964.
12Preionization observed in photoionization studies Cook and Ogawa, 1965, Comes and Weber, 1969, Carter and Berkowitz, 1973.
13Preionization in absorption series having v'=1...4 was observed in active nitrogen using the photoionization technique Cook and McNeal, 1972.
14These designations should not be confused with the older designations of component states of b 1Πu and b' 1Σu+.
15Ogawa's "new progression 4" 12
16Ogawa's "new progression 3" 12 122
17Ogawa's "new progression 2" 12 122
18Linelike, not shaded.
19Ogawa's "new progression 1" 12 122
20Vibrational intervals decrease irregularly: v=0 was shown [by electron spectroscopy Wilden, Hicks, et al., 1976] to be preionized.
21...1πu4gnpσ 123 -Carroll and Yoshino's series joining on to c'4, c'5.
22...1πu4gnpπ 123Ledbetters series c4, c5, c6.
23Similar series with v'=1.
24Corresponding series in 15N2 Ogawa, 1964.
25See 13.
26- Worley and Jenkin's series joining on to c3, c4: ν = 125666.8124 - R/(m + 0.3697 - 0.3459/m + 0.532/m2 - 0.960/m4)2, m(=n-1) = 2...31.
27Only v=0 [perturbed by c'6(v=1)] is sharp: bands with v'= 1,2,3 are diffuse owing to predissociation or preionization (levels with v > 2 are above the first ionization potential).
28ΔG(3/2) = 2119.7, see 29.
29Strong homogeneous perturbations with the higher vibrational levels (v ≥ 18) of b' 1Σu+ Carroll and Yoshino, 1972. The B0 value is an effective value at low J: Beff(v=1) = 1.285, Beff(v=2)= 1.173. In addition, there are heterogeneous interactions with the close- lying levels of c4 1Πu. For deperturbed constants see Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972.
30Constants for Π- Ledbetter, 1972; B0(Π+) = 1.906. αe from Carroll and Yoshino, 1972.
31[A progression of six bands (v"=1-6) arises from c4(v'=0) → a, Herman-Montagne, 1945 ]
32Reevaluated from the origin of the 0-2 band. Lofthus, 1957 gives 43667.0 which was undoubtedly calculated with the constants of the a rather than of the w state.
33Strong homogeneous interaction between k 1Πg and y 1Πg. The constants given are the deperturbed values from Carroll and Subbaram, 1975 and refer to Π-, the only component observed in k 1Πg.
34Predissociation of the Π+ component above J=10 of v=0. Λ-type doubling and predissociation discussed in Mulliken, 1976.
35Not deperturbed.
36From the deperturbed T00 = 113723.58.
370nly v'=0,1,2 observed. Predissociation (weakening of emission) at v'=2, J"≈l5 corresponding to the limit 2D+2D Lofthus, 1960; actual breaking off occurs at J'=25. See also Mulliken, 1976.
38Only v'=0 observed
39Deperturbed constants Yoshino, Tanaka, et al., 1975. Homogeneous interactions with levels (v > 6) of b 1Πu and heterogeneous perturbations by b' 1Σu+.
400scil1ator strengths Carter, 1972.
41D1(E-6 cm-1)= 4.5 Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972, D2(E-6 cm-1)= 6.0 Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972, D3(E-6 cm-1)= 5.0 Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972. See, however, Veseth, 1973.
42Fragment of near infrared spectrum, ΔG"(1/2) ≈ 712.
43Franck-Condon factors and r-centroids Mohamed and Khanna, 1974.
44From a more detailed theoretical treatment Veseth, 1973 derives v00 = 17902.400 Veseth, 1973.
45Deperturbed constants Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972; ωeye= +0.7874. Strong perturbations produced by interaction with b' 1Σu+; before these perturbations were recognized Dressler, 1969, Lefebvre-Brion, 1969 the vibrational levels were attributed to independent states called p', r', k, s', h, h', h", h'". The observed vibrational intervals (from band origins) and rotational constants for v = 0,1,2,3... are: ΔG(v+1/2) = 2046.2, 2175.5, 2112.2, 2111.7 ...; Bv = 1.929, 1.711, 1.436, 1.594 ...
46Radiative lifetime τ(v'=0) = 0.9 ns Hesser and Dressler, 1966, Hesser, 1968: oscillator strengths Lawrence, Mickey, et al., 1968, Carter, 1972.
47Observed v00, not deperturbed.
48deperturbed constants Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972. Strong perturbations produced by interaction with b 1Πu: the observed vibrational intervals (from band heads) and rotational constants for v=0,1,2,.., are: ΔG(v+1/2) = 2401, 2146, 2103, 2042; Bv(Π-) = 1.516, 1.755, 1.813 [see Carroll and Collins, 1969, Leoni, 1972].
49Oscillator strengths Lawrence, Mickey, et al., 1968, Carter, 1972.
50missing note
51Deperturbed constants Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972; Strong perturbations on account of interactions with c'4, c'5 1Σu+. Before these perturbations were recognized Carroll and Collins, 1969, Dressler, 1969, Hopfield, 1930O6a, Carroll and Collins, 1970 several of the vibrational levels were assumed to be independent states called b', g, f, r, s, t, u by Worley, 1943. The observed vibrational intervals (from band origins) and rotational constants for v= 0,1,2,3, ... are: ΔG(v+1/2) = 744.9, 732.9, 717.6, 777.7, ... ; Bv = 1.1515, 1.15, 1.142, 1.152, .... The highest observed level is v=28. Intensity perturbations in the electron energy loss spectrum Geiger and Schroder, 1969.
52The b'←X absorption bands show diffuseness indicating predissociation for v'=20, 21, 22 Carroll and Collins, 1970. Emission bands have only been observed to v'=9. For v'= 5 and above J'=12 an intensity anomaly suggesting inverse predissociation has been observed in emission Tilford and Wilkinson, 1964, 2: it corresponds to the limit 4S + 2P. Selective emission from v'=0,2,7 in discharges in Ar and Kr with traces of N2 Tanaka and Nakamura, 1967.
53Only the 7-0 band was observed at v0 = 40000.7 Lofthus, 1957.
540bserved band origin, not deperturbed.
55Only v=0 is observed
56Lifetime τ(v=0) = 14.1 ns Kurzweg, Egbert, et al., 1973. Franck Condon factors Hebert and Nicholls, 1969.
57Extrapolated from Q2(3) of the 0-1 band.
58ΔG(3/2,5/2,...) = 700.0, 711.9, 685.2, 1151.4, 646.2, ... Carroll and Collins, 1969 [ Carroll and Collins, 1969, from band origins]. Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972 give the deperturbed constants ωe = 461.01 Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972, ωexe = -132.257 Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972, ωeye = -35.005 Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972, ωeze = +5.822 Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972, ...; see 59.
59Bv(v=1, 2, 3...) = 1.4086, 1.3872, 1.38l5, 1.42l3 ... Carroll and Collins, 1969: Leoni and Dressler, 1972, l52a give the deperturbed constants Be = 1.4601 Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972, αe= 0.02624 Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972, ... Strong perturbations on account of interaction with the c3 1Πu and o3 1Πu Rydberg states. Before these perturbations were recognized Carroll and Collins, 1969, Dressler, 1969 several of the vibrational levels were assumed to be independent electronic states called i, j, b, l, m, p, q Worley, 1943. Intensity perturbations in the electron energy loss spectrum Meyer, Skerbele, et al., 1965, Geiger and Schroder, 1969.
60The lines of absorption bands with v'= 0,2,3,4 are broadened on account of predissociation (especially v'=3); corresponding emission bands have not been observed. The state causing the predissociation is probably C' 3Πu Carroll and Collins, 1969; see, however, Leoni and Dressler, 1971 who find that an additional diffuse level, very likely the still missing O3 3Πu(v=0) level at ~103000 cm-1, is required to explain the broadening of v'= 3.
61Effective (perturbed) D0 value.
62From the deperturbed Be (see 59)
63From Rydberg series having a" as lower state Ledbetter, 1972.
64First thought to be observed as quadrupole absorption Dressler and Lutz, 1967, later recognized as pressure-induced dipole transition represented by a broad diffuse absorption band at ~99005 cm-1 Lutz, 1969: note the large pressure shift of +165 cm-1. The electron energy loss spectrum Lassettre, Skerbele, et al., 1966 shows a peak at 12.25 eV. Another 1Σg+ state, non-Rydberg in character, is predicted to intersect a" not far from its minimum Michels, 1970.
65A0 = 2.10 Ledbetter and Dressler, 1976, recalculated by Ledbetter and Dressler, 1976 from the data of Carroll, 1963 who obtained 1.15: A1 = 2.73 Ledbetter and Dressler, 1976, deperturbed value Ledbetter and Dressler, 1976.
66B1(observed) = 1.2056, B1(deperturbed) = 1.026. Strong mixing of C'(v=1) with C(v=5). Deperturbed constants and RKR potential functions are given by Ledbetter and Dressler, 1976 who have analyzed in detail the C'(v=1)←B(v=5) band for 14N2, 14N15N and 15N2. The perturbing level C(v=5) was recently observed by Ledbetter, 1977 in absorption from B(v=6).
67H0 = 8.3E-10.
68v00 = 38296.75 in Carroll, 1963 refers to the F1 component.
69Resonance-like electron impact excitation function centered at 12.2 eV with a half-width of 0.4 eV Borst, 1972. Lifetime of the E state 190 μs Borst and Zipf, 1971.
70Arising from 4S + 2D; according to Carroll and Mulliken, 1965 responsible for the main predissociation in C 3Πu.
71A = 39.2 Budo, 1935.
72ωeye= +2.08833. ωeze = -0.5350.
73Breaking-off on account of predissociation Buttenbender and Herzberg, 1935 in v' = 1, 2, 3, 4 above N' = 65, 55, 43, 28, respectively, yielding an accurate dissociation limit at 97938 cm-1 (4S + 2D). A second predissociation in high-pressure discharges (when the first predissociation disappears) has been found in v'=2 and 3 above N'= 80 and 67, respectively Hori and Endo, 1941. According to Carroll and Mulliken, 1965 the first predissociation is caused by C" 5Πu, the second by C' 3Πu. Predissociation in 15N2 Frackowiak, 1964. Intensity perturbations Coster, Brons, et al., 1933, Gero, 1935, Coster and Brons, 1935.
74αv= -0.00228(v+1/2)2 + 0.000733(v+1/2)3 - 0.000l5(v+1/2)4.
75Lifetimes for v = 0,1,2 vary between 35 and 41 ns Johnson and Fowler, 1970, Imhof and Read, 1971, Dotchin and Chupp, 1973, Chen and Anderson, 1975, Osherovich and Gorshkov, 1976. For f values of C-B see Nicholls, 1963, Reis, 1964.
76The head of the 0-0 band produces laser oscillation: high resolution measurements of the laser lines Parks, Rao, et al., 1968, see also Kasuya and Lide, 1967. An anomalous intensity alternation has been observed by Bleekrode, 1968, see also Fishburne, Lazdinis, et al., 1967. C(v=5) ← B(v=6) band in absorption Ledbetter, 1977. 14N15N and 15N2 isotope shifts Shvangiradze, Oganezov, et al., 1960. RKR Franck-Condon factors Zare, Larsson, et al., 1965, Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, dependence on rotation Shumaker, 1969. Integrated band intensities Tyte, 1962. Dependence of the electronic transition moment on r Shemansky and Broadfoot, 1971, Jain, 1972: absolute transition probabilities Shemansky and Broadfoot, 1971.
77RKR Franck-Condon factors Zare, Larsson, et al., 1965, Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, 2, Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977.
78A0 = -0.21, A1 = -0.25. All constants for this state are from H→G Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972: for a more detailed theoretical treatment and somewhat different constants see Veseth, 1973.
79From the predissociations in a and B Carroll, 1962: see also Oldenberg, 1957, Mulliken, 1962. The dissociation energy of this state is estimated to be between 850 and 1100 cm-1. According to Bayes and Kistiakowsky, 1960 the 5Σg+ state plays an important role in the mechanism of the Lewis-Rayleigh afterglow of nitrogen.
80For more recent results of an ab initio calculation see Krauss and Neumann, 1976.
81missing note
82Vibrational constants from the absorption spectrum Tanaka, Ogawa, et al., 1964, good agreement with band origin data for k→w Carroll and Subbaram, 1975.
83Rotational constants from y→w Lofthus and Mulliken, 1957.
84Appears in stimulated emission.
85The w←X Tanaka bands appear diffuse even under high resolution Tilford, Vanderslice, et al., 1979 indicating that this is a pressure-induced transition which has apparently no measurable spontaneous transition probability Tilford and Benesch, 1976. Observed in solid N2 by Roncin, Damany, et al., 1967.
86From v00(a-X)+v00(w-a) McFarlane, 1966. The value from the w←X absorption spectrum is 71740.3 (head) indicating a pressure shift of ≈ +40 cm-1; compare with a"← X.
87ωeze= +0.000291 Vanderslice, Tilford, et al., 1965: Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977 give very slightly different numbers.
88Λ-type doubling, |q0| = 0.00010 McFarlane, 1966. Breaking-off at low pressure above v=6, J=13 for both Λ components because of predissociation Douglas and Herzberg, 1951. The state causing the predissociation is 5Σg+ from 4S + 4S.
89The lifetime is about 100 μs but depends strongly on v. Non-exponential decay because of radiative interactions with a' 1Σu- and w 1Δu Freund, 1972. See also Ching, Cook, et al., 1967, Pilling, Bass, et al., 1971 who give f values.
90This transition has both a magnetic dipole and an electric quadrupole component Wilkinson and Mulliken, 1957, Vanderslice, Wilkinson, et al., 1965, see also Pilling, Bass, et al., 1971. Observed in absorption in solid N2 by Roncin, Damany, et al., 1967. RKR Franck-Condon factors Zare, Larsson, et al., 1965, Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, 2, Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977. From intensity measurements and the Franck-Condon factors of Zare, Larsson, et al., 1965 it is concluded by McEwen and Nicholls, 1966 that the electronic transition moment can be considered as constant for most bands of this system. Comparison with intensities in the electron energy loss spectrum Lassettre, Meyer, et al., 1965.
91ωeze = -0.000290 Tilford, Wilkinson, et al., 1965: Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977 give very slightly different numbers.
92Franck-Condon factors: f00(a'-X) = 8.4E-11 Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, 2, Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977, corresponding to a lifetime of τ= 0.013 s Tilford and Benesch, 1976.
93ωeze = -0.000732 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977.
94Spin splitting constants (v=5): λ = +0.66 Tilford, Vanderslice, et al., 1965, γ = -0.0030 Tilford, Vanderslice, et al., 1965.
95 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977.
96RKR Franck-Condon factors Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, 2, Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977. Rotational intensity distribution Kovacs, 1970.
97Franck-Condon factors Saum and Benesch, 1970, 2.
98Ae = 42.24 Bullock and Hause, 1971.
99ωeze = +0.00361 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977: slightly different constants are given by Artym, 1966, Bullock and Hause, 1971.
100Predissociation above v=12,N=33 Van Der Ziel, 1934, Polak, Slovetskii, et al., 1972. The state causing the predissociation is probably A' 5Σg+. Inverse predissociation A' 5Σg+→B 3Πg seems to be responsible for some of the phenomena in active nitrogen [see Becker, Fink, et al., 1972 and references quoted there]. The levels v'= 12,11,10 are preferably excited in the Lewis-Rayleigh afterglow: for excitation of other levels in the afterglow see Ung, 1976.
101 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977: slightly different constants in Bullock and Hause, 1971.
102Lifetime τ(v=0...12)= 5.0 μs Chen and Anderson, 1975, 2: see also Jeunehomme, 1966. For B-A absorption f values (f ~0.0025) see Wurster, 1962, Dronov, Sobolev, et al., 1966, Cunio and Jansson, 1968.
103Stimulated emission for some of the lines of the 4-2, 3-1, 2-0, 2-1, 1-0, 0-0, 0-1 bands has been observed Kasuya and Lide, 1967. RKR Franck-Condon factors Zare, Larsson, et al., 1965, Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, dependence on rotation Shumaker, 1969. Dependence of the electronic transition moment on r Shemansky and Broadfoot, 1971, Jain, 1972: absolute transition probabilities Kupriyanova, Kolesnikov, et al., 1969, Shemansky and Broadfoot, 1971.
104Franck-Condon factors Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, 2, Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977. Rotational intensity distribution in the Vegard-Kaplan bands Miller, 1970, 2.
105ωeze= -0.00197 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977; slightly different constants in Artym, 1966, Bullock and Hause, 1971.
106Spin-splitting constants (v=0): λ(v=0) = -1.33 Miller, 1965, γ(v=0) = -0.003 Miller, 1965; see also Bullock and Hause, 1971. The radio-frequency spectrum of this state was studied by the molecular beam magnetic resonance method Freund, Miller, et al., 1970, de Santis, Lurio, et al., 1973: magnetic hyperfine and electric quadrupole coupling constants.
107 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977.
108Lifetime τ= 1.3 s (F2) Shemansky, 1969, Shemansky and Carleton, 1969, Meyer, Klosterboer, et al., 1971, τ= 2.5 s (F1, F3) Shemansky, 1969, Shemansky and Carleton, 1969, Meyer, Klosterboer, et al., 1971 levels Shemansky, 1969, Shemansky and Carleton, 1969, Meyer, Klosterboer, et al., 1971; electronic transition moment, variation with r Chandraiah and Shepherd, 1968, Broadfoot and Maran, 1969, Shemansky, 1969.
109ωeze = -0.00024 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977. Bendtsen, 1974 gives ΔG(1/2) = 2329.9168 and similar data for 14N15N and 15N2.
110From B0 and B1 of Bendtsen, 1974 and using γe = -0.000033 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977.
111Rot.-vibr.128 and rot. sp.:
112Raman spectra of 14N15N and 15N2 Bendtsen, 1974, Butcher and Jones, 1974.
113gJ(15N2) = 0.2593, sign not determined Chan, Baker, et al., 1964. For magnetic resonance spectra of metastable N2 in the A 3Σu+ state see Freund, Miller, et al., 1970, de Santis, Lurio, et al., 1973.
114From the predissociation in C 3Πu assuming dissociation into 4S3/2 + 2D5/2. The latest ab initio calculation of the ground state gives De = 8.58 eV Dunning, Cartwright, et al., 1976.
115From the Rydberg series.
116Average of the two limits corresponding to 2Π3/2 and 2Π1/2.
117From the data on N2+.
118From x → X of N2+ and I.P.(N2): the extrapolated K limit is 409.5 eV Nakamura, Sasanuma, et al., 1969.
119Confirmed by electron-energy-loss measurements van der Wiel, El-Sherbini, et al., 1970. Preionization to X 2Σg+ and A 2Πu of N2+ observed by Auger electrons of 384.7 and 383.8 eV Carlson, Moddeman, et al., 1970.
120This series, of which only two members have been observed, probably converges to C 2Σu+ of N2+. In u4 v=1...13, in u5 v=3...8 have been observed, but the vibrational numbering in both states is uncertain. Evidence of preionization.
121Interpreted as . ..ndΣ by Lindholm, 1969.
122Preionization also observed by electron spectroscopy Hicks, Comer, et al., 1973, Wilden, Hicks, et al., 1976.
123For higher n values cn and c'n+l lie close together and interact strongly (l-uncoupling). Band structures for n = 5...12 have been discussed Carroll and Yoshino, 1972, Carroll, 1973, Johns and Lepard, 1975.
124The limit according to Yoshino [see Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977] lies at 125667.5 cm-1 but is estimated Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977 to have an uncertainty of 5 cm-1.
125A0...A3= -12.073 ... -12.094 Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972; see also Veseth, 1973.
126Quoted from Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977; not deperturbed. Dressler, 1969 gives 104139.
127Also referred to as "infrared afterglow bands".
128Predicted transition moments for quadrupole vibration spectrum Cartwright and Dunning, 1974. The quadrupole moment in the v=0 level is measured to be -1.4E-26 e.s.u. cm2 Ketelaar and Rettschnick, 1963, Buckingham, Disch, et al., 1968.

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Constants of diatomic molecules, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984
Cox, J.D.; Wagman, D.D.; Medvedev, V.A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984, 1. [all data]

Chase, 1998
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Jacobsen, Stewart, et al., 1986
Jacobsen, R.T.; Stewart, R.B.; Jahangiri, M., Termodynamic Properties of Nitrogen from the Freezing Line to 2000 K at Pressures to 1000 MPa, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1986, 15, 735-909. [all data]

Streng, 1971
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Angus, de Reuck, et al., 1979
Angus, S.; de Reuck, K.M.; Armstrong, B.; Jacobsen, R.T.; Stewart, R.B., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State - 6 Nitrogen, Pergamon, New York, 1979. [all data]

Henning and Otto, 1936
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Giauque and Clayton, 1933
Giauque, W.F.; Clayton, J.O., Heat Capacity and Entropy of Nitrogen. Heat of Vaporization. Vapor Pressure of Solid and Liquid. The Reaction 1/2 N2 + 1/2 O2 = NO from Spectroscopic Data, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1933, 55, 4875. [all data]

Weber, 1970
Weber, L.A., Some vapor pressure and P,V,T data on nitrogen in t he range 65 to 140 K, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1970, 2, 839-846. [all data]

Cardoso, 1915
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Edejer and Thodos, 1967
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Giauque and Clayton, 1933, 2
Giauque, W.F.; Clayton, J.O., The Heat Capacity and Entropy of Nitrogen. Heat of Vaporization. Vapor Pressures of Solid and Liquid. The Reaction 1/2 N 2 + 1/2 O 2 = NO from Spectroscopic Data, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1933, 55, 12, 4875-4889, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01339a024 . [all data]

Moussa, Muijlwijk, et al., 1966
Moussa, M.R.; Muijlwijk, R.; van Dijk, H., The Vapour Pressure of Liquid Nitrogen, Physica (Amsterdam), 1966, 32, 5, 900-912, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914(66)90021-8 . [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
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Trickl, Cromwell, et al., 1989
Trickl, T.; Cromwell, E.F.; Lee, Y.T.; Kung, A.H., State-selective ionization of nitrogen in the X2 =0 and v =1 states by two-color (1+1) photon excitation near threshold, J. Chem. Phys., 1989, 91, 6006. [all data]

Stephen, Mark, et al., 1984
Stephen, K.; Mark, T.D.; Futrell, J.H.; Helm, H., Electron impact ionization of (N2)2: Appearance energies of N3+ and N4+, J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 80, 3185. [all data]

Grade, Wienecke, et al., 1983
Grade, M.; Wienecke, J.; Rosinger, W.; Hirschwald, W., Electron impact investigation of the molecules SeS(g) and TeSe(g) under high-temperature equilibrium conditions, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1983, 87, 355. [all data]

Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Achiba, Y.; Yamazaki, T.; Iwata, S., Ionization energies, Ab initio assignments, and valence electronic structure for 200 molecules in Handbook of HeI Photoelectron Spectra of Fundamental Organic Compounds, Japan Scientific Soc. Press, Tokyo, 1981. [all data]

Armentrout, Tarr, et al., 1981
Armentrout, P.B.; Tarr, S.M.; Dori, A.; Freund, R.S., Electron impact ionization cross section of metastable N2 (A2Σu+), J. Chem. Phys., 1981, 75, 2788. [all data]

Huber and Herzberg, 1979
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Sahini, Constantin, et al., 1978
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Rabalais, Debies, et al., 1974
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Lee and Rabalais, 1974
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Natalis, 1973
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Hotop and Niehaus, 1970
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Worley and Jenkins, 1938
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Kovacs, I., On an intercombination transition of the N2 molecule, Opt. Spectrosc. Engl. Transl., 1970, 28, 239, In original 444. [all data]

Saum and Benesch, 1970, 2
Saum, K.A.; Benesch, W.M., W3Δu-X1Σg+ system of N2, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1970, 2, 1655. [all data]

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Artym, 1966
Artym, R.I., Formula for the vibrational transitions of the triplet states B3Πg - A3u+ of nitrogen, Opt. Spectrosc. Engl. Transl., 1966, 2, 2, In original 4. [all data]

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Van Der Ziel, A., Predissociation in the first positive group of N2 and its bearing on the electronic level diagram of the nitrogen molecule, Physica (The Hague), 1934, 1, 353. [all data]

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Ung, 1976
Ung, A.Y.-M., Observations of the high vibrational levels of N2(B3Πg) in the Lewis-Rayleigh afterglow of nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 65, 2987. [all data]

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Jeunehomme, 1966
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Wurster, 1962
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Lindholm, 1969
Lindholm, E., Rydberg series in small molecules. III. Rydberg series in N2, Ark. Fys., 1969, 40, 111. [all data]

Carroll, 1973
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Huber and Herzberg, 1979, 2
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Notes

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