Azulene

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas308.kJ/molChydRoth, Bohm, et al., 1983ALS
Δfgas280.kJ/molCcbKovats, Gunthard, et al., 1957Correction to Kovats, Gunthard, et al., 1955; ALS

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Cp,gas (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
81.96200.Kovats E., 1955GT
128.41298.15
129.41300.
176.36400.
216.27500.
248.19600.
274.30700.
295.35800.
312.75900.
327.361000.

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C10H7- + Hydrogen cation = Azulene

By formula: C10H7- + H+ = C10H8

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1538. ± 10.kJ/molTDEqMeot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988gas phase; Acidity seriously disagrees with high level calculations. Dissociative to acetylide? C-3is most acidic site by G3MP2B3 calns.; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1507. ± 8.4kJ/molTDEqMeot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988gas phase; Acidity seriously disagrees with high level calculations. Dissociative to acetylide? C-3is most acidic site by G3MP2B3 calns.; B

C6H7N+ + Azulene = (C6H7N+ • Azulene)

By formula: C6H7N+ + C10H8 = (C6H7N+ • C10H8)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr58.6kJ/molPHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr110.J/mol*KN/AMeot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
24.315.PHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

5Hydrogen + Azulene = Bicyclo[5.3.0]decane

By formula: 5H2 + C10H8 = C10H18

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-414.1 ± 0.54kJ/molChydTurner, Meador, et al., 1957liquid phase; solvent: Acetic acid; ALS

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to C10H8+ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)7.42 ± 0.02eVN/AN/AL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Proton affinity (review)925.2kJ/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Gas basicity896.kJ/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV) Method Reference Comment
0.7900 ± 0.0080LPESSchiedt, Knott, et al., 2000B
0.69 ± 0.10TDEqChowdhury, Heinis, et al., 1986ΔGea(423 K) = -18.0 kcal/mol; ΔSea = +4.5 eu.; B
0.80 ± 0.10LPESAndo, Mitsui, et al., 2008Stated electron affinity is the Vertical Detachment Energy; B
0.690 ± 0.040ECDChen, Chen, et al., 1992B
0.681 ± 0.043KineGrimsrud, Chowdhury, et al., 1985B
0.6560 ± 0.0080ECDBecker and Chen, 1966B
<0.520 ± 0.013ECDWojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981EA is an upper limit: Chen and Wentworth, 1989. G3MP2B3 calculations indicate an EA of ca. 0.6 eV.; B
>0.460008ESChaney, Christophorou, et al., 1970Lifetime: Compton and Huebner, 1969; B

Proton affinity at 298K

Proton affinity (kJ/mol) Reference Comment
927.6Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM

Gas basicity at 298K

Gas basicity (review) (kJ/mol) Reference Comment
896.6Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
7.38 ± 0.03PIJochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992LL
7.32 ± 0.05EQMautner(Meot-Ner), Nelsen, et al., 1984LBLHLM
7.41 ± 0.05EQMautner(Meot-Ner), 1980LLK
7.43 ± 0.04PEBoschi, Clar, et al., 1974LLK
7.43 ± 0.01PEDewar and Worley, 1969RDSH
7.42 ± 0.05PEEland and Danby, 1968RDSH
7.41PIKitagawa, Inokuchi, et al., 1966RDSH
7.408SKitagawa, Harada, et al., 1966RDSH
7.431 ± 0.006SClark, 1965RDSH
7.4CTSFinch, 1964RDSH
7.42PEDougherty, Lewis, et al., 1980Vertical value; LLK
7.44 ± 0.03PEHeilbronner, Hoshi, et al., 1976Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion AE (eV) Other Products MethodReferenceComment
C4H3+20.90 ± 0.102C2H2+C2HPIJochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992LL
C4H4+19.1 ± 0.1C4H2+C2H2PIJochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992LL
C4H4+17.8 ± 0.10?EIVanBrunt and Wacks, 1964RDSH
C5H3+18.5 ± 0.1C3H3+C2H2PIJochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992LL
C5H4+19.63 ± 0.15C3H3+C2HPIJochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992LL
C6H3+19.2 ± 0.15?EIVanBrunt and Wacks, 1964RDSH
C6H4+17.30 ± 0.052C2H2PIJochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992LL
C6H4+16.7 ± 0.15?EIVanBrunt and Wacks, 1964RDSH
C6H5+17.21 ± 0.05C2H2+C2HPIJochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992LL
C6H5+16.9 ± 0.10?EI2Winters and Kiser, 1964RDSH
C6H6+14.25 ± 0.05C4H2PIJochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992LL
C6H6+13.86 ± 0.05?EIVanBrunt and Wacks, 1964RDSH
C8H5+17.7 ± 0.1C2H2+HPIJochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992LL
C8H5+16.3 ± 0.15?EIVanBrunt and Wacks, 1964RDSH
C8H6+13.96 ± 0.05C2H2PIJochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992LL
C8H6+13.6 ± 0.10C2H2EIVanBrunt and Wacks, 1964RDSH
C10H6+14.2 ± 0.1H2PIJochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992LL
C10H6+14.7 ± 0.10H2EIVanBrunt and Wacks, 1964RDSH
C10H7+14.0 ± 0.1HPIJochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992LL
C10H7+14.0 ± 0.10HEIVanBrunt and Wacks, 1964RDSH

De-protonation reactions

C10H7- + Hydrogen cation = Azulene

By formula: C10H7- + H+ = C10H8

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1538. ± 10.kJ/molTDEqMeot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988gas phase; Acidity seriously disagrees with high level calculations. Dissociative to acetylide? C-3is most acidic site by G3MP2B3 calns.; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1507. ± 8.4kJ/molTDEqMeot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988gas phase; Acidity seriously disagrees with high level calculations. Dissociative to acetylide? C-3is most acidic site by G3MP2B3 calns.; B

Ion clustering data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

C6H7N+ + Azulene = (C6H7N+ • Azulene)

By formula: C6H7N+ + C10H8 = (C6H7N+ • C10H8)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr58.6kJ/molPHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr110.J/mol*KN/AMeot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
24.315.PHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated

IR Spectrum

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Gas Phase Spectrum

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IR spectrum
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Additional Data

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Owner NIST Standard Reference Data Program
Collection (C) 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin Sadtler Research Labs Under US-EPA Contract
State gas

This IR spectrum is from the NIST/EPA Gas-Phase Infrared Database .


Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Mass spectrum
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Additional Data

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Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.

Owner NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin Japan AIST/NIMC Database- Spectrum MS-NW-1983
NIST MS number 227951

All mass spectra in this site (plus many more) are available from the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library. Please see the following for information about the library and its accompanying search program.


UV/Visible spectrum

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Eugeny B. Stern, Antonina A. Goncharova, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina

Spectrum

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UVVis spectrum
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Additional Data

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Source Nozoe, Seto, et al., 1962
Owner INEP CP RAS, NIST OSRD
Collection (C) 2007 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin INSTITUTE OF ENERGY PROBLEMS OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, RAS
Source reference RAS UV No. 3172
Instrument n.i.g.
Melting point 99
Boiling point 270; 125(10)

Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
PackedC78, Branched paraffin130.1326.0Dallos, Sisak, et al., 2000He; Column length: 3.3 m
PackedC78, Branched paraffin130.1329.7Reddy, Dutoit, et al., 1992Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 3.3 m
CapillaryOV-1130.1296.Engewald, Wennrich, et al., 1979Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.23 mm

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-51311.Rostad and Pereira, 198630. m/0.26 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 6. K/min, 300. C @ 20. min
CapillarySE-521292.Carugno and Rossi, 1967N2, 1.8 K/min; Column length: 65. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm; Tstart: 100. C; Tend: 300. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-Wax1706.Shimoda, Wu, et al., 199660. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 230. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryMethylsiloxane + 5 % Ph-groups1299.Nadim, Malik, et al., 201130. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 60. C @ 2. min, 7. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min

Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryFFAP1729.Piyachaiseth, Jirapakkul, et al., 201160. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 45. C @ 1. min, 5. K/min, 220. C @ 5. min
CapillaryInnowax1746.Kaypak and Avsar, 200830. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 200. C @ 15. min

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillarySupelcowax-101736.Lee and Kim, 200230. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (5 min) 4 0C/min -> 150 0C 8 0C/min -> 240 0C
CapillaryCP-Wax 52CB1710.Vernin, 1991Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified

Lee's RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-5223.74Rostad and Pereira, 198630. m/0.26 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 6. K/min, 300. C @ 20. min
CapillarySE-52219.95Lee, Vassilaros, et al., 197912. m/0.3 mm/0.34 μm, He, 2. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 250. C

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Roth, Bohm, et al., 1983
Roth, W.R.; Bohm, M.; Lenhartz, H-W.; Vogel, E., Heats of hydrogenation. Part 5. Resonance energy of bridged [10]annulenes, Angew. Chem., 1983, 95, 1011-1012. [all data]

Kovats, Gunthard, et al., 1957
Kovats, E.; Gunthard, H.; Plattner, A., Die tabellen 4 und 5 enthalten numerische fehler und lanten richtig, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1957, 40, 000. [all data]

Kovats, Gunthard, et al., 1955
Kovats, E.; Gunthard, Hs.H.; Plattner, Pl.A., Thermische eigenschaften von azulenen, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1955, 38, 1912-1919. [all data]

Kovats E., 1955
Kovats E., Thermochemical properties of azulene, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1955, 38, 1912-1919. [all data]

Meot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988
Meot-ner, M.; Liebman, J.F.; Kafafi, S.A., Ionic Probes of Aromaticity in Annelated Rings, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 18, 5937, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00226a001 . [all data]

Meot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986
Meot-Ner (Mautner), M.; El-Shall, M.S., Ionic Charge Transfer Complexes. 1. Cationic Complexes with Delocalized and Partially Localized pi Systems, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 15, 4386, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00275a026 . [all data]

Turner, Meador, et al., 1957
Turner, R.B.; Meador, W.R.; Doering, W.E.; Knox, L.H.; Mayer, J.R.; Wiley, D.W., Heats of hydrogenation. III. Hydrogenation of cycllooctatetraene and of some seven-membered non-benzenoid aromatic compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 79, 4127-4133. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Schiedt, Knott, et al., 2000
Schiedt, J.; Knott, W.J.; Le Barbu, K.; Schlag, E.W.; Weinkauf, R., Microsolvation of similar-sized aromatic molecules: Photoelectron spectroscopy of bithiophene-, azulene-, and naphthalene-water anion clusters, J. Chem. Phys., 2000, 113, 21, 9470-9478, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1319874 . [all data]

Chowdhury, Heinis, et al., 1986
Chowdhury, S.; Heinis, T.; Grimsrud, E.P.; Kebarle, P., Entropy Changes and Electron Affinities from Gas-Phase Electron Transfer Equilibria: A- + B = A + B-, J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 12, 2747, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100403a037 . [all data]

Ando, Mitsui, et al., 2008
Ando, N.; Mitsui, M.; Nakajima, A., Photoelectron spectroscopy of cluster anions of naphthalene and related aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Phys., 2008, 128, 15, 154318, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2903473 . [all data]

Chen, Chen, et al., 1992
Chen, E.C.M.; Chen, E.S.; Milligan, M.S.; Wentworth, W.E.; Wiley, J.R., Experimental Determination of the Electron Affinities of Nitrobenzene, Nitrotoluenes, Pentafluoronitrobenzene, and Isotopic Nitrobenzenes an, J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 5, 2385, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100184a069 . [all data]

Grimsrud, Chowdhury, et al., 1985
Grimsrud, E.P.; Chowdhury, S.; Kebarle, P., Thermal energy electron detachment rate constants. The electron detachment from azulene- and the electron affinity of azulene, J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, 3983. [all data]

Becker and Chen, 1966
Becker, R.S.; Chen, E., Extension of Electron Affinities and Ionization Potentials of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Phys., 1966, 45, 7, 2403, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1727954 . [all data]

Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981
Wojnarovits, L.; Foldiak, G., Electron capture detection of aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 1981, 206, 511. [all data]

Chen and Wentworth, 1989
Chen, E.C.M.; Wentworth, W.E., Experimental Determination of Electron Affinities of Organic Molecules, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1989, 171, 271. [all data]

Chaney, Christophorou, et al., 1970
Chaney, E.L.; Christophorou, L.G.; Collins, P.M.; Carter, J.C., Electron Attachment in the Field of the Ground and Excited States of the Azulene Molecule, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 52, 9, 4413, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1673666 . [all data]

Compton and Huebner, 1969
Compton, R.N.; Huebner, R.H., Temporary Attachment of Electrons to Azulene-h8 and Azulene-d8, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 51, 7, 3132, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1672468 . [all data]

Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000
Aue, D.H.; Guidoni, M.; Betowski, L.D., Ab initio calculated gas-phase basicities of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 2000, 201, 283. [all data]

Jochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992
Jochims, H.-W.; Rasekh, H.; Ruhl, E.; Baumgartel, H.; Leach, S., The photofragmentation of naphthalene and azulene monocations in the energy range 7-22 eV, Chem. Phys., 1992, 168, 159. [all data]

Mautner(Meot-Ner), Nelsen, et al., 1984
Mautner(Meot-Ner), M.; Nelsen, S.F.; Willi, M.R.; Frigo, T.B., Special effects of an unusually large neutral to radical cation geometry change. Adiabatic ionization energies and proton affinities of alkylhydrazines, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 7384. [all data]

Mautner(Meot-Ner), 1980
Mautner(Meot-Ner), M., Ion thermochemistry of low volatility compounds in the gas phase. 3. Polycyclic aromatics: Ionization energies, proton, and hydrogen affinities. Extrapolations to graphite, J. Phys. Chem., 1980, 84, 2716. [all data]

Boschi, Clar, et al., 1974
Boschi, R.; Clar, E.; Schmidt, W., Photoelectron spectra of polynuclear aromatics. III. The effect of nonplanarity in sterically overcrowded aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 60, 4406. [all data]

Dewar and Worley, 1969
Dewar, M.J.S.; Worley, S.D., Photoelectron spectra of molecules. I. Ionization potentials of some organic molecules and their interpretation, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 654. [all data]

Eland and Danby, 1968
Eland, J.H.D.; Danby, C.J., Inner ionization potentials of aromatic compounds, Z. Naturforsch., 1968, 23a, 355. [all data]

Kitagawa, Inokuchi, et al., 1966
Kitagawa, T.; Inokuchi, H.; Kodera, K., Photoionization of polycyclic aromatic compounds in vacuum ultraviolet region. Azulene, J.Mol. Spectry., 1966, 21, 267. [all data]

Kitagawa, Harada, et al., 1966
Kitagawa, T.; Harada, Y.; Inokuchi, H.; Kodera, K., Absorption spectrum of vapor phase azulene in vacuum ultraviolet region, J. Mol. Spectry., 1966, 19, 1. [all data]

Clark, 1965
Clark, L.B., Ionization potential of azulene, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 43, 2566. [all data]

Finch, 1964
Finch, A.C.M., Charge-transfer spectra and the ionization energy of azulene, J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 2272. [all data]

Dougherty, Lewis, et al., 1980
Dougherty, D.; Lewis, J.; Nauman, R.V.; McGlynn, S.P., Photoelectron spectroscopy of azulenes, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 19, 21. [all data]

Heilbronner, Hoshi, et al., 1976
Heilbronner, E.; Hoshi, T.; von Rosenberg, J.L.; Hafner, K., Alkyl-induced, natural hypsochromic shifts of the 2A←2X and 2B←2X transitions of azulene and naphthalene radical cations, Nouv. J. Chim., 1976, 1, 105. [all data]

VanBrunt and Wacks, 1964
VanBrunt, R.J.; Wacks, M.E., Electron-impact studies of aromatic hydrocarbons. III. Azulene and naphthalene, J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 41, 3195. [all data]

Winters and Kiser, 1964
Winters, R.E.; Kiser, R.W., A mass spectrometric investigation of nickel tetracarbonyl and iron pentacarbonyl, Inorg. Chem., 1964, 3, 699. [all data]

Nozoe, Seto, et al., 1962
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Dallos, Sisak, et al., 2000
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Notes

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