Bromine

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Constants of diatomic molecules, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔfH°gas7.388 ± 0.026kcal/molReviewCox, Wagman, et al., 1984CODATA Review value
ΔfH°gas7.388kcal/molReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in June, 1982
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
S°gas,1 bar58.668 ± 0.001cal/mol*KReviewCox, Wagman, et al., 1984CODATA Review value
S°gas,1 bar58.647cal/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in June, 1982

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H° − H°298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
    Cp = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Temperature (K) 332.503 to 3400.3400. to 6000.
A 9.2082298.363500
B -0.4724752.211341
C 0.364748-0.564433
D -0.0474180.036887
E -0.044411-10.29550
F 4.511521-1.784841
G 69.6669065.39921
H 7.3876707.387670
ReferenceChase, 1998Chase, 1998
Comment Data last reviewed in June, 1982 Data last reviewed in June, 1982

Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Constants of diatomic molecules, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
MS - José A. Martinho Simões
B - John E. Bartmess
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Reactions 1 to 50

C8H6MoO3 (cr) + Bromine (solution) = Hydrogen bromide (solution) + Cyclopentadienylmolybdenumtricarbonyl bromide (cr)

By formula: C8H6MoO3 (cr) + Br2 (solution) = HBr (solution) + C8H5BrMoO3 (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-35.8 ± 2.8kcal/molN/ANolan, López de la Vega, et al., 1986solvent: Carbon tetrachloride; The reaction enthalpy was calculated Nolan, López de la Vega, et al., 1986 from the experimental values for the enthalpies of the following reactions: Mo(Cp)(CO)3(H)(cr) + 2Br2(solution) = Mo(Cp)(CO)2(Br)3(solution) + HBr(solution) + CO(solution), -60.7 ± 2.0 kcal/mol, and Mo(Cp)(CO)3(Br)(cr) + Br2(solution) = Mo(Cp)(CO)2(Br)3(solution) + CO(solution), -24.9 ± 2.0 kcal/mol; MS

C16H10Mo2O6 (cr) + Bromine (solution) = 2Cyclopentadienylmolybdenumtricarbonyl bromide (cr)

By formula: C16H10Mo2O6 (cr) + Br2 (solution) = 2C8H5BrMoO3 (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-42.2 ± 4.1kcal/molN/ANolan, López de la Vega, et al., 1986solvent: Carbon tetrachloride; The reaction enthalpy was calculated Nolan, López de la Vega, et al., 1986 from the experimental values for the enthalpies of the following reactions: [Mo(Cp)(CO)3]2(cr) + 3Br2(solution) = 2Mo(Cp)(CO)2(Br)3(solution) + 2CO(solution), -92.0 ± 1.0 kcal/mol, and Mo(Cp)(CO)3(Br)(cr) + Br2(solution) = Mo(Cp)(CO)2(Br)3(solution) + CO(solution), -24.9 ± 2.0 kcal/mol; MS

Bromine anion + Bromine = (Bromine anion • Bromine)

By formula: Br- + Br2 = (Br- • Br2)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°30.4 ± 1.7kcal/molCIDTNizzi, Pommerening, et al., 1998gas phase; B
ΔrH°33.70kcal/molN/ACheck, Faust, et al., 2001gas phase; Fe-; ; ΔS(EA)=5.8; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrG°22.50kcal/molN/ACheck, Faust, et al., 2001gas phase; Fe-; ; ΔS(EA)=5.8; B

1-Butene + Bromine = Butane, 1,2-dibromo-

By formula: C4H8 + Br2 = C4H8Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-28.90kcal/molCmLister, 1941gas phase; Heat of bromination at 300 K; ALS
ΔrH°-29.44 ± 0.20kcal/molCmConn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1938gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -29.59 ± 0.20 kcal/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

2-Butene, (E)- + Bromine = erythro-2,3-Dibromobutane

By formula: C4H8 + Br2 = C4H8Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-28.95 ± 0.20kcal/molCmConn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1938gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -29.08 ± 0.20 kcal/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

Ethylene + Bromine = Ethane, 1,2-dibromo-

By formula: C2H4 + Br2 = C2H4Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-28.90 ± 0.30kcal/molCmConn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1938gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -29.06 ± 0.30 kcal/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

Propene + Bromine = Propane, 1,2-dibromo-

By formula: C3H6 + Br2 = C3H6Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-29.27 ± 0.20kcal/molCmConn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1938gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -29.41 ± 0.20 kcal/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

Hydrogen bromide + Benzene, (bromomethyl)- = Toluene + Bromine

By formula: HBr + C7H7Br = C7H8 + Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°8.1 ± 1.0kcal/molEqkBenson and Buss, 1957gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = 8.0 ± 0.9 kcal/mol; ALS

Carbonic dibromide = Carbon monoxide + Bromine

By formula: CBr2O = CO + Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°8.10 ± 0.10kcal/molEqkDunning and Pritchard, 1972gas phase; ALS
ΔrH°1.0 ± 0.1kcal/molEqkSchumacher and Bergmann, 1931gas phase; ALS

Trimethylindium (l) + 3Bromine (l) = Br3In (cr) + 3Methane, bromo- (g)

By formula: C3H9In (l) + 3Br2 (l) = Br3In (cr) + 3CH3Br (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-159.0 ± 1.0kcal/molRSCClarke and Price, 1968Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977 and Cox and Pilcher, 1970, 2.; MS

Mercury, dimethyl- (l) + 2Bromine (l) = 2Methane, bromo- (g) + Mercury(II) bromide (cr)

By formula: C2H6Hg (l) + 2Br2 (l) = 2CH3Br (g) + Br2Hg (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-72.20 ± 0.60kcal/molRSCHartley, Pritchard, et al., 1950Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977 and Cox and Pilcher, 1970, 2.; MS

Stannane, trimethyl(phenylmethyl)- (l) + Bromine (g) = Benzene, (bromomethyl)- (l) + C3H9BrSn (l)

By formula: C10H16Sn (l) + Br2 (g) = C7H7Br (l) + C3H9BrSn (l)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-54.2 ± 0.2kcal/molRSCPedley and Skinner, 1959Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977 and Cox and Pilcher, 1970, 2.; MS

Stannane, tetramethyl- (l) + Bromine (g) = C3H9BrSn (l) + Methane, bromo- (g)

By formula: C4H12Sn (l) + Br2 (g) = C3H9BrSn (l) + CH3Br (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-48.30 ± 0.69kcal/molRSCPedley, Skinner, et al., 1957Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977 and Cox and Pilcher, 1970, 2.; MS

C8H6MoO3 (cr) + 2Bromine (solution) = C7H5Br3MoO2 (solution) + Hydrogen bromide (solution) + Carbon monoxide (solution)

By formula: C8H6MoO3 (cr) + 2Br2 (solution) = C7H5Br3MoO2 (solution) + HBr (solution) + CO (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-60.7 ± 2.0kcal/molRSCNolan, López de la Vega, et al., 1986solvent: Carbon tetrachloride; MS

Propanedioic acid + Bromine = Hydrogen bromide + Propanedioic acid, 2-bromo-

By formula: C3H4O4 + Br2 = HBr + C3H3BrO4

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-15.8 ± 0.69kcal/molCmKoros, Orban, et al., 1979liquid phase; solvent: Sulfuric acid (1M); Bromination; ALS

Hexamethylditin (l) + Bromine (l) = 2C3H9BrSn (l)

By formula: C6H18Sn2 (l) + Br2 (l) = 2C3H9BrSn (l)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-70.24 ± 0.50kcal/molRSCPedley, Skinner, et al., 1957Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977 and Cox and Pilcher, 1970, 2.; MS

C16H10Mo2O6 (cr) + 3Bromine (solution) = 2C7H5Br3MoO2 (solution) + 2Carbon monoxide (solution)

By formula: C16H10Mo2O6 (cr) + 3Br2 (solution) = 2C7H5Br3MoO2 (solution) + 2CO (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-92.0 ± 1.0kcal/molRSCNolan, López de la Vega, et al., 1986solvent: Carbon tetrachloride; MS

Hydrogen bromide + Bromoacetone = Acetone + Bromine

By formula: HBr + C3H5BrO = C3H6O + Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°7.4 ± 2.0kcal/molEqkKing, Golden, et al., 1971gas phase; Heat of bromination at 516-618 K; ALS

Cyclopentadienylmolybdenumtricarbonyl bromide (cr) + Bromine (solution) = C7H5Br3MoO2 (solution) + Carbon monoxide (solution)

By formula: C8H5BrMoO3 (cr) + Br2 (solution) = C7H5Br3MoO2 (solution) + CO (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-24.9 ± 2.0kcal/molRSCNolan, López de la Vega, et al., 1986solvent: Carbon tetrachloride; MS

C12H7MnO5 (cr) + 1.5Bromine (g) = Benzene, (bromomethyl)- (g) + manganese dibromide (cr) + 5Carbon monoxide (g)

By formula: C12H7MnO5 (cr) + 1.5Br2 (g) = C7H7Br (g) + Br2Mn (cr) + 5CO (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-46.5 ± 1.9kcal/molHAL-HFCConnor, Zafarani-Moattar, et al., 1982MS

Bromine + Cyclooctene = 1,2-Dibromocyclooctane

By formula: Br2 + C8H14 = C8H14Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-29.310kcal/molCmLister, 1941gas phase; Heat of bromination at 300 K; ALS

C6F3MnO5 (cr) + 1.5Bromine (g) = manganese dibromide (cr) + 5Carbon monoxide (g) + Bromotrifluoromethane (g)

By formula: C6F3MnO5 (cr) + 1.5Br2 (g) = Br2Mn (cr) + 5CO (g) + CBrF3 (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-41.3 ± 0.7kcal/molHAL-HFCConnor, Zafarani-Moattar, et al., 1982MS

C7F3MnO6 (cr) + 1.5Bromine (g) = manganese dibromide (cr) + 6Carbon monoxide (g) + Bromotrifluoromethane (g)

By formula: C7F3MnO6 (cr) + 1.5Br2 (g) = Br2Mn (cr) + 6CO (g) + CBrF3 (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-38.6 ± 0.5kcal/molHAL-HFCConnor, Zafarani-Moattar, et al., 1982MS

Cyclohexene + Bromine = Cyclohexane, 1,2-dibromo-

By formula: C6H10 + Br2 = C6H10Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-33.630kcal/molCmLister, 1941gas phase; Heat of bromination at 300 K; ALS

Cycloheptene + Bromine = 1,2-Dibromocycloheptane

By formula: C7H12 + Br2 = C7H12Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-30.44kcal/molCmLister, 1941gas phase; Heat of bromination at 300 K; ALS

1-Heptene + Bromine = C7H14Br2

By formula: C7H14 + Br2 = C7H14Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-30.24kcal/molCmLister, 1941gas phase; Heat of bromination at 300 K; ALS

Cyclopentene + Bromine = Cyclopentane, 1,2-dibromo,trans-

By formula: C5H8 + Br2 = C5H8Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-28.61 ± 0.60kcal/molCmLister, 1941gas phase; Halogenation at 27 C; ALS

Manganese, pentacarbonylmethyl- (cr) + 1.5Bromine (g) = manganese dibromide (cr) + 5Carbon monoxide (g) + Methane, bromo- (g)

By formula: C6H3MnO5 (cr) + 1.5Br2 (g) = Br2Mn (cr) + 5CO (g) + CH3Br (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-50.0 ± 0.7kcal/molHAL-HFCConnor, Zafarani-Moattar, et al., 1982MS

Manganese, acetylpentacarbonyl-, (OC-6-21)- (cr) + 1.5Bromine (g) = manganese dibromide (cr) + 6Carbon monoxide (g) + Methane, bromo- (g)

By formula: C7H3MnO6 (cr) + 1.5Br2 (g) = Br2Mn (cr) + 6CO (g) + CH3Br (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-38. ± 1.kcal/molHAL-HFCConnor, Zafarani-Moattar, et al., 1982MS

Benzene, (bromomethyl)- + 0.5Hydrogen = Toluene + 0.5Bromine

By formula: C7H7Br + 0.5H2 = C7H8 + 0.5Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-0.9 ± 0.5kcal/molChydAshcroft, Carson, et al., 1963liquid phase; ALS

C10H22Mg (cr) + Hydrogen (g) + Bromine (l) = 2Neopentane (l) + Br2Mg (cr)

By formula: C10H22Mg (cr) + H2 (g) + Br2 (l) = 2C5H12 (l) + Br2Mg (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-160.0 ± 1.6kcal/molRSCAkkerman, Schat, et al., 1983MS

Ethene, tetrafluoro- + Bromine = 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane

By formula: C2F4 + Br2 = C2Br2F4

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-38.48kcal/molCmLacher, Casali, et al., 1956gas phase; Heat of bromination; ALS

2Benzene, bromo- + Mercury(II) bromide = Mercury, diphenyl- + 2Bromine

By formula: 2C6H5Br + Br2Hg = C12H10Hg + 2Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°78.53 ± 0.80kcal/molCmChernick, Skinner, et al., 1956liquid phase; ALS

Dimanganese decacarbonyl (cr) + 2Bromine (g) = 2manganese dibromide (cr) + 10Carbon monoxide (g)

By formula: C10Mn2O10 (cr) + 2Br2 (g) = 2Br2Mn (cr) + 10CO (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-63.0 ± 2.0kcal/molHAL-HFCConnor, Zafarani-Moattar, et al., 1982MS

Hydrogen + 2Methane, bromo- = 2Methane + Bromine

By formula: H2 + 2CH3Br = 2CH4 + Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-6.6 ± 0.6kcal/molChydAdams, Carson, et al., 1966liquid phase; ALS

2-Butene, (Z)- + Bromine = Erythro-2,3-dibromobutane

By formula: C4H8 + Br2 = C4H8Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-30.18 ± 0.20kcal/molCmConn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1938gas phase; At 355 °K; ALS

2-Butene, 2-methyl- + Bromine = 2,3-dibromo-2-methylbutane

By formula: C5H10 + Br2 = C5H10Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-30.40 ± 0.20kcal/molCmConn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1938gas phase; At 355 °K; ALS

2-Butenedioic acid, 2-methyl-, (Z)- + Bromine = 2-Butenedioic acid, 2-methyl-, (E)- + Bromine

By formula: C5H6O4 + Br2 = C5H6O4 + Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-1.2 ± 0.2kcal/molEqkJwo, Huang, et al., 1987solid phase; HPLC; ALS

Bromine + Ethene, chlorotrifluoro- = 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

By formula: Br2 + C2ClF3 = C2Br2ClF3

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-31.61kcal/molCmLacher, Casali, et al., 1956gas phase; Heat of bromination; ALS

Br3- + Bromine = (Br3- • Bromine)

By formula: Br3- + Br2 = (Br3- • Br2)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°9.1 ± 1.7kcal/molCIDTNizzi, Pommerening, et al., 1998gas phase; B

Manganese pentacarbonyl bromide (cr) + 0.5Bromine (g) = manganese dibromide (cr) + 5Carbon monoxide (g)

By formula: C5BrMnO5 (cr) + 0.5Br2 (g) = Br2Mn (cr) + 5CO (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°2.4 ± 0.43kcal/molHAL-HFCConnor, Zafarani-Moattar, et al., 1982MS

Hydrogen + 2Ethyl bromide = 2Ethane + Bromine

By formula: H2 + 2C2H5Br = 2C2H6 + Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°5.6 ± 3.0kcal/molChydAshcroft, Carson, et al., 1965liquid phase; ALS

Trichloromethane + Bromine = Hydrogen bromide + Methane, bromotrichloro-

By formula: CHCl3 + Br2 = HBr + CBrCl3

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-1.4 ± 0.1kcal/molEqkMendenhall, Golden, et al., 1973gas phase; ALS

Difluoromethane + Bromine = Hydrogen bromide + Methane, bromodifluoro-

By formula: CH2F2 + Br2 = HBr + CHBrF2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-9.54 ± 0.07kcal/molEqkOkafo and Whittle, 1974gas phase; ALS

Carbon Tetrachloride + Bromine = bromine chloride + Methane, bromotrichloro-

By formula: CCl4 + Br2 = BrCl + CBrCl3

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°8.8 ± 0.3kcal/molEqkMendenhall, Golden, et al., 1973gas phase; ALS

Fluoroform + Bromine = Hydrogen bromide + Bromotrifluoromethane

By formula: CHF3 + Br2 = HBr + CBrF3

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-3.3kcal/molEqkCorbett, Tarr, et al., 1963gas phase; At 298 K; ALS

Methane, tribromo- + Bromine = Hydrogen bromide + Carbon tetrabromide

By formula: CHBr3 + Br2 = HBr + CBr4

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-1.7 ± 0.7kcal/molEqkKing, Golden, et al., 1971, 2gas phase; ALS

Hydrogen bromide + Bromotrifluoromethane = Fluoroform + Bromine

By formula: HBr + CBrF3 = CHF3 + Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°4.59 ± 0.25kcal/molEqkCoomber and Whittle, 1967gas phase; ALS

Methane + Bromine = Hydrogen bromide + Methane, bromo-

By formula: CH4 + Br2 = HBr + CH3Br

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°-6.3 ± 0.2kcal/molEqkFerguson, Okafo, et al., 1973gas phase; ALS

Propane, 1,2-dibromo-2-methyl- = 1-Propene, 2-methyl- + Bromine

By formula: C4H8Br2 = C4H8 + Br2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°33.40 ± 0.11kcal/molCmSunner and Wulff, 1974liquid phase; ALS

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Constants of diatomic molecules, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to Br2+ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)10.517 ± 0.003eVN/AN/AL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV) Method Reference Comment
2.42002ECDAyala, Wentworth, et al., 1981Vertical Detachment Energy: 1.60 eV; B
2.60 ± 0.20NBIEDispert and Lacmann, 1977B
2.62 ± 0.20EndoHughes, Lifschitz, et al., 1973B
2.55 ± 0.10NBIEBaeda, 1972B
2.51 ± 0.10EndoChupka, Berkowitz, et al., 1971B
2.87 ± 0.14EIAEDeCorpo and Franklin, 1971From CBr4; B
1.470 ± 0.050NBIEHubers, Kleyn, et al., 1976Stated electron affinity is the Vertical Detachment Energy; B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
10.518 ± 0.003TEYencha, Hopkirk, et al., 1995LL
10.516 ± 0.005TERuscic and Berkowitz, 1994LL
10.51 ± 0.02PIMonks, Stief, et al., 1994LL
10.5 ± 0.3EILau and Hildenbrand, 1987LBLHLM
10.515 ± 0.005PEVan Lonkhuyzen and De Lange, 1984LBLHLM
10.55PEKimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981LLK
10.52EVALHuber and Herzberg, 1979LLK
10.8 ± 0.2EIKaposi, Popovic, et al., 1977LLK
10.51 ± 0.01PEPotts and Price, 1971LLK
10.7 ± 0.1EIDeCorpo and Franklin, 1971LLK
10.51PECornford, Frost, et al., 1971LLK
10.52 ± 0.01PIDibeler, Walker, et al., 1970RDSH
10.56 ± 0.01SVenkateswarlu, 1968RDSH
10.51PEDyke, Josland, et al., 1984Vertical value; LBLHLM
10.57PEUtsunomiya, Kobayashi, et al., 1976Vertical value; LLK
10.92PEUtsunomiya, Kobayashi, et al., 1976Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion AE (eV) Other Products MethodReferenceComment
Br+10.48 ± 0.02Br-PIMorrison, Hurzeler, et al., 1960RDSH
Br+10.38 ± 0.05Br-EIFrost and McDowell, 1960RDSH
Br+10.31Br-PIWatanabe, 1957RDSH

Anion protonation reactions

Bromine anion + Hydrogen cation = Hydrogen bromide

By formula: Br- + H+ = HBr

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°323.540 ± 0.050kcal/molD-EABlondel, Cacciani, et al., 1989gas phase; reported: 27129.170±0.015 cm-1; B
ΔrH°323.4 ± 2.1kcal/molG+TSTaft and Bordwell, 1988gas phase; B
ΔrH°320.60kcal/molN/ACheck, Faust, et al., 2001gas phase; F-; ; ΔS(acid)=19.2; ΔS(EA)=6.4; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrG°318.30 ± 0.15kcal/molH-TSBlondel, Cacciani, et al., 1989gas phase; reported: 27129.170±0.015 cm-1; B
ΔrG°318.2 ± 2.0kcal/molIMRETaft and Bordwell, 1988gas phase; B
ΔrG°315.40kcal/molN/ACheck, Faust, et al., 2001gas phase; F-; ; ΔS(acid)=19.2; ΔS(EA)=6.4; B

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Constants of diatomic molecules, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: John E. Bartmess

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

Bromine anion + Bromine = (Bromine anion • Bromine)

By formula: Br- + Br2 = (Br- • Br2)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°30.4 ± 1.7kcal/molCIDTNizzi, Pommerening, et al., 1998gas phase
ΔrH°33.70kcal/molN/ACheck, Faust, et al., 2001gas phase; Fe-; ; ΔS(EA)=5.8
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrG°22.50kcal/molN/ACheck, Faust, et al., 2001gas phase; Fe-; ; ΔS(EA)=5.8

Br3- + Bromine = (Br3- • Bromine)

By formula: Br3- + Br2 = (Br3- • Br2)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°9.1 ± 1.7kcal/molCIDTNizzi, Pommerening, et al., 1998gas phase

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Additional Data

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Owner NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin J. PASSMORE, DEP. CHEM., NEW BRUNSWICK UNIV., CANADA
NIST MS number 98246

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Constants of diatomic molecules

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Klaus P. Huber and Gerhard H. Herzberg

Data collected through September, 1976

Symbols used in the table of constants
SymbolMeaning
State electronic state and / or symmetry symbol
Te minimum electronic energy (cm-1)
ωe vibrational constant – first term (cm-1)
ωexe vibrational constant – second term (cm-1)
ωeye vibrational constant – third term (cm-1)
Be rotational constant in equilibrium position (cm-1)
αe rotational constant – first term (cm-1)
γe rotation-vibration interaction constant (cm-1)
De centrifugal distortion constant (cm-1)
βe rotational constant – first term, centrifugal force (cm-1)
re internuclear distance (Å)
Trans. observed transition(s) corresponding to electronic state
ν00 position of 0-0 band (units noted in table)
Diatomic constants for 79Br2
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
RydbergFragments of additional Rydberg series converging to A 2Πu of Br2+.
↳missing citation
Rydberg series converging to X2 2Πg,3/2 of Br2+ : ν = 88306 1 - R/(n-δ)2 , δ = 2.416, 2.446, 2.591, 2.629, n = 5,6,7.
↳missing citation
Rydberg series converging to X1 2Πg,3/2 of Br2+ : ν = 85165 2 - R/(n-1.843)2 ,n=5,...,12.
↳missing citation
Rydberg series converging to X1 2Πg,3/2 of Br2+ : ν = 85165 2 - R/(n-1.938)2 ,n=5,...,18.
↳missing citation
Rydberg series converging to X1 2Πg,3/2 of Br2+ : ν = 85165 2 - R/(n-δ)2 , δ = 2.225, 2.422, 2.593, n = 5,...,20.
↳missing citation
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
N 76537 230 3         N ← X R 76491 H
↳missing citation
M 74060 241 3 H (0.3)        M ← X R 74019 H
↳missing citation
L 72727 218 3 H 3        L ← X R 72674 H
↳missing citation
Several groups of diffuse emission bands in the region 23600 - 50000 cm-1 have been assigned Venkateswarlu, 1947 to transitions from four states at 47000, 55534, 61444, 66500 cm-1 to various repulsive states arising from Br(2P3/2,1/2) + Br(2P3/2,1/2) .
↳Venkateswarlu, 1947
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
(K ) 4           (K) ← X 
↳Venkateswarlu, 1969
(K)  293 3 5         l → X R 62266 H
↳Haranath and Rao, 1958
(K )  426 3 5         M → X V 60879 H
↳Haranath and Rao, 1958
(K)  281 3 5         L → X R 59855 H
↳Haranath and Rao, 1958
  6          
↳Rao and Venkateswarlu, 1964
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
H (56820) 108 3 7 1.5        H → B (40890) 7
↳Verma, 1958
G 56337 (255) $eH         G → X $gR 56303 H
↳Haranath and Rao, 1958
F 52191 (120) 3 H         F → X 8 R 52090 H
↳Haranath and Rao, 1958
E 51634.0 150.9 3 0.495 9        E ↔ B 10 35724 3
↳Venkateswarlu and Verma, 1958; missing citation; Wieland, Tellinghuisen, et al., 1972
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
D 48499 162 3 0.29        D → B 32595
↳Venkateswarlu and Verma, 1958, 2
C 1Πu 1u (24000) 11          C 12 ← X (24000)
↳Cordes and Sponer, 1930; Aickin and Bayliss, 1938; Mulliken, 1940; Rees, 1947; Bayliss and Sullivan, 1954; Coxon, 1973
B 3Πu 0u+ 15902.47 167.607 Z 1.6361 13 -0.009369 0.059589 14 15 16 0.0004891  3.013E-08 17  2.67757 B ↔ X 12 18 16 R 15823.47 Z
↳missing citation; missing citation; Holzer, Murphy, et al., 1970; Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974; Ault, Howard, et al., 1975
A 3Πu 1u 13905 153 3 H 2.7 19  0.0588 20 21 (0.0008)    2.695 A ↔ X 12 18 21 R 13818 22
↳Horsley, 1967; missing citation; Coxon, 1972
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
X 1Σg+ 0 325.321 Z 1.0774 -0.002298 0.082107 23 0.0003187 -0.000001045 2.092E-08 17  2.28105 24  

Notes

1The interval of 3141 cm-1 between X1 2Π3/2 and X2 2Π1/2 of Br2+ derived from the Rydberg series does not agree with the value 2820 cm-1 from the photoelectron spectrum Cornford, Frost, et al., 1971. The discrepancy may be accounted for by assuming that instead of v'=0 as suggested in Venkateswarlu, 1969 the 2Π1/2 series listed here have v'=2 while the 2Π3/2 series have v'=1 (see 2).
2According to the photoionization and photoelectron value of the ionization potential (see 26) the five 2Π3/2 Rydberg series in the table refer to v'=l. Vibrational structure; see Venkateswarlu, 1969.
3Normal isotopic mixture.
4Extensive system of absorption bands in the region 59000 - 67000 cm-1; no analysis. This system may include transitions to the upper states of:
5a) emission systems of Haranath and Rao, 1958
6b) a long resonance series (63817 - 53779 cm-1).
7The vibrational analysis is doubtful since only v"=21-32 were observed. v00 (extrapolated) and Te are different from Verma, 1958 to allow for the new data on the B state Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974.
8System H-X of Haranath and Rao, 1958, not observed in absorption.
9ωeze= +0.000065; vibrational constants from the reanalysis Wieland, Tellinghuisen, et al., 1972 of the emission data of Venkateswarlu and Verma, 1958 and the absorption data of Briggs and Norrish, 1963. See 10 .
10It is not entirely certain that the lower state is B 3Πu,0+ and not A 3Πu,1.
11Several absorption continua beyond 19580 cm-1 corresponding to a number of electronic transitions including that to C 1Πu with maximum at 24000 cm-1.
12Also observed in magnetic circular dichroism Brith, Rowe, et al., 1975 and photofragment Oldman, Sander, et al., 1975 spectra. The latter authors confirm Mulliken's Mulliken, 1940 prediction that C 1Πu dissociates into 2Π3/2 + 2Π3/2 and observe evidence for several excited g states by two-photon photofragment studies near 28000 and 38000 cm-1.
13(for v≤8). Vibrational levels observed to v=55, dissociation limit (2P3/2+2P1/2) at 19579.76 cm-1 above X 1Σg+(v=0,J=0). See 16. Absorption in the B 0u+ continuum Bondybey, Bearder, et al., 1976.
14Hfs observed in v=12 (81Br2) and v=17(79Br2); see Eng and LaTourrette, 1974.
15Predissociation was observed Lum and McAfee, 1975, Lum and Hozack, 1975 for v=42, J=33 by the laser-molecular beam technique. B → X emitted in the recombination of Br(2P3/2) atoms shows strong enhancement of bands with 5<v'< 10 presumably on account of inverse predissociation Clyne, Coxon, et al., 1971. See also 18.
16RKR potential function and Franck-Condon factors Coxon, 1971, Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974. For the behavior of the potential function near the dissociation limit 13 see Goscinski, 1972, Yee and Stone, 1973, LeRoy, 1974.
17Dv and higher order constants in Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974.
18Estimated radiative lifetimes for A and B range from 1000 to 2000 and 12 to 70 μs, respectively Coxon, 1972, Coxon, 1973, Bondybey, Bearder, et al., 1976. For the B state Capelle, Sakurai, et al., 1971 find total lifetimes of the order of 1 μs; minima (~0.2 μs) occur for v=1 and 14 probably on account of predissociation. For lifetimes near the dissociation limit 13 of B see McAfee and Hozack, 1976.
19Convergence limit for 79Br2 at 15894.6 cm-1 above X 1Σg+ (v=0,J=0), corresponding to 2P3/2 + 2P3/2. A weak continuous spectrum joins onto the limit and overlaps the main absorption system B ← X; see Sulzmann, Bien, et al., 1967.
20Extrapolated from v=7; constants for v=0.. .6 have not been determined. Bv, Dv, Hv, and Λ-type doubling constants for v=7...24 in Coxon, 1972.
21RKR potential function and Franck-Condon factors Coxon, 1972.
22Based on ΔG'(v=0-7) from low-resolution emission spectra Clyne and Coxon, 1967 of normal Br2 and the origin of the 7-0 79Br2 band at 14739.14 cm-1 derived from Coxon, 1972 and Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974.
23RKR potential curve Coxon, 1971, Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974. Hfs observed Eng and LaTourrette, 1974 in v=4 (81Br2) and v=7 (79Br2).
24Raman sp. 29
25From Barrow, Clark, et al., 1974; corresponding values for 79,81Br2 and 81Br2 are 1.97082 and 1.97095 eV (short extrapolation of B 0u+)
26From photoionization Dibeler, Walker, et al., 1970; supported by measurements at different temperatures. In good agreement with 10.51 eV obtained by photoelectron spectroscopy Frost, McDowell, et al., 1967, Cornford, Frost, et al., 1971, Potts and Price, 1971. A slightly higher value, 10.56 eV, was derived Venkateswarlu, 1969 from the Rydberg series in the VUV. It is probable that this value refers to v'=1.
27System J-X of Haranath and Rao, 1958, not observed in absorption.
28(valid for v≤8).
29Resonance Raman spectra in the gas Holzer, Murphy, et al., 1970, 2, Baierl and Kiefer, 1975, in solid argon Ault, Howard, et al., 1975; pure rotational Raman spectrum Baierl, Hochenbleicher, et al., 1975.

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Constants of diatomic molecules, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984
Cox, J.D.; Wagman, D.D.; Medvedev, V.A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984, 1. [all data]

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

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Nolan, S.P.; López de la Vega, R.; Hoff, C.D., J. Organometal. Chem., 1986, 315, 187. [all data]

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Nizzi, K.E.; Pommerening, C.A.; Sunderlin, L.S., Gas-phase thermochemistry of polyhalide anions, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1998, 102, 39, 7674-7679, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9824508 . [all data]

Check, Faust, et al., 2001
Check, C.E.; Faust, T.O.; Bailey, J.M.; Wright, B.J.; Gilbert, T.M.; Sunderlin, L.S., Addition of Polarization and Diffuse Functions to the LANL2DZ Basis Set for P-Block Elements, J. Phys. Chem. A,, 2001, 105, 34, 8111, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp011945l . [all data]

Lister, 1941
Lister, M.W., Heats of organic reactions. X. Heats of bromination of cyclic olefins, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1941, 63, 143-149. [all data]

Conn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1938
Conn, J.B.; Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Smith, E.A., Heats of organic reactions. VII. Addition of halogens to olefins, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60, 2764-2771. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Benson and Buss, 1957
Benson, S.W.; Buss, J.H., The thermodynamics of bromination of toluene and the heat of formation of the benzyl radical, J. Phys. Chem., 1957, 61, 104-109. [all data]

Dunning and Pritchard, 1972
Dunning, B.K.; Pritchard, H.O., The enthalpy of formation of bromophosgene, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1972, 4, 213-218. [all data]

Schumacher and Bergmann, 1931
Schumacher, H.-J.; Bergmann, P., Die kinetik und photochemie des bromphosgens, Z. Phys. Chem., 1931, 13, 269-284. [all data]

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Pedley and Rylance, 1977
Pedley, J.B.; Rylance, J., Computer Analysed Thermochemical Data: Organic and Organometallic Compounds, University of Sussex, Brigton, 1977. [all data]

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Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds in Academic Press, New York, 1970. [all data]

Hartley, Pritchard, et al., 1950
Hartley, K.; Pritchard, H.O.; Skinner, H.A., Thermochemistry of metallic alkyls. III.?mercury dimethyl and mercury methyl halides, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1950, 46, 1019, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9504601019 . [all data]

Pedley and Skinner, 1959
Pedley, J.B.; Skinner, H.A., Thermochemistry of metallic alkyls. Part 9.?Heats of bromination of some organo-tin compounds, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1959, 55, 544, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9595500544 . [all data]

Pedley, Skinner, et al., 1957
Pedley, J.B.; Skinner, H.A.; Chernick, C.L., Thermochemistry of metallic alkyls. Part 8.?Tin tetramethyl, and hexamethyl distannane, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1957, 53, 1612, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9575301612 . [all data]

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King, Golden, et al., 1971
King, K.D.; Golden, D.M.; Benson, S.W., Thermochemistry of the gas-phase equilibrium CH3COCH3 + Br2 = CH3COCH2Br + HBr. The enthalpy of formation of bromoacetone, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1971, 3, 129-134. [all data]

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Connor, J.A.; Zafarani-Moattar, M.T.; Bickerton, J.; El-Saied, N.I.; Suradi, S.; Carson, R.; Al Takkhin, G.; Skinner, H.A., Organomet., 1982, 1, 1166. [all data]

Ashcroft, Carson, et al., 1963
Ashcroft, S.J.; Carson, A.S.; Pedley, J.B., Thermochemistry of reductions caused by lithium aluminium hydride. Part 2.-The heats of formation of benzyl bromide, benzyl iodide and the benzyl radical, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1963, 59, 2713-2717. [all data]

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Adams, Carson, et al., 1966
Adams, G.P.; Carson, A.S.; Laye, P.G., Thermochemistry of reductions caused by lithium aluminium hydride. Part 4.-Heat of formation of methyl bromide, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1966, 62, 1447-1449. [all data]

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Jwo, J-J.; Huang, C-Y.; Chang, E-F.; Wu, R.R., Kinetic study of the bromine-catalyzed isomerization of methyl- and chloro-maleic acids in aqueous Ce(IV)-Br- -H2SO4 medium, J. Chin. Chem. Soc. (Taipei), 1987, 34, 247-256. [all data]

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Notes

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