Nitrogen

Formula: N₂
Molecular weight: 28.0134
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/N2/c1-2
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 7727-37-9
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Other names: Nitrogen gas; N2; UN 1066; UN 1977; Dinitrogen; Molecular nitrogen; Diatomic nitrogen; Nitrogen-14
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Information on this page:
Other data available:
- Gas phase thermochemistry data
- Phase change data
- Reaction thermochemistry data: reactions 51 to 100, reactions 101 to 150, reactions 151 to 156
- Henry's Law data
- Ion clustering data
- Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
- Fluid Properties
Data at other public NIST sites:
- Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections (on physics web site)
- Gas Phase Kinetics Database
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Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Constants of diatomic molecules, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
MS - José A. Martinho Simões
B - John E. Bartmess
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Reactions 1 to 50

+ Nitrogen = ( • )

By formula: NO^- + N₂ = (NO^- • N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.6 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1989	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	4.7	kcal/mol	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; Δ_rS+-2.9 cal/mol*K; M
Δ_rH°	4.4	kcal/mol	HPMS	Speller, Fitaire, et al., 1983	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Δ_rH°	5.2	kcal/mol	HPMS	Turner and Conway, 1976	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	4.5	kcal/mol	DT	Johnsen, Huang, et al., 1975	gas phase; corrected for ln T by Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1989	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	13.8	cal/mol*K	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; Δ_rS+-2.9 cal/mol*K; M
Δ_rS°	13.3	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Speller, Fitaire, et al., 1983	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Δ_rS°	18.9	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Turner and Conway, 1976	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	15.7	cal/mol*K	DT	Johnsen, Huang, et al., 1975	gas phase; corrected for ln T by Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.5	200.	FA	Dunkin, Fehsenfeld, et al., 1971	gas phase; M

+ Nitrogen = ( • )

By formula: N₂⁺ + N₂ = (N₂⁺ • N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	24.4 to 24.4	kcal/mol	RNG	N/A	Range of 6 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	16.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Teng and Conway, 1973	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	19.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Payzant and Kebarle, 1970	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	11.	cal/mol*K	DT	Varney, 1968	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Δ_rS°	-1.	cal/mol*K	DT	Varney, 1959	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

+ Nitrogen = ( • )

By formula: O₂⁺ + N₂ = (O₂⁺ • N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.0 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	5.2	kcal/mol	HPMS	Speller and Fitaire, 1983	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	5.7	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Janik and Conway, 1967	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	15.8	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Speller and Fitaire, 1983	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	18.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Janik and Conway, 1967	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.0	296.	FA	Howard, Bierbaum, et al., 1972	gas phase; M

(HN₂⁺ • 4 Nitrogen ) + = (HN₂⁺ • 5)

By formula: (HN₂⁺ • 4N₂) + N₂ = (HN₂⁺ • 5N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.0 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Mori, 1989	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	3.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Saluja, et al., 1979	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Mori, 1989	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	20.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Saluja, et al., 1979	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
1.4	92.	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Saluja, et al., 1979	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 7 Nitrogen • ) + = ( • 8 • )

By formula: (O₂^- • 7N₂ • O₂) + N₂ = (O₂^- • 8N₂ • O₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.6 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	1.53	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	18.0	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 2 Nitrogen ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 2N₂) + N₂ = (O₂⁺ • 3N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.2 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	3.5	kcal/mol	HPMS	Speller and Fitaire, 1983	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.6	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	12.1	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Speller and Fitaire, 1983	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

( • Nitrogen ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • N₂) + N₂ = (O₂⁺ • 2N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.5 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	4.3	kcal/mol	HPMS	Speller and Fitaire, 1983	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	13.8	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Speller and Fitaire, 1983	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

( • Nitrogen ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (NO^- • N₂) + N₂ = (NO^- • 2N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.2 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1989	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	3.9	kcal/mol	HPMS	Speller and Fitaire, 1983	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1989	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	12.6	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Speller and Fitaire, 1983	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

C₃N₂NiO₃ (solution) = C₃NiO₃ (solution) + Nitrogen (solution)

By formula: C₃N₂NiO₃ (solution) = C₃NiO₃ (solution) + N₂ (solution)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	10. ± 1.	kcal/mol	KinS	Turner, Simpson, et al., 1983	solvent: Liquid krypton; The reaction enthalpy relies on the experimental value for the activation enthalpy, 10. ± 1. kcal/mol, and on the assumption that the activation enthalpy for product recombination is negligible Turner, Simpson, et al., 1983.; MS

N⁺ + Nitrogen = (N⁺ • )

By formula: N⁺ + N₂ = (N⁺ • N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	59.4	kcal/mol	N/A	National Bureau of Standards, 1968	gas phase; from Δ_rH(f); M
Δ_rH°	60.	kcal/mol	EI	Saporoschenko, 1965	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	59.	kcal/mol	EI	Franklin, Dibeler, et al., 1958	gas phase; M

Enthalpy of reaction

Δ_rH° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
86.2 (+1.8,-0.)		CID	Haynes, Freysinger, et al., 1995	gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

+ Nitrogen = ( • )

By formula: Cu⁺ + N₂ = (Cu⁺ • N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.2	kcal/mol	HPMS	El-Shall, Schriver, et al., 1989	gas phase; Cu+ from laser desrption; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	16.	cal/mol*K	HPMS	El-Shall, Schriver, et al., 1989	gas phase; Cu+ from laser desrption; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.4	kcal/mol	HPMS	El-Shall, Schriver, et al., 1989	gas phase; Cu+ from laser desrption; M

(HN₂⁺ • 2 Nitrogen ) + = (HN₂⁺ • 3)

By formula: (HN₂⁺ • 2N₂) + N₂ = (HN₂⁺ • 3N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.4 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Mori, 1989	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	3.8	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Saluja, et al., 1979	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Mori, 1989	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	20.	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Saluja, et al., 1979	gas phase; M

(HN₂⁺ • 3 Nitrogen ) + = (HN₂⁺ • 4)

By formula: (HN₂⁺ • 3N₂) + N₂ = (HN₂⁺ • 4N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.3 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Mori, 1989	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	3.5	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Saluja, et al., 1979	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Mori, 1989	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	20.	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Saluja, et al., 1979	gas phase; M

(HN₂⁺ • Nitrogen ) + = (HN₂⁺ • 2)

By formula: (HN₂⁺ • N₂) + N₂ = (HN₂⁺ • 2N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.6 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Mori, 1989	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	4.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Saluja, et al., 1979	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Mori, 1989	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	18.	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Saluja, et al., 1979	gas phase; M

+ Nitrogen = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + N₂ = (Na⁺ • N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.0	kcal/mol	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.6	cal/mol*K	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
2.2	310.	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
2.0	310.	DT	Beyer and Keller, 1971	gas phase; low E/N; M

HN₂⁺ + Nitrogen = (HN₂⁺ • )

By formula: HN₂⁺ + N₂ = (HN₂⁺ • N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	16.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Saluja, et al., 1979	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	14.5	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1974	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Saluja, et al., 1979	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	20.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1974	gas phase; M

C₃₉H₆₆N₂O₃P₂W (solution) + (g) = C₃₉H₆₈O₃P₂W (solution) + Nitrogen (g)

By formula: C₃₉H₆₆N₂O₃P₂W (solution) + H₂ (g) = C₃₉H₆₈O₃P₂W (solution) + N₂ (g)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.40 ± 0.41	kcal/mol	EqS	Gonzalez and Hoff, 1989	solvent: Tetrahydrofuran; Temperature range: 288-308 K; MS

C₃₉H₆₆MoO₃P₃ (solution) + Nitrogen (g) = C₃₉H₆₆MoN₂O₃P₂ (solution)

By formula: C₃₉H₆₆MoO₃P₃ (solution) + N₂ (g) = C₃₉H₆₆MoN₂O₃P₂ (solution)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	-9.01 ± 0.60	kcal/mol	EqS	Gonzalez and Hoff, 1989	solvent: Tetrahydrofuran; Temperature range: 294-308 K; MS

( • 2 Nitrogen • 3) + = ( • 3 • 3)

By formula: (H₃O⁺ • 2N₂ • 3H₂O) + N₂ = (H₃O⁺ • 3N₂ • 3H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.2	kcal/mol	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; Δ_rH, Δ_rS approximate; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	6.4	cal/mol*K	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; Δ_rH, Δ_rS approximate; M

( • 4 Nitrogen ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 4N₂) + N₂ = (O₂⁺ • 5N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2.7 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	16.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.7	184.	HPMS	Speller and Fitaire, 1983	gas phase; M

( • 2 Nitrogen ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (NO^- • 2N₂) + N₂ = (NO^- • 3N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.8 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1989	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	16.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1989	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.9	204.	HPMS	Speller, Fitaire, et al., 1983	gas phase; M

( • 3 Nitrogen ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (NO^- • 3N₂) + N₂ = (NO^- • 4N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.4 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1989	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1989	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.4	204.	HPMS	Speller, Fitaire, et al., 1983	gas phase; M

( • 3 Nitrogen ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 3N₂) + N₂ = (O₂⁺ • 4N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.0 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.7	204.	HPMS	Speller and Fitaire, 1983	gas phase; M

( • 3 Nitrogen • 2) + = ( • 4 • 2)

By formula: (H₃O⁺ • 3N₂ • 2H₂O) + N₂ = (H₃O⁺ • 4N₂ • 2H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.	kcal/mol	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; Δ_rH, Δ_rS approximate; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	12.	cal/mol*K	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; Δ_rH, Δ_rS approximate; M

( • 9 Nitrogen ) + = ( • 10)

By formula: (NO^- • 9N₂) + N₂ = (NO^- • 10N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.68	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1989	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1989	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

(HN₂⁺ • 10 Nitrogen ) + = (HN₂⁺ • 11)

By formula: (HN₂⁺ • 10N₂) + N₂ = (HN₂⁺ • 11N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.72	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Mori, 1989	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka and Mori, 1989	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

O₃^- + Nitrogen = (O₃^- • )

By formula: O₃^- + N₂ = (O₃^- • N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2.70 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-2.80 ± 0.50	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; B

(C₂H₅⁺ • Nitrogen ) + = (C₂H₅⁺ • 2)

By formula: (C₂H₅⁺ • N₂) + N₂ = (C₂H₅⁺ • 2N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.6	kcal/mol	HPMS	Speller, 1983	gas phase; deuterated, Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	10.9	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Speller, 1983	gas phase; deuterated, Entropy change is questionable; M

( • Nitrogen ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (N₂⁺ • N₂) + N₂ = (N₂⁺ • 2N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2.8 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	1.4	kcal/mol	PI	Linn, Ono, et al., 1981	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	15.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M

( • ) + Nitrogen = ( • • )

By formula: (O₂⁺ • O₂) + N₂ = (O₂⁺ • N₂ • O₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2.9	kcal/mol	HPMS	Speller and Fitaire, 1983	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	10.1	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Speller and Fitaire, 1983	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

( • Nitrogen ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Na⁺ • N₂) + N₂ = (Na⁺ • 2N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.3	kcal/mol	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	16.8	cal/mol*K	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
-0.3	310.	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M

(CH₂N⁺ • 2 Nitrogen ) + = (CH₂N⁺ • 3)

By formula: (CH₂N⁺ • 2N₂) + N₂ = (CH₂N⁺ • 3N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.2	kcal/mol	HPMS	Speller, Fitaire, et al., 1982	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	13.1	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Speller, Fitaire, et al., 1982	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

(CH₂N⁺ • 3 Nitrogen ) + = (CH₂N⁺ • 4)

By formula: (CH₂N⁺ • 3N₂) + N₂ = (CH₂N⁺ • 4N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.1	kcal/mol	HPMS	Speller, Fitaire, et al., 1982	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	13.8	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Speller, Fitaire, et al., 1982	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

(CH₂N⁺ • 4 Nitrogen ) + = (CH₂N⁺ • 5)

By formula: (CH₂N⁺ • 4N₂) + N₂ = (CH₂N⁺ • 5N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.2	kcal/mol	HPMS	Speller, Fitaire, et al., 1982	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	15.2	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Speller, Fitaire, et al., 1982	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

+ 0.5 = + + 0.5 Nitrogen

By formula: C₄H₄BrNO₂ + 0.5H₄N₂ = HBr + C₄H₅NO₂ + 0.5N₂

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	-62.22 ± 0.11	kcal/mol	Cm	Howard and Skinner, 1966	solid phase; solvent: Aqueous solution; Reanalyzed by Pedley, Naylor, et al., 1986, Original value = -62.55 ± 0.11 kcal/mol; ALS

+ Nitrogen = ( • )

By formula: O₂^- + N₂ = (O₂^- • N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	N/A	Posey and Johnson, 1988	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	<13.60	kcal/mol	IMRB	Adams and Bohme, 1970	gas phase; N₂..O₂^- + O₂ -> O₄^-; B

C₁₂H₃₄P₄Ru (solution) + Nitrogen (solution) = C₁₂H₃₂N₂P₄Ru (solution) + (solution)

By formula: C₁₂H₃₄P₄Ru (solution) + N₂ (solution) = C₁₂H₃₂N₂P₄Ru (solution) + H₂ (solution)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.90	kcal/mol	PAC	Belt, Scaiano, et al., 1993	solvent: Cyclohexane; The reaction enthalpy relies on 0.85 for the quantum yield of H2 dissociation.; MS

( • 2 Nitrogen • 2) + = ( • 3 • 2)

By formula: (H₃O⁺ • 2N₂ • 2H₂O) + N₂ = (H₃O⁺ • 3N₂ • 2H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	9.0 ± 2.7	kcal/mol	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	28.4	cal/mol*K	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; M

(solution) + Nitrogen (solution) = C₈H₅N₂O₃V (solution) + (solution)

By formula: C₉H₅O₄V (solution) + N₂ (solution) = C₈H₅N₂O₃V (solution) + CO (solution)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.5 ± 1.	kcal/mol	PAC	Johnson, Popov, et al., 1991	solvent: Heptane; The reaction enthalpy relies on 0.80 for the quantum yield of CO dissociation.; MS

( • 2 Nitrogen • ) + = ( • 3 • )

By formula: (O₂^- • 2N₂ • O₂) + N₂ = (O₂^- • 3N₂ • O₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2.5 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M

( • 3 Nitrogen • ) + = ( • 4 • )

By formula: (O₂^- • 3N₂ • O₂) + N₂ = (O₂^- • 4N₂ • O₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2.2 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M

( • 4 Nitrogen • ) + = ( • 5 • )

By formula: (O₂^- • 4N₂ • O₂) + N₂ = (O₂^- • 5N₂ • O₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.9 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M

( • 5 Nitrogen • ) + = ( • 6 • )

By formula: (O₂^- • 5N₂ • O₂) + N₂ = (O₂^- • 6N₂ • O₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.8 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M

( • 6 Nitrogen • ) + = ( • 7 • )

By formula: (O₂^- • 6N₂ • O₂) + N₂ = (O₂^- • 7N₂ • O₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.7 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M

( • Nitrogen • ) + = ( • 2 • )

By formula: (O₂^- • N₂ • O₂) + N₂ = (O₂^- • 2N₂ • O₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2.8 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, 1988	gas phase; M

( • 2 Nitrogen • ) + = ( • 3 • )

By formula: (H₃O⁺ • 2N₂ • H₂O) + N₂ = (H₃O⁺ • 3N₂ • H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8. ± 2.	kcal/mol	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.	cal/mol*K	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; M

( • Nitrogen • 2) + = ( • 2 • 2)

By formula: (H₃O⁺ • N₂ • 2H₂O) + N₂ = (H₃O⁺ • 2N₂ • 2H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.2	kcal/mol	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	16.6	cal/mol*K	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; M

( • Nitrogen • 3) + = ( • 2 • 3)

By formula: (H₃O⁺ • N₂ • 3H₂O) + N₂ = (H₃O⁺ • 2N₂ • 3H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.4	kcal/mol	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	15.7	cal/mol*K	DT	Gheno and Fitaire, 1987	gas phase; M

( • 10 Nitrogen ) + = ( • 11)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 10N₂) + N₂ = (O₂⁺ • 11N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.4 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M

( • 10 Nitrogen ) + = ( • 11)

By formula: (N₂⁺ • 10N₂) + N₂ = (N₂⁺ • 11N₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.7 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Nakajima, 1988	gas phase; M

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Constants of diatomic molecules, References, Notes

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to N₂⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
IE (evaluated)	15.581 ± 0.008	eV	N/A	N/A	L
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Proton affinity (review)	118.0	kcal/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Gas basicity	111.0	kcal/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
15.581 ± 0.008	S	Trickl, Cromwell, et al., 1989	LL
15.7 ± 0.1	EI	Stephen, Mark, et al., 1984	LBLHLM
15.6 ± 0.1	EI	Grade, Wienecke, et al., 1983	LBLHLM
15.60	PE	Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981	LLK
10.1 ± 0.6	EI	Armentrout, Tarr, et al., 1981	LLK
15.58	EI	Armentrout, Tarr, et al., 1981	LLK
15.5808	EVAL	Huber and Herzberg, 1979	LLK
15.58 ± 0.02	EI	Sahini, Constantin, et al., 1978	LLK
15.5	PI	Rabalais, Debies, et al., 1974	LLK
15.58	PE	Lee and Rabalais, 1974	LLK
15.61	PE	Natalis, 1973	LLK
15.58 ± 0.01	PE	Hotop and Niehaus, 1970	RDSH
15.56	CI	Cermak, 1968	RDSH
15.58	PI	Cook and Metzger, 1964	RDSH
15.5803	S	Ogawa and Tanaka, 1962	RDSH
15.5802	S	Worley, 1943	RDSH
15.5812 ± 0.0002	S	Worley and Jenkins, 1938	RDSH
15.58	PE	Potts and Williams, 1974	Vertical value; LLK
15.60	PE	Katrib, Debies, et al., 1973	Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion	AE (eV)	Other Products	Method	Reference	Comment
N⁺	24.34	N(4So)	EI	Locht, Schopman, et al., 1975	LLK
N⁺	24.3	N	EI	Smyth, Schiavone, et al., 1973	LLK
N⁺	24.4 ± 0.25	N	EI	Crowe and McConkey, 1973	LLK
N⁺	24.32 ± 0.03	N	EI	Hierl and Franklin, 1967	RDSH
N⁺	48. ± 2.	N⁺	EI	Hierl and Franklin, 1967	RDSH
N⁺	24.32 ± 0.02	N	EI	Frost and McDowell, 1956	RDSH

Constants of diatomic molecules

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compiled by: Klaus P. Huber and Gerhard H. Herzberg

Data collected through February, 1977

Symbols used in the table of constants
Symbol	Meaning
State	electronic state and / or symmetry symbol
T_e	minimum electronic energy (cm^-1)
ω_e	vibrational constant – first term (cm^-1)
ω_ex_e	vibrational constant – second term (cm^-1)
ω_ey_e	vibrational constant – third term (cm^-1)
B_e	rotational constant in equilibrium position (cm^-1)
α_e	rotational constant – first term (cm^-1)
γ_e	rotation-vibration interaction constant (cm^-1)
D_e	centrifugal distortion constant (cm^-1)
β_e	rotational constant – first term, centrifugal force (cm^-1)
r_e	internuclear distance (Å)
Trans.	observed transition(s) corresponding to electronic state
ν₀₀	position of 0-0 band (units noted in table)

Diatomic constants for ¹⁴N₂
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
For a very detailed and critical review of the spectrum of nitrogen and its ions see the recent publication by Lofthus and Krupenie Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977. An Atlas of the VUV absorption spectrum 1060 - 1520 Å and table of absorption lines Tilford, Wilkinson, et al., 1966. Tables of band head wavelengths Wallace, 1962 Pearse and Gaydon, 1963 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977. Photoionization and absorption cross sections Huffman, Tanaka, et al., 1963 Cook and Metzger, 1964 Carter, 1972. Potential functions Gilmore, 1965 Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1965 Gartner and Thrush, 1975 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977.
Several Rydberg series (excitation of 1s_N) with limit (K edge) at 409.5 eV.
↳Nakamura, Sasanuma, et al., 1969; Werme, Grennberg, et al., 1973; Vinogradov, Shlarbaum, et al., 1974; Vinogradov, Zimkina, et al., 1974
x" (¹Σ_u⁺) 1											x" ← X	405.5₉ $eV
x" (¹Σ_u⁺) 1	↳Nakamura, Sasanuma, et al., 1969; Werme, Grennberg, et al., 1973; Vinogradov, Shlarbaum, et al., 1974; Vinogradov, Zimkina, et al., 1974
x' (¹Π_u) 2											x'↔ X	400.8₄ $eV
x' (¹Π_u) 2	↳Nakamura, Sasanuma, et al., 1969; Werme, Grennberg, et al., 1973; Vinogradov, Shlarbaum, et al., 1974; Vinogradov, Zimkina, et al., 1974
Photoionization and dissociative photoionization processes corresponding to various excited states of N₂⁺. 3
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
v ¹Π_g 4											v ← X	253000
v ¹Π_g 4	↳Lee, Wong, et al., 1975
u₅	(183640)	(2100)	(15) 5								u5←X	(183510)
u₅	↳Codling, 1966; Lee, Carlson, et al., 1973
u₄	(178565)	(2070)	(15) 5								u4 ← X	(178420)
u₄	↳Codling, 1966; Lee, Carlson, et al., 1973
Hopfield	Hopfields Rydberg series converging to B ² Σ_u⁺(v=0) of N₂⁺:
	...2σ_u1π_u⁴3σ_g²nsσ ν = 151233 - R/(m+0.141 - 0.199/m)², m=3...11 (apparent emission series)6
	↳Hopfield, 1930; missing citation; missing citation
	...2σ_u1π_u⁴3σ_g²ndσ ν = 151233 - R/(m+0.070 - 0.041/m)², m=3...20 (absorption series)7 8 9
	↳Hopfield, 1930; missing citation; missing citation
Worley	Worley's ("third") Rydberg series joining on to o₃, o₄, o₅ and converging to A ²Π_u1/2(v=0) of N₂⁺:
	...2σ_u²1π_u³3σ_g²nsσ ν = 134721 - R/(n - 1.06)², n = 3...16.10 11 12 13
	↳Worley, 1943; missing citation; missing citation
Ogawa	Ogawa and Tanaka's Rydberg series joining on to O₄, O₅ and converging to A ²Π_u3/2(v=0) of N₂⁺:
	...2σ_u²1π_u³3σ_g²nsσ ν = 134644 - R/(n)², n = 2.84, 3.85, 4.86, ..., 14.91.10 11 12 13
	↳missing citation; missing citation
Several dissociation continua in the region 100000 - 160000 cm^-1.
↳Comes and Weber, 1969; Cook, Ogawa, et al., 1973
Several unidentified bands in the region 126100 - 131550 cm^-1.
↳Ogawa, 1964
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
s	133355 14	1885 H	(12) 15								s ← X	133119 H
	↳Ogawa, 1964
	133316 14	H	( ) 15								s ← X	133080 H
	↳Ogawa, 1964
r	132878 14	1903 H	(15) 16								r ← X R	132650 H
r	↳Ogawa, 1964
q	132136 14	1900 H	(18) 17								q ← X 18	131906 H
q	↳Ogawa, 1964
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
p	129136 14	1869 H	(10) 19								p ← X R	128892 H
p	↳Ogawa, 1964
o₅ ¹Π_u	(127868)	(1935) 20	(19)								o5 ← X R	127655 HQ
o₅ ¹Π_u	↳missing citation; missing citation
O₅ (³Π_u)	127445	1925 HQ	18.₄								O5 ← X R	127227 HQ
O₅ (³Π_u)	↳missing citation; missing citation
c'_n and c_n Rydberg series converging to X ²Σ_g⁺(v=0) of N₂⁺:
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
c'_n ¹Σ_u⁺ 21											c'_n ← X
c'_n ¹Σ_u⁺ 21	↳Carroll and Yoshino, 1967; missing citation; Johns and Lepard, 1975
c_n ¹Π_u 22											c_n ← a"
c_n ¹Π_u 22	↳missing citation
c_n ¹Π_u 26											c_n ← X 23 24 25
c_n ¹Π_u 26	↳Worley and Jenkins, 1938; missing citation; missing citation; missing citation
o₄ ¹Π_u	122419	[1824.₁] H			[1.7338] 27			[4E-6]		[1.1784]	o4 ← X R	122155.4 Z
o₄ ¹Π_u	↳Ogawa and Tanaka, 1962; Yoshino, Tanaka, et al., 1975
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
O₄ (³Π_u)	121263	1982 H	27.₀								O4←X R	121071.1 H
O₄ (³Π_u)	↳Ogawa and Tanaka, 1962
c'₅ ¹Σ_u⁺	(115876)	[2221.8] Z	28		[1.345] 29						c'5←X R	115849.8 Z
c'₅ ¹Σ_u⁺	↳Carroll and Collins, 1970; missing citation
c₄ ¹Π_u	115635.₉	2220.3 Z	19.4		[1.926₁] 30	0.01₅		[6.3E-6] 30		1.116	c4 ← a"	16725.1₂ Z
c₄ ¹Π_u	↳missing citation
c₄ ¹Π_u 31											c4←X R	115565.5₃ Z
c₄ ¹Π_u 31	↳missing citation; missing citation
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
z ¹Δ_g	(115435)	(1700)			1.761	0.0153				1.169	z → w V	43411.2 32 Z
z ¹Δ_g	↳Lofthus, 1957
y ¹Π_g	114305.2 33	1906.43 33	37.51 33		1.739 33 34	0.017 33		(5.8E-6)		1.177	y → w V	42467.5 35 Z
	↳missing citation; Carroll and Subbaram, 1975
											y → a' V	46426.7 35 Z
	↳missing citation; Carroll and Subbaram, 1975
k ¹Π_g	(113808) 36	[2182.32] 33			1.959 33	0.031 33		(5.9E-6)		1.109	k → w V	41932.4 35 Z
	↳missing citation
											k → a' V	45891.7 35 Z
	↳missing citation
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
x ¹Σ_g^-	113438.0	1910.0 Z	20.7		1.750 37	0.0225		(6E-6)		1.173	x → a' V	45472.8 Z
x ¹Σ_g^-	↳Gaydon, 1944; missing citation; Rajan, 1974
d' ¹Σ_u^- or ¹Δ_u	[112500] 38										d' → a	42373 H
d' ¹Σ_u^- or ¹Δ_u	↳Herman-Montagne, 1945; Gaydon and Herman, 1946; Dressler, 1969
o3 ¹Π_u	105869 39	1987.4 39	16.3 39		1.7339 39	0.0088 39		(5.3E-6)		1.1784	o3→a V	36731
	↳Janin and Crozet, 1946; Janin, 1950
											o3 ← X 40 R	105683
	↳Worley, 1943; Yoshino, Tanaka, et al., 1975
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
H ³Φ_u	(105720)	924.21 Z	12.29	-0.173	1.0873	0.0191		[7.0E-₆] 41		1.4881	(H → ?) 42	12407.2 H
	↳Herman, 1951; Carroll and Sayers, 1953
											H → G 43 V	17897.08 44 Z
	↳Gaydon, 1944, 2; Herman-Montagne, 1945; Grun, 1954; missing citation
c'₄ ¹Σ_u⁺	104519 45	2201.78 45	25.199 45		1.9612 45	0.0436 45				1.1080	c'₄ → a VR	35371.2 Z
	↳missing citation
											c'₄ ↔ X 46 R	104323.3 47 Z
	↳Tilford and Wilkinson, 1964; Carroll and Yoshino, 1967; Carroll and Collins, 1969; Dressler, 1969; Carroll and Collins, 1970
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
c₃ ¹Π_u	104476	2192.20 48	14.70 48		1.9320 48	0.0395 48				1.1163	c₃ → a R_V	(35187.0) (Z
	↳Janin, 1950
											c₃ ↔ X 49 R	104138.2 50 Z
	↳Carroll and Collins, 1969; Dressler, 1969
b' ¹Σ_u⁺	104498 51	760.08 51	4.418 51	0.1093	1.1549 51 52	0.007387 51	-7.50E-5			1.4439	b' → a R	53
	↳Lofthus, 1957
											b' ↔ X 49 R	103673.8 54 Z
	↳Wilkinson and Houk, 1956; Carroll and Collins, 1970
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
D ³Σ_u⁺	[104746.₆] 55				[1.961]			[20E-6]		[1.108₀]	D → B 56 V	44264.₁ 57 Z
D ³Σ_u⁺	↳Gero and Schmid, 1940
b ¹Π_u	(101675)	[634.8] 58			[1.448₃] 59 60	-0.00362		[29E-6] 61		1.284₁ 62	b → a R	(31865.7) Z
	↳Gaydon, 1944; Herman-Montagne, 1945; Lofthus, 1957; Rajan, 1974
											b ↔ X 49 R	100816.9 Z
	↳Carroll and Collins, 1969; Yoshino, Tanaka, et al., 1975
a" ¹Σ_g⁺	[100016.₀]				[1.9133] 63			[6.2E-6] 63		[1.1218]	a" ← X 64	98840.30 63 Z
a" ¹Σ_g⁺	↳Lutz, 1969
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
C' ³Π_u	98351 65	791	33.5		[1.04976]	66		[10.9E-6] 67		[1.514₆]	C' ↔ B R	38255.5 68 Z
C' ³Π_u	↳missing citation; missing citation; missing citation
E ³Σ_g⁺	(95858)	[2185] H			[1.927.₃]			[6.0E-6]		[1.117₇]	E → B V	(36467.9) Z
	↳Freund, 1969
											E → A V	46019.7₂ Z
	↳missing citation
											E ← X 69
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
C" ⁵Π_u	(93500) 70
C ³Π_u	89136.88 71	2047.17₈ Z	28.445₀ 72		1.8247₃ 73	0.01868 74				1,1486₉	C → B 75 76 V	29671.0 Z
	↳Coster, Brons, et al., 1933; Dieke and Heath, 1959; missing citation; missing citation; missing citation
											C ← X 77 R	88977.89 Z
	↳Tanaka, 1955; Tanaka, Ogawa, et al., 1964; missing citation
G ³Δ_g	(87900) 78	[742.49] Z	(11.85) H		0.9280	0.0161		[5.₀E-6]		1.6107
G ³Δ_g	↳Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
A' ⁵Σ_g⁺	(78800) 79	(650) 79 80								(1.55) 81
w ¹Δ_u	72097.4	1559.26 82 H	11.63		1.498 83	0.0166				1.268	w → a 84 R	2747.29 Z
	↳McFarlane, 1966
											w ← X 77 85 R	71698.4 86 Z
	↳Tanaka, Ogawa, et al., 1964; Chutjian, Cartwright, et al., 1973
a ¹Π_g	69283.06	1694.20₈ Z	13.949₁ 87	7.93₅E-3	1.6169 88	0.01793	-2.93E-5	(5.89E-6)		1.2203	a → a' 84 V	1212.28 Z
	↳McFarlane, 1965; McFarlane, 1966, 2
											a ↔ X 89 90 R	68951.20 Z
	↳missing citation; Miller, 1970
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
a' ¹Σ_u^-	68152.66	1530.25₄ Z	12.0747 91	.04129	1.4799	0.01657	2.41E-5	(5.55E-6)		1.2755	a' ↔ X 92 R	67739.31 Z
a' ¹Σ_u^-	↳missing citation; missing citation; Campbell and Thrush, 1969; Golde, 1975; Chutjian, Cartwright, et al., 1973
B' ³Σ_u^-	66272.4₇	1516.88 Z	12.18₁ 93	.0418₆	1.473₃ 94	0.0166₆ 95	9E-6	(5.56E-6)		1.278₄	B' → B R	(6545.5) Z
	↳Carroll and Rubalcava, 1960; Dieke and Heath, 1960; Gartner and Thrush, 1975
											B'↔X 96 R	65852.35 Z
	↳missing citation; Wilkinson, 1960; missing citation; Golde and Thrush, 1972; Chutjian, Cartwright, et al., 1973
W ³Δ_u	59808	(1501.₄) Z	11.6								W ↔ B RV	73
	↳Wu and Benesch, 1968; Saum and Benesch, 1970; Benesch and Saum, 1971; Covey, Saum, et al., 1973
											W ← X 97 R	59380
	↳missing citation; Chutjian, Cartwright, et al., 1973
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
B ³Π_g	59619.3₅ 98	1733.39 Z	14.122 99	-0.0569	1.6374₅ 100	0.0179₁ 101	7.₇E-5	[5.9E-6]		1.2126₀	B ↔ A 102 103 V	9552.0₃ Z
	↳Dieke and Heath, 1959; Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977
											B ← X 104 R	59306.81 Z
	↳Wilkinson, 1962
A ³Σ_u⁺	50203.6₃	1460.64 Z	13.87₂ 105	.0103	1.4546 106	0.0180 107	-8.₈E-5	[6.15E-₆]		1.2866	A↔X 108 104 R	49754.78 Z
A ³Σ_u⁺	↳Dieke and Heath, 1959; Miller, 1965; Miller, 1966
X ¹Σ_g⁺	0	2358.57 Z	14.324 109	-2.26E-3	1.99824₁ 110	0.017318 110		[5.76E-6]		1.09768₅ 111
	- pressure induced
	↳Crawford, Welsh, et al., 1949; Bosomworth and Gush, 1965; Reddy and Cho, 1965; Shapiro and Gush, 1966; de Remigis, Welsh, et al., 1971; Sheng and Ewing, 1971; Buontempo, Cunsolo, et al., 1975
	- el. field induced
	↳Courtois and Jouve, 1975
	Raman Spectra 112
	↳Stoicheff, 1954; Butcher, Willetts, et al., 1971; Bendtsen, 1974
	Mol. beam magn. reson. 113

Notes

X-ray absorption (3sσ ← 1s_N).

X-ray absorption and emission (1π_g ↔ 1s_N), broad peak. 119

Absorption cross sections 140000-500000 cm-1 Lee, Carlson, et al., 1973, Watson, Lang, et al., 1973.

From high-energy electron impact spectroscopy.

First two members of Codling's Rydberg series. 120

Longward of the apparent emission "lines" are close-lying fairly sharp absorption "lines" Ogawa and Tanaka, 1962. Both features belong to the same Fano shape produced by the interaction of the series of Rydberg levels with the continuum joining on to the A ²Π (or, less likely, X ²Σ) limit.

Similar series with v'=1.

The first three members at 138330, 144090, 146690 cm^-1 are very broad (presumably because of preionization), the higher members are sharper and shaded to the red. No rotational structure has been resolved. Preionization also observed by electron spectroscopy Hicks, Comer, et al., 1973, Wilden, Hicks, et al., 1976.

Oscillator strengths from absorption coefficients: f(m=3,4,..) = 0.0131, 0.0053, ... Cook and Ogawa, 1970.

Similar series for v'=l [observed to n=45 (²Π_1/2) and n*=40.2 (²Π_3/2)] and for v'=2...7 Yoshino, Ogawa, et al., 1976.

Corresponding series in ¹⁵N₂ Ogawa, 1964.

Preionization observed in photoionization studies Cook and Ogawa, 1965, Comes and Weber, 1969, Carter and Berkowitz, 1973.

Preionization in absorption series having v'=1...4 was observed in active nitrogen using the photoionization technique Cook and McNeal, 1972.

These designations should not be confused with the older designations of component states of b ¹Π_u and b' ¹Σ_u⁺.

Ogawa's "new progression 4" 12

Ogawa's "new progression 3" 12 122

Ogawa's "new progression 2" 12 122

Linelike, not shaded.

Ogawa's "new progression 1" 12 122

Vibrational intervals decrease irregularly: v=0 was shown [by electron spectroscopy Wilden, Hicks, et al., 1976] to be preionized.

...1π_u⁴3σ_gnpσ 123 -Carroll and Yoshino's series joining on to c'₄, c'₅.

...1π_u⁴3σ_gnpπ 123Ledbetters series c₄, c₅, c₆.

Similar series with v'=1.

Corresponding series in ¹⁵N₂ Ogawa, 1964.

See 13.

- Worley and Jenkin's series joining on to c₃, c₄: ν = 125666.8124 - R/(m + 0.3697 - 0.3459/m + 0.532/m² - 0.960/m⁴)², m(=n-1) = 2...31.

Only v=0 [perturbed by c'₆(v=1)] is sharp: bands with v'= 1,2,3 are diffuse owing to predissociation or preionization (levels with v > 2 are above the first ionization potential).

ΔG(3/2) = 2119.7, see 29.

Strong homogeneous perturbations with the higher vibrational levels (v ≥ 18) of b' ¹Σ_u⁺ Carroll and Yoshino, 1972. The B₀ value is an effective value at low J: B_eff(v=1) = 1.28₅, B_eff(v=2)= 1.17₃. In addition, there are heterogeneous interactions with the close- lying levels of c₄ ¹Π_u. For deperturbed constants see Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972.

Constants for Π- Ledbetter, 1972; B₀(Π+) = 1.906. α_e from Carroll and Yoshino, 1972.

[A progression of six bands (v"=1-6) arises from c₄(v'=0) → a, Herman-Montagne, 1945 ]

Reevaluated from the origin of the 0-2 band. Lofthus, 1957 gives 43667.0 which was undoubtedly calculated with the constants of the a rather than of the w state.

Strong homogeneous interaction between k ¹Π_g and y ¹Π_g. The constants given are the deperturbed values from Carroll and Subbaram, 1975 and refer to Π-, the only component observed in k ¹Π_g.

Predissociation of the Π+ component above J=10 of v=0. Λ-type doubling and predissociation discussed in Mulliken, 1976.

Not deperturbed.

From the deperturbed T₀₀ = 113723.58.

0nly v'=0,1,2 observed. Predissociation (weakening of emission) at v'=2, J"≈l5 corresponding to the limit ²D+²D Lofthus, 1960; actual breaking off occurs at J'=25. See also Mulliken, 1976.

Only v'=0 observed

Deperturbed constants Yoshino, Tanaka, et al., 1975. Homogeneous interactions with levels (v > 6) of b ¹Π_u and heterogeneous perturbations by b' ¹Σ_u+.

0scil1ator strengths Carter, 1972.

D₁(E-6 cm^-1)= 4.5 Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972, D₂(E-6 cm^-1)= 6.0 Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972, D₃(E-6 cm^-1)= 5.0 Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972. See, however, Veseth, 1973.

Fragment of near infrared spectrum, ΔG"(1/2) ≈ 712.

Franck-Condon factors and r-centroids Mohamed and Khanna, 1974.

From a more detailed theoretical treatment Veseth, 1973 derives v₀₀ = 17902.400 Veseth, 1973.

Deperturbed constants Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972; ω_ey_e= +0.7874. Strong perturbations produced by interaction with b' ¹Σ_u⁺; before these perturbations were recognized Dressler, 1969, Lefebvre-Brion, 1969 the vibrational levels were attributed to independent states called p', r', k, s', h, h', h", h'". The observed vibrational intervals (from band origins) and rotational constants for v = 0,1,2,3... are: ΔG(v+1/2) = 2046.2, 2175.5, 2112.2, 2111.7 ...; B_v = 1.929, 1.711, 1.436, 1.594 ...

Radiative lifetime τ(v'=0) = 0.9 ns Hesser and Dressler, 1966, Hesser, 1968: oscillator strengths Lawrence, Mickey, et al., 1968, Carter, 1972.

Observed v₀₀, not deperturbed.

deperturbed constants Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972. Strong perturbations produced by interaction with b ¹Π_u: the observed vibrational intervals (from band heads) and rotational constants for v=0,1,2,.., are: ΔG(v+1/2) = 2401, 2146, 2103, 2042; B_v(Π-) = 1.516, 1.755, 1.813 [see Carroll and Collins, 1969, Leoni, 1972].

Oscillator strengths Lawrence, Mickey, et al., 1968, Carter, 1972.

missing note

Deperturbed constants Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972; Strong perturbations on account of interactions with c'₄, c'₅ ¹Σ_u+. Before these perturbations were recognized Carroll and Collins, 1969, Dressler, 1969, Hopfield, 1930O6a, Carroll and Collins, 1970 several of the vibrational levels were assumed to be independent states called b', g, f, r, s, t, u by Worley, 1943. The observed vibrational intervals (from band origins) and rotational constants for v= 0,1,2,3, ... are: ΔG(v+1/2) = 744.9, 732.9, 717.6, 777.7, ... ; B_v = 1.151₅, 1.15, 1.142, 1.152, .... The highest observed level is v=28. Intensity perturbations in the electron energy loss spectrum Geiger and Schroder, 1969.

The b'←X absorption bands show diffuseness indicating predissociation for v'=20, 21, 22 Carroll and Collins, 1970. Emission bands have only been observed to v'=9. For v'= 5 and above J'=12 an intensity anomaly suggesting inverse predissociation has been observed in emission Tilford and Wilkinson, 1964, 2: it corresponds to the limit ⁴S + ²P. Selective emission from v'=0,2,7 in discharges in Ar and Kr with traces of N₂ Tanaka and Nakamura, 1967.

Only the 7-0 band was observed at v₀ = 40000.7 Lofthus, 1957.

0bserved band origin, not deperturbed.

Only v=0 is observed

Lifetime τ(v=0) = 14.₁ ns Kurzweg, Egbert, et al., 1973. Franck Condon factors Hebert and Nicholls, 1969.

Extrapolated from Q₂(3) of the 0-1 band.

ΔG(3/2,5/2,...) = 700.0, 711.9, 685.2, 1151.4, 646.2, ... Carroll and Collins, 1969 [ Carroll and Collins, 1969, from band origins]. Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972 give the deperturbed constants ω_e = 461.01 Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972, ω_ex_e = -132.257 Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972, ω_ey_e = -35.005 Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972, ω_ez_e = +5.822 Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972, ...; see 59.

B_v(v=1, 2, 3...) = 1.408₆, 1.387₂, 1.38l₅, 1.42l₃ ... Carroll and Collins, 1969: Leoni and Dressler, 1972, l52a give the deperturbed constants B_e = 1.4601 Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972, α_e= 0.02624 Leoni and Dressler, 1972, Leoni, 1972, ... Strong perturbations on account of interaction with the c₃ ¹Π_u and o₃ ¹Π_u Rydberg states. Before these perturbations were recognized Carroll and Collins, 1969, Dressler, 1969 several of the vibrational levels were assumed to be independent electronic states called i, j, b, l, m, p, q Worley, 1943. Intensity perturbations in the electron energy loss spectrum Meyer, Skerbele, et al., 1965, Geiger and Schroder, 1969.

The lines of absorption bands with v'= 0,2,3,4 are broadened on account of predissociation (especially v'=3); corresponding emission bands have not been observed. The state causing the predissociation is probably C' ³Π_u Carroll and Collins, 1969; see, however, Leoni and Dressler, 1971 who find that an additional diffuse level, very likely the still missing O₃ ³Π_u(v=0) level at ~103000 cm^-1, is required to explain the broadening of v'= 3.

Effective (perturbed) D₀ value.

From the deperturbed B_e (see 59)

From Rydberg series having a" as lower state Ledbetter, 1972.

First thought to be observed as quadrupole absorption Dressler and Lutz, 1967, later recognized as pressure-induced dipole transition represented by a broad diffuse absorption band at ~99005 cm^-1 Lutz, 1969: note the large pressure shift of +165 cm^-1. The electron energy loss spectrum Lassettre, Skerbele, et al., 1966 shows a peak at 12.25 eV. Another ¹Σ_g+ state, non-Rydberg in character, is predicted to intersect a" not far from its minimum Michels, 1970.

A₀ = 2.₁₀ Ledbetter and Dressler, 1976, recalculated by Ledbetter and Dressler, 1976 from the data of Carroll, 1963 who obtained 1.1₅: A₁ = 2.73 Ledbetter and Dressler, 1976, deperturbed value Ledbetter and Dressler, 1976.

B₁(observed) = 1.2056, B₁(deperturbed) = 1.026. Strong mixing of C'(v=1) with C(v=5). Deperturbed constants and RKR potential functions are given by Ledbetter and Dressler, 1976 who have analyzed in detail the C'(v=1)←B(v=5) band for ¹⁴N₂, ¹⁴N¹⁵N and ¹⁵N₂. The perturbing level C(v=5) was recently observed by Ledbetter, 1977 in absorption from B(v=6).

H₀ = 8.3E-10.

v₀₀ = 38296.75 in Carroll, 1963 refers to the F₁ component.

Resonance-like electron impact excitation function centered at 12.2 eV with a half-width of 0.4 eV Borst, 1972. Lifetime of the E state 190 μs Borst and Zipf, 1971.

Arising from ⁴S + ²D; according to Carroll and Mulliken, 1965 responsible for the main predissociation in C ³Π_u.

A = 39.2 Budo, 1935.

ω_ey_e= +2.0883₃. ω_ez_e = -0.5350.

Breaking-off on account of predissociation Buttenbender and Herzberg, 1935 in v' = 1, 2, 3, 4 above N' = 65, 55, 43, 28, respectively, yielding an accurate dissociation limit at 97938 cm^-1 (⁴S + ²D). A second predissociation in high-pressure discharges (when the first predissociation disappears) has been found in v'=2 and 3 above N'= 80 and 67, respectively Hori and Endo, 1941. According to Carroll and Mulliken, 1965 the first predissociation is caused by C" ⁵Π_u, the second by C' ³Π_u. Predissociation in ¹⁵N₂ Frackowiak, 1964. Intensity perturbations Coster, Brons, et al., 1933, Gero, 1935, Coster and Brons, 1935.

α_v= -0.00228(v+1/2)² + 0.000733(v+1/2)³ - 0.000l5(v+1/2)⁴.

Lifetimes for v = 0,1,2 vary between 35 and 41 ns Johnson and Fowler, 1970, Imhof and Read, 1971, Dotchin and Chupp, 1973, Chen and Anderson, 1975, Osherovich and Gorshkov, 1976. For f values of C-B see Nicholls, 1963, Reis, 1964.

The head of the 0-0 band produces laser oscillation: high resolution measurements of the laser lines Parks, Rao, et al., 1968, see also Kasuya and Lide, 1967. An anomalous intensity alternation has been observed by Bleekrode, 1968, see also Fishburne, Lazdinis, et al., 1967. C(v=5) ← B(v=6) band in absorption Ledbetter, 1977. ¹⁴N¹⁵N and ¹⁵N₂ isotope shifts Shvangiradze, Oganezov, et al., 1960. RKR Franck-Condon factors Zare, Larsson, et al., 1965, Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, dependence on rotation Shumaker, 1969. Integrated band intensities Tyte, 1962. Dependence of the electronic transition moment on r Shemansky and Broadfoot, 1971, Jain, 1972: absolute transition probabilities Shemansky and Broadfoot, 1971.

RKR Franck-Condon factors Zare, Larsson, et al., 1965, Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, 2, Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977.

A₀ = -0.21, A₁ = -0.25. All constants for this state are from H→G Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972: for a more detailed theoretical treatment and somewhat different constants see Veseth, 1973.

From the predissociations in a and B Carroll, 1962: see also Oldenberg, 1957, Mulliken, 1962. The dissociation energy of this state is estimated to be between 850 and 1100 cm^-1. According to Bayes and Kistiakowsky, 1960 the ⁵Σ_g+ state plays an important role in the mechanism of the Lewis-Rayleigh afterglow of nitrogen.

For more recent results of an ab initio calculation see Krauss and Neumann, 1976.

missing note

Vibrational constants from the absorption spectrum Tanaka, Ogawa, et al., 1964, good agreement with band origin data for k→w Carroll and Subbaram, 1975.

Rotational constants from y→w Lofthus and Mulliken, 1957.

Appears in stimulated emission.

The w←X Tanaka bands appear diffuse even under high resolution Tilford, Vanderslice, et al., 1979 indicating that this is a pressure-induced transition which has apparently no measurable spontaneous transition probability Tilford and Benesch, 1976. Observed in solid N₂ by Roncin, Damany, et al., 1967.

From v₀₀(a-X)+v₀₀(w-a) McFarlane, 1966. The value from the w←X absorption spectrum is 71740.3 (head) indicating a pressure shift of ≈ +40 cm^-1; compare with a"← X.

ω_ez_e= +0.000291 Vanderslice, Tilford, et al., 1965: Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977 give very slightly different numbers.

Λ-type doubling, |q₀| = 0.00010 McFarlane, 1966. Breaking-off at low pressure above v=6, J=13 for both Λ components because of predissociation Douglas and Herzberg, 1951. The state causing the predissociation is ⁵Σ_g⁺ from ⁴S + ⁴S.

The lifetime is about 100 μs but depends strongly on v. Non-exponential decay because of radiative interactions with a' ¹Σ_u- and w ¹Δ_u Freund, 1972. See also Ching, Cook, et al., 1967, Pilling, Bass, et al., 1971 who give f values.

This transition has both a magnetic dipole and an electric quadrupole component Wilkinson and Mulliken, 1957, Vanderslice, Wilkinson, et al., 1965, see also Pilling, Bass, et al., 1971. Observed in absorption in solid N₂ by Roncin, Damany, et al., 1967. RKR Franck-Condon factors Zare, Larsson, et al., 1965, Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, 2, Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977. From intensity measurements and the Franck-Condon factors of Zare, Larsson, et al., 1965 it is concluded by McEwen and Nicholls, 1966 that the electronic transition moment can be considered as constant for most bands of this system. Comparison with intensities in the electron energy loss spectrum Lassettre, Meyer, et al., 1965.

ω_ez_e = -0.000290 Tilford, Wilkinson, et al., 1965: Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977 give very slightly different numbers.

Franck-Condon factors: f₀₀(a'-X) = 8.4E-11 Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, 2, Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977, corresponding to a lifetime of τ= 0.013 s Tilford and Benesch, 1976.

ω_ez_e = -0.000732 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977.

Spin splitting constants (v=5): λ = +0.66 Tilford, Vanderslice, et al., 1965, γ = -0.0030 Tilford, Vanderslice, et al., 1965.

Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977.

RKR Franck-Condon factors Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, 2, Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977. Rotational intensity distribution Kovacs, 1970.

Franck-Condon factors Saum and Benesch, 1970, 2.

A_e = 42.24 Bullock and Hause, 1971.

ω_ez_e = +0.00361 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977: slightly different constants are given by Artym, 1966, Bullock and Hause, 1971.

100

Predissociation above v=12,N=33 Van Der Ziel, 1934, Polak, Slovetskii, et al., 1972. The state causing the predissociation is probably A' ⁵Σ_g+. Inverse predissociation A' ⁵Σ_g+→B ³Π_g seems to be responsible for some of the phenomena in active nitrogen [see Becker, Fink, et al., 1972 and references quoted there]. The levels v'= 12,11,10 are preferably excited in the Lewis-Rayleigh afterglow: for excitation of other levels in the afterglow see Ung, 1976.

101

Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977: slightly different constants in Bullock and Hause, 1971.

102

Lifetime τ(v=0...12)= 5.0 μs Chen and Anderson, 1975, 2: see also Jeunehomme, 1966. For B-A absorption f values (f ~0.0025) see Wurster, 1962, Dronov, Sobolev, et al., 1966, Cunio and Jansson, 1968.

103

Stimulated emission for some of the lines of the 4-2, 3-1, 2-0, 2-1, 1-0, 0-0, 0-1 bands has been observed Kasuya and Lide, 1967. RKR Franck-Condon factors Zare, Larsson, et al., 1965, Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, dependence on rotation Shumaker, 1969. Dependence of the electronic transition moment on r Shemansky and Broadfoot, 1971, Jain, 1972: absolute transition probabilities Kupriyanova, Kolesnikov, et al., 1969, Shemansky and Broadfoot, 1971.

104

Franck-Condon factors Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, 2, Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977. Rotational intensity distribution in the Vegard-Kaplan bands Miller, 1970, 2.

105

ω_ez_e= -0.0019₇ Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977; slightly different constants in Artym, 1966, Bullock and Hause, 1971.

106

Spin-splitting constants (v=0): λ(v=0) = -1.33 Miller, 1965, γ(v=0) = -0.003 Miller, 1965; see also Bullock and Hause, 1971. The radio-frequency spectrum of this state was studied by the molecular beam magnetic resonance method Freund, Miller, et al., 1970, de Santis, Lurio, et al., 1973: magnetic hyperfine and electric quadrupole coupling constants.

107

Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977.

108

Lifetime τ= 1.3 s (F₂) Shemansky, 1969, Shemansky and Carleton, 1969, Meyer, Klosterboer, et al., 1971, τ= 2.5 s (F₁, F₃) Shemansky, 1969, Shemansky and Carleton, 1969, Meyer, Klosterboer, et al., 1971 levels Shemansky, 1969, Shemansky and Carleton, 1969, Meyer, Klosterboer, et al., 1971; electronic transition moment, variation with r Chandraiah and Shepherd, 1968, Broadfoot and Maran, 1969, Shemansky, 1969.

109

ω_ez_e = -0.00024 Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977. Bendtsen, 1974 gives ΔG(1/2) = 2329.916₈ and similar data for ¹⁴N¹⁵N and ¹⁵N₂.

110

From B₀ and B₁ of Bendtsen, 1974 and using γ_e = -0.00003₃ Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977.

111

Rot.-vibr.128 and rot. sp.:

112

Raman spectra of ¹⁴N¹⁵N and ¹⁵N₂ Bendtsen, 1974, Butcher and Jones, 1974.

113

g_J(¹⁵N₂) = 0.2593, sign not determined Chan, Baker, et al., 1964. For magnetic resonance spectra of metastable N₂ in the A ³Σ_u⁺ state see Freund, Miller, et al., 1970, de Santis, Lurio, et al., 1973.

114

From the predissociation in C ³Π_u assuming dissociation into ⁴S_3/2 + ²D_5/2. The latest ab initio calculation of the ground state gives D_e = 8.58 eV Dunning, Cartwright, et al., 1976.

115

From the Rydberg series.

116

Average of the two limits corresponding to ²Π_3/2 and ²Π_1/2.

117

From the data on N₂⁺.

118

From x → X of N₂⁺ and I.P.(N₂): the extrapolated K limit is 409.5 eV Nakamura, Sasanuma, et al., 1969.

119

Confirmed by electron-energy-loss measurements van der Wiel, El-Sherbini, et al., 1970. Preionization to X ²Σ_g⁺ and A ²Π_u of N₂⁺ observed by Auger electrons of 384.7 and 383.8 eV Carlson, Moddeman, et al., 1970.

120

This series, of which only two members have been observed, probably converges to C ²Σ_u+ of N₂⁺. In u₄ v=1...13, in u₅ v=3...8 have been observed, but the vibrational numbering in both states is uncertain. Evidence of preionization.

121

Interpreted as . ..ndΣ by Lindholm, 1969.

122

Preionization also observed by electron spectroscopy Hicks, Comer, et al., 1973, Wilden, Hicks, et al., 1976.

123

For higher n values c_n and c'_n+l lie close together and interact strongly (l-uncoupling). Band structures for n = 5...12 have been discussed Carroll and Yoshino, 1972, Carroll, 1973, Johns and Lepard, 1975.

124

The limit according to Yoshino [see Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977] lies at 125667.5 cm^-1 but is estimated Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977 to have an uncertainty of 5 cm^-1.

125

A₀...A₃= -12.073 ... -12.094 Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972; see also Veseth, 1973.

126

Quoted from Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977; not deperturbed. Dressler, 1969 gives 104139.

127

Also referred to as "infrared afterglow bands".

128

Predicted transition moments for quadrupole vibration spectrum Cartwright and Dunning, 1974. The quadrupole moment in the v=0 level is measured to be -1.4E-26 e.s.u. cm² Ketelaar and Rettschnick, 1963, Buckingham, Disch, et al., 1968.

References

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Constants of diatomic molecules, Notes

Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1989
Hiraoka, K.; Yamabe, S., How are Nitrogen Molecules Bound to NO2+ and NO+?, J. Chem. Phys., 1989, 90, 6, 3268, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.455880 . [all data]

Gheno and Fitaire, 1987
Gheno, F.; Fitaire, M., Association of N2 with NH4+ and H3O+(H2O)n, n = 1,2,3, J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 87, 2, 953, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.453250 . [all data]

Speller, Fitaire, et al., 1983
Speller, C.V.; Fitaire, M.; Pointu, A.M., Three - Body Association Reactions of NO+ and O2+ with N2, J. Chem. Phys., 1983, 79, 5, 2190, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.446067 . [all data]

Turner and Conway, 1976
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van der Wiel, El-Sherbini, et al., 1970
van der Wiel, M.J.; El-Sherbini, Th.M.; Brion, C.E., K shell excitation of nitrogen and carbon monoxide by electron impact, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1970, 7, 161. [all data]

Carlson, Moddeman, et al., 1970
Carlson, T.A.; Moddeman, W.E.; Pullen, B.P.; Krause, M.O., Identification of high energy lines in the K-LL Auger spectrum of N₂, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1970, 5, 390. [all data]

Lindholm, 1969
Lindholm, E., Rydberg series in small molecules. III. Rydberg series in N₂, Ark. Fys., 1969, 40, 111. [all data]

Carroll, 1973
Carroll, P.K., Band structures in N₂ Rydberg complexes, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 58, 3597. [all data]

Cartwright and Dunning, 1974
Cartwright, D.C.; Dunning, T.H., Jr., Vibrational matrix elements of the quadrupole moment of N₂(X¹Σ_g⁺), J. Phys. B:, 1974, 7, 1776. [all data]

Ketelaar and Rettschnick, 1963
Ketelaar, J.A.A.; Rettschnick, R.P.H., The quadrupole moment of nitrogen deduced from the pressure-induced rotational spectrum of nitrogen, Mol. Phys., 1963, 7, 191. [all data]

Buckingham, Disch, et al., 1968
Buckingham, A.D.; Disch, R.L.; Dunmur, D.A., The quadrupole moments of some simple molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1968, 90, 3104. [all data]

Huber and Herzberg, 1979, 2
Huber, K.P.; Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1979, 716. [all data]

Notes

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Symbols used in this document:

AE	Appearance energy
IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
T	Temperature
Δ_rG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions

Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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