Acetaldehyde

• Formula: C₂H₄O
• Molecular weight: 44.0526
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C2H4O/c1-2-3/h2H,1H3 Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 75-07-0
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Other names: Acetic aldehyde; Ethanal; Ethyl aldehyde; CH3CHO; Acetaldehyd; Aldehyde acetique; Aldeide acetica; NCI-C56326; Octowy aldehyd; Acetylaldehyde; Rcra waste number U001; UN 1089; NSC 7594
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Henry's Law data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • UV/Visible spectrum
  • Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels
  • Gas Chromatography
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
CAL - James S. Chickos, William E. Acree, Jr., Joel F. Liebman, Students of Chem 202 (Introduction to the Literature of Chemistry), University of Missouri -- St. Louis

Enthalpy of vaporization

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (atm)
    T = temperature (K)

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Enthalpy of fusion

Entropy of fusion

Entropy of fusion

Enthalpy of phase transition

Entropy of phase transition

Henry's Law data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Rolf Sander

Henry's Law constant (water solution)

k_H(T) = k°_H exp(d(ln(k_H))/d(1/T) ((1/T) - 1/(298.15 K)))
k°_H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))
d(ln(k_H))/d(1/T) = Temperature dependence constant (K)

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to C₂H₄O⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Electron affinity determinations

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

C₂H₃O^- +  =

By formula: C₂H₃O^- + H⁺ = C₂H₄O

C₂H₃O^- +  =

By formula: C₂H₃O^- + H⁺ = C₂H₄O

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Wiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991
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Pitzer K.S., Jr., Thermodynamics and vibrational spectrum of acetaldehyde, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1949, 71, 2842-2844. [all data]

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Della Vedova C.O., Raman and infrared spectra and photochemical behavior of acetaldehyde isolated in matrixes, J. Raman Spectrosc., 1991, 22, 505-507. [all data]

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East A.L.L., Ab initio statistical thermodynamical models for the computation of third-law entropies, J. Chem. Phys., 1997, 106, 6655-6674. [all data]

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Chao J., 1986
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Coleman C.F., 1949
Coleman C.F., The heat capacity of organic vapors. V. Acetaldehyde, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1949, 71, 2839-2841. [all data]

Lebedev and Vasil'ev, 1988
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Connor, Elving, et al., 1947
Connor, A.Z.; Elving, P.J.; Steingiser, S., Specific heat of acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde dibutyl acetal, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1947, 69, 1532. [all data]

Teja and Anselme, 1990
Teja, A.S.; Anselme, M.J., The critical properties of thermally stable and unstable fluids. I. 1985 results, AIChE Symp. Ser., 1990, 86, 279, 115-21. [all data]

Hollmann, 1903
Hollmann, R., Physical and natural equilibria between the modifications of aldehyde, Z. Phys. Chem., Stoechiom. Verwandtschaftsl., 1903, 43, 129-59. [all data]

Van der Waals, 1881
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Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]

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Verevkin, Krasnykh, et al., 2003
Verevkin, Sergey P.; Krasnykh, Eugen L.; Vasiltsova, Tatiana V.; Koutek, Bohumir; Doubsky, Jan; Heintz, Andreas, Vapor pressures and enthalpies of vaporization of a series of the linear aliphatic aldehydes, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2003, 206, 1-2, 331-339, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3812(03)00035-9 . [all data]

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Dykyj, J., Petrochemica, 1970, 10, 2, 51. [all data]

Kim and Kim, 1977
Kim, B.C.; Kim, D.H., Hwahak Kwa Hwahak Kongop, 1977, 20, 232. [all data]

Coles and Popper, 1950
Coles, K.F.; Popper, Felix, Vapor-Liquid Equilibria. Ethylene Oxide - Acetaldehyde and Ethylene Oxide - Water Systems, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1950, 42, 7, 1434-1438, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50487a046 . [all data]

Coleman and DeVries, 1949
Coleman, C.F.; DeVries, T., The heat capacity of organic vapors. V. Acetaldehyde, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1949, 71, 2839-28. [all data]

Bull, Seregrennaja, et al., 1963, 2
Bull, S.Sh.; Seregrennaja, I.I.; Tsherbakora, P.R., Isothermic Equilibrium of Liquid-Steam in System Water-Acetoaldehyde, Khim. Prom. (Moscow), 1963, 7, 507-509. [all data]

Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 . [all data]

Buttery, Ling, et al., 1969
Buttery, R.G.; Ling, L.C.; Guadagni, D.G., Volatilities Aldehydes, Ketones, and Esters in Dilute Water Solution, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1969, 17, 385-389. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Desfrancois, Abdoul-Carime, et al., 1994
Desfrancois, C.; Abdoul-Carime, H.; Khelifa, N.; Schermann, J.P., Fork 1/r to 1/r2 Potentials: Electron Exchange between Rydberg Atoms and Polar Molecules, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1994, 73, 18, 2436, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.2436 . [all data]

Traeger, 1985
Traeger, J.C., Heat of formation for the formyl cation by photoionization mass spectrometry, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 1985, 66, 271. [all data]

Traeger, McLouglin, et al., 1982
Traeger, J.C.; McLouglin, R.G.; Nicholson, A.J.C., Heat of formation for acetyl cation in the gas phase, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 5318. [all data]

El-Sherbini, Allam, et al., 1981
El-Sherbini, T.M.; Allam, S.H.; Migahed, M.D.; Dawoud, A.M., Mass spectrometric investigation of aliphatic aldehydes, Z. Naturforsch. A:, 1981, 36, 1334. [all data]

Jochims, Lohr, et al., 1978
Jochims, H.-W.; Lohr, W.; Baumgartel, H., Photoionization mass spectrometry studies of deuterated acetaldehydes CH₃CDO and CD₃CHO, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1978, 54, 594. [all data]

Staley, Wieting, et al., 1977
Staley, R.H.; Wieting, R.D.; Beauchamp, J.L., Carbenium ion stabilities in the gas phase and solution. An ion cyclotron resonance study of bromide transfer reactions involving alkali ions, alkyl carbenium ions, acyl cations and cyclic halonium ions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99, 5964. [all data]

Hernandez, Masclet, et al., 1977
Hernandez, R.; Masclet, P.; Mouvier, G., Spectroscopie de photoelectrons d'aldehydes et de cetones aliphatiques, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1977, 10, 333. [all data]

Holmes, Terlouw, et al., 1976
Holmes, J.L.; Terlouw, J.K.; Lossing, F.P., The thermochemistry of C₂H₄O⁺ ions, J. Phys. Chem., 1976, 80, 2860. [all data]

Meeks, Arnett, et al., 1975
Meeks, J.L.; Arnett, J.F.; Larson, D.; McGlynn, S.P., Photoelectron spectroscopy of carbonyls. Ionization assignments, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1975, 30, 190. [all data]

McGlynn and Meeks, 1975
McGlynn, S.P.; Meeks, J.L., Photoelectron spectra of carbonyls: Acetaldehyde, acetamide, biacetyl, pyruvic acid, methyl pyruvate and vamide, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1975, 6, 269. [all data]

Warneck, 1974
Warneck, P., Heat of formation of the HCO radical, Z. Naturforsch. A:, 1974, 29, 350. [all data]

Tam, Yee, et al., 1974
Tam, W.-C.; Yee, D.; Brion, C.E., Photoelectron spectra of some aldehydes and ketones, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1974, 4, 77. [all data]

Ogata, Kitayama, et al., 1974
Ogata, H.; Kitayama, J.; Koto, M.; Kojima, S.; Nihei, Y.; Kamada, H., Vacuum ultraviolet absorption and photoelectron spectra of aliphatic ketones, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1974, 47, 958. [all data]

Krassig, Reinke, et al., 1974
Krassig, R.; Reinke, D.; Baumgartel, H., Photo-reaktionen kleiner organischer molekule II. Die photoionenspektren der Isomeren propylen-cyclopropan und acetaldehyd-athylenoxyd, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1974, 78, 425. [all data]

Knowles and Nicholson, 1974
Knowles, D.J.; Nicholson, A.J.C., Ionization energies of formic and acetic acid monomers, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 60, 1180. [all data]

Chadwick and Katrib, 1974
Chadwick, D.; Katrib, A., Photoelectron spectra of acetaldehyde and acetyl halides, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1974, 3, 39. [all data]

Potapov and Sorokin, 1972
Potapov, V.K.; Sorokin, V.V., Kinetic energies of products of dissociative photoionization of molecules. I. Aliphatic ketones and alcohols, Khim. Vys. Energ., 1972, 6, 387. [all data]

Cocksey, Eland, et al., 1971
Cocksey, B.J.; Eland, J.H.D.; Danby, C.J., The effect of alkyl substitution on ionisation potential, J. Chem. Soc., 1971, (B), 790. [all data]

Matthews and Warneck, 1969
Matthews, C.S.; Warneck, P., Heats of formation of CHO⁺ and C₃H₃⁺ by photoionization, J. Chem. Phys. 5, 1969, 1, 854. [all data]

Dewar and Worley, 1969
Dewar, M.J.S.; Worley, S.D., Photoelectron spectra of molecules. I. Ionization potentials of some organic molecules and their interpretation, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 654. [all data]

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Vilesov, 1960
Vilesov, F.I., The photoionization of vapors of compounds whose molecules contain carbonyl groups, Dokl. Phys. Chem., 1960, 132, 521, In original 1332. [all data]

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Watanabe, K., Ionization potentials of some molecules, J. Chem. Phys., 1957, 26, 542. [all data]

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Walsh, A.D., The absorption spectrum of acetaldehyde in the vacuum ultra-violet, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 1946, A185, 176. [all data]

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Johnson, K.; Powis, I.; Danby, C.J., A photoelectron-photoion coincidence study of acetaldehyde and ethylene oxide molecular ions, Chem. Phys., 1982, 70, 329. [all data]

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Dorman, 1965
Dorman, F.H., Fragment ions from CH₃CHO and (CH₃)₂CO by electron impact, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 42, 65. [all data]

Burgers and Holmes, 1982
Burgers, P.C.; Holmes, J.L., Metastable ion studies. XIII. The measurement of appearance energies of metastable peaks, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1982, 17, 123. [all data]

Mead, Lykke, et al., 1984
Mead, R.D.; Lykke, K.R.; Lineberger, W.C.; Marks, J.; Brauman, J.I., Spectroscopy and Dynamics of the Dipole-Bound State of Acetaldehyde Enolate., J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 81, 11, 4883., https://doi.org/10.1063/1.447515 . [all data]

Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979
Bartmess, J.E.; Scott, J.A.; McIver, R.T., Jr., The gas phase acidity scale from methanol to phenol, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1979, 101, 6047. [all data]

Holmes and Lossing, 1982
Holmes, J.L.; Lossing, F.P., Heats of formation of the ionic and neutral enols of acetaldehyde and acetone, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 2648. [all data]

Cumming and Kebarle, 1978
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Nimlos, Soderquist, et al., 1989
Nimlos, M.R.; Soderquist, J.A.; Ellison, G.B., Spectroscopy of CH3CO- and CH3CO, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 20, 7675, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00202a001 . [all data]

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DePuy, C.H.; Bierbaum, V.M.; Damrauer, R.; Soderquist, J.A., Gas-phase reactions of the acetyl anion, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107, 3385. [all data]

Graul and Squires, 1990
Graul, S.T.; Squires, R.R., Gas-Phase Acidities Derived from Threshold Energies for Activated Reactions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 7, 2517, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00163a007 . [all data]

Graul and Squires, 1988
Graul, S.T.; Squires, R.R., On the Existence of Alkyl Carbanions in the Gas Phase, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2, 607, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00210a054 . [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  Cp,gas	Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
  Cp,liquid	Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid
  EA	Electron affinity
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  S°liquid	Entropy of liquid at standard conditions
  Tboil	Boiling point
  Tc	Critical temperature
  Tfus	Fusion (melting) point
  d(ln(kH))/d(1/T)	Temperature dependence parameter for Henry's Law constant
  k°H	Henry's Law constant at 298.15K
  ΔHtrs	Enthalpy of phase transition
  ΔStrs	Entropy of phase transition
  ΔfH°gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
  ΔfH°liquid	Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions
  ΔfusH	Enthalpy of fusion
  ΔfusS	Entropy of fusion
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔvapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
  ΔvapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions
  ρc	Critical density

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