Butyrolactone

Formula: C₄H₆O₂
Molecular weight: 86.0892
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C4H6O2/c5-4-2-1-3-6-4/h1-3H2
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 96-48-0
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Species with the same structure:
- Oxolan-2-one
Other names: 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-; γ-Butyrolactone; γ-BL; γ-Hydroxybutyric acid cyclic ester; γ-Hydroxybutyric acid lactone; γ-Hydroxybutyrolactone; Butanoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, γ-lactone; Butyric acid lactone; Butyryl lactone; Dihydro-2(3H)-furanone; Tetrahydro-2-furanone; 1,4-Butanolide; 4-Butanolide; 4-Butyrolactone; 4-Deoxytetronic acid; 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid lactone; 4-Hydroxybutyric acid lactone; 6480; 1,4-Butyrolactone; γ-6480; Butyric acid, 4-hydroxy-, γ-lactone; Butyrylactone; BLO; BLON; Dihydro-2-furanone; NCI-C55878; 1,2-Butanolide; 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid, γ-lactone; 4-Hydroxybutyric acid, γ-lactone; 2-Oxolanone; 1-Oxacyclopentan-2-one; 2-Oxotetrahydrofuran; γ-Butanolactone; γ-Hydrooxybutyric acid lactone; Agrisynth BLO; GBL; Butyric acid, 4-hydroxy-, gamma-lactone; 2(3H)-dihydrofuranone; Dihydro-(3 H)-furan-2-one; Dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one; NSC 4592; dihydro-2(3H)-furanone (γ-butyrolactone); Tetrahydrofuran-2-one; Dihydro-2(3H)-furanone (-butyrolactone); Butan-4-olide; 2-Dihydrofuranone
Information on this page:
Other data available:
Data at other public NIST sites:
- Gas Phase Kinetics Database
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH°_gas	-87.0 ± 0.8	kcal/mol	Cm	Wiberg and Waldron, 1991	Heat of reduction; ALS
Δ_fH°_gas	-87.6 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	Ccb	Leitao, Pilcher, et al., 1990	See Brown, Conn, et al., 1989; ALS
Δ_fH°_gas	-87.38 ± 0.11	kcal/mol	Ccb	Steele, Chirico, et al., 1989	ALS
Δ_fH°_gas	-90.27	kcal/mol	N/A	Ismailov, Gabzalilova, et al., 1988	Value computed using Δ_fH_liquid° value of -431.2±2.7 kj/mol from Ismailov, Gabzalilova, et al., 1988 and Δ_vapH° value of 53.5 kj/mol from Steele, Chirico, et al., 1989.; DRB
Δ_fH°_gas	-88.07	kcal/mol	N/A	Yevstropov, Lebedev, et al., 1980	Value computed using Δ_fH_liquid° value of -422.0±1.1 kj/mol from Yevstropov, Lebedev, et al., 1980 and Δ_vapH° value of 53.5 kj/mol from Steele, Chirico, et al., 1989.; DRB

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

C_p,gas (cal/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
10.39	100.	Kudchadker S.A., 1975	GT
12.19	150.
14.54	200.
18.93	273.15
20.58	298.15
20.70	300.
27.304	400.
33.167	500.
38.045	600.
42.067	700.
45.406	800.
48.205	900.
50.562	1000.
52.560	1100.
54.259	1200.
55.712	1300.
56.962	1400.
58.035	1500.

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compiled by: Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

= + Butyrolactone

By formula: C₄H₈O₃ = H₂O + C₄H₆O₂

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.08 ± 0.05	kcal/mol	Cm	Wiberg and Waldron, 1991	liquid phase

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Proton affinity (review)	200.8	kcal/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Gas basicity	193.1	kcal/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
10.26	PE	Gerson, Worley, et al., 1978	Vertical value; LLK
10.26	PE	Bain and Frost, 1973	Vertical value; LLK

Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Packed	DC-200	120.	875.	Reymond, Mueggler-Chavan, et al., 1966	Celite; Column length: 4. m
Packed	SE-30	120.	895.	Viani, Müggler-Chavan, et al., 1965	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 6. m

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	SE-54	908.	Rembold, Wallner, et al., 1989	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 0. C @ 12. min, 12. K/min; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	OV-101	865.	Ohnishi and Shibamoto, 1984	2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.23 mm; T_start: 80. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	OV-101	866.	Ohnishi and Shibamoto, 1984	2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.23 mm; T_start: 80. C; T_end: 200. C

Kovats' RI, polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1595.	Tressl, Friese, et al., 1978	He, 2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.28 mm; T_start: 70. C; T_end: 190. C

Kovats' RI, polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1641.	Brander, Kepner, et al., 1980	Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1645.	Brander, Kepner, et al., 1980	Program: not specified

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	SPB-5	915.	Engel and Ratel, 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 2. min, 3. K/min, 230. C @ 10. min
Capillary	HP-5	915.	Quijano, Salamanca, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min
Capillary	CP Sil 8 CB	901.	Mahadevan and Farmer, 2006	60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	DB-1	870.	Osorio, Alarcon, et al., 2006	25. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, 4. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 300. C
Capillary	HP-5MS	915.	Pino, Mesa, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min
Capillary	SPB-5	920.	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2004	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min
Capillary	SPB-5	916.	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min
Capillary	DB-5	908.	Dallüge, van Stee, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 2.5 K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	HP-5MS	922.	Kim T.H., Kim T.H., et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 20. min
Capillary	HP-5MS	916.	Kim, Shin, et al., 2001	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 200. C @ 20. min
Capillary	DB-1	867.	Wu, Wang, et al., 2000	60. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, N2, 5. K/min, 200. C @ 30. min; T_start: 30. C
Capillary	DB-1	861.	Lee, DeMilo, et al., 1997	60. m/0.248 mm/0.25 μm, He, 5. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	DB-1	862.	Lee, DeMilo, et al., 1997	60. m/0.248 mm/0.25 μm, He, 5. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	DB-1	864.	Lee, DeMilo, et al., 1997	60. m/0.248 mm/0.25 μm, He, 5. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	DB-5	917.	Guichard and Souty, 1988	H2, 30. C @ 5. min, 1.5 K/min; Column length: 0.32 m; Column diameter: 1. mm; T_end: 180. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	DB-Wax	1626.	Botelho, Caldeira, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 2. min, 3.5 K/min, 180. C @ 25. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1617.	Pozo-Bayon M.A., Ruiz-Rodriguez A., et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 15. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1602.	Pozo-Bayon M.A., Ruiz-Rodriguez A., et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 15. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1643.	Cho, Choi, et al., 2006	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 1. min, 4. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1640.	Cho, Choi, et al., 2006	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 1. min, 4. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min
Capillary	Innowax	1635.	Lee, Lee, et al., 2006	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1614.	Mahadevan and Farmer, 2006	60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	DB-Wax	1611.	Osorio, Alarcon, et al., 2006	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 20. min
Capillary	Stabilwax	1628.	Fang and Qian, 2005	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, N2, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 230. C @ 10. min
Capillary	Innowax	1623.	Pena, Barciela, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min, 200. C @ 2. min
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1635.	Chung, Yung, et al., 2002	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 195. C @ 90. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1664.	Claudela, Dirningera, et al., 2002	60. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 2.7 K/min, 235. C @ 30. min; T_start: 67. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1615.	Kim T.H., Kim T.H., et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 20. min
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1635.	Chung, Yung, et al., 2001	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 195. C @ 90. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1601.	Kim, Shin, et al., 2001	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 200. C @ 20. min
Capillary	DB-FFAP	1637.	Charles, Martin, et al., 2000	30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, H2, 40. C @ 2. min, 5. K/min; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1636.	Chung, 2000	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min, 195. C @ 90. min; T_start: 35. C
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1611.	Chevance and Farmer, 1999	60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	DB-Wax	1607.	Umano, Hagi, et al., 1992	He, 40. C @ 10. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	CP-WAX 57CB	1604.	Baltes and Mevissen, 1988	He, 50. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.24 mm; T_end: 210. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1650.	Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min)
Capillary	Stabilwax	1611.	Natali N., Chinnici F., et al., 2006	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C => 3C/min => 100C => 5C/min => 240C(10min)
Capillary	DB-Wax	1635.	Selli, Canbas, et al., 2006	30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, H2; Program: 60C(3min) => 2C/min => 220C => 3C/min => 245C (20min)
Capillary	DB-Wax	1635.	Selli, Canbas, et al., 2006, 2	30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, H2; Program: 60C(3min) => 2C/min => 220C => 3C/min => 245C(20min)
Capillary	DB-Wax	1635.	Selli, Cabaroglu, et al., 2004	30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, H2; Program: 60C(3min) => 2C/min => 220C => 3C/min => 245C (20min)
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1624.	Boido, Lloret, et al., 2003	25. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, H2; Program: 40C (8min) => 3C/min => 180C => 20C/min => 230C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1607.	Cantergiani, Brevard, et al., 2001	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 20C(30s) => fast => 60C => 4C/min => 220C (20min)
Capillary	DB-Wax	1666.	Radovic, Careri, et al., 2001	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 30C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min)
Capillary	Carbowax	1618.	Baltes w. and Bochmann G., 1987	Column diameter: 0.3 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax	1619.	Baltes w. and Bochmann G., 1987	Column diameter: 0.3 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax	1619.	Baltes w. and Bochmann G., 1987	Column diameter: 0.3 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax	1619.	Baltes w. and Bochmann G., 1987	Column diameter: 0.3 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax	1624.	Baltes w. and Bochmann G., 1987	Column diameter: 0.3 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1670.	Whitfield, Shea, et al., 1981	Column length: 150. m; Column diameter: 0.75 mm; Program: not specified

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Packed	DC-400	150.	894.	Anderson, 1968	Helium, Gas-Pak (60-80 mesh); Column length: 3.0 m

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	VF-5 MS	913.	Leffingwell and Alford, 2011	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min; T_start: 30. C
Capillary	VF-5 MS	915.	Leffingwell and Alford, 2011	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min; T_start: 30. C
Capillary	HP-5	915.	Piyachaiseth, Jirapakkul, et al., 2011	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 35. C @ 1. min, 10. K/min, 220. C @ 15. min
Capillary	SLB-5MS	904.	Risticevic, Carasek, et al., 2008	10. m/0.18 mm/0.18 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 1.5 min, 10. K/min; T_end: 295. C
Capillary	5 % Phenyl methyl siloxane	920.	Ramirez R. and Cava R., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 7. K/min, 250. C @ 5. min
Capillary	SPB-5	916.	Vasta, Ratel, et al., 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 230. C @ 5. min
Capillary	HP-5MS	917.	Kim, Abd El-Aty, et al., 2006	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 5. K/min, 280. C @ 10. min
Capillary	BPX5	938.	Dickschat, Bode, et al., 2005	25. m/0.22 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 50. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min; T_end: 320. C
Capillary	HP-5	913.8	Leffingwell and Alford, 2005	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 30. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min
Capillary	DB-5	908.	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2003, 2	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2, 60. C @ 10. min, 4. K/min, 280. C @ 40. min
Capillary	SPB-5	909.	Sebastian, Viallon-Fernandez, et al., 2003	60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, Helium, 3. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	DB-1	871.	Chen and Ho, 1999	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He, 2. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 260. C
Capillary	HP-5	912.	Jung, Wichmann, et al., 1999	25. m/0.20 mm/0.33 μm, 50. C @ 3. min, 5. K/min; T_end: 180. C
Capillary	Ultra-2	908.	King, Hamilton, et al., 1993	50. m/0.32 mm/0.52 μm, He, 40. C @ 3. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 30. min
Capillary	DB-5	925.	Georgilopoulos and Gallois, 1988	30. m/0.35 mm/1.0 μm, Hydrogen, 2. K/min; T_start: 45. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	DB-1	914.	Habu, Flath, et al., 1985	3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; T_start: 0. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	OV-101	867.	del Rosario, de Lumen, et al., 1984	He, 0. C @ 1. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.31 mm; T_end: 225. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	SLB-5 MS	922.	Mondello, 2012	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	SLB-5 MS	941.	Mondello, 2012	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	Siloxane, 5 % Ph	921.	VOC BinBase, 2012	Program: not specified
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane, 5 % phenyl	921.	Skogerson, Wohlgemuth, et al., 2011	Program: not specified
Capillary	ZB-5	913.	de Simon, Estruelas, et al., 2009	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 45 0C 3 0C/min -> 230 0C (10 min) 10 0C/min -> 270 0C (21 min)
Capillary	SLB-5MS	941.	Risticevic, Carasek, et al., 2008	10. m/0.18 mm/0.18 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5	909.	Ventanas, Estevez, et al., 2008	50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (10 min) 5 0C/min -> 200 0C 15 0C/min -> 250 0C (10 min)
Capillary	DB-5 MS	917.	Liu, Xu, et al., 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (2 min) 6 0C/min -> 100 0C 4 0C/min -> 180 0C 8 0C/min -> 250 0C (12 min)
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups	920.	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2005	Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5	915.	Garcia-Estaban, Ansorena, et al., 2004	50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm; Program: 40C(10min) => 5C/min => 200C => 20C/min => 250C(5min)
Capillary	SPB-5	911.	Begnaud, Pérès, et al., 2003	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm; Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5	891.	Jordán, Margaría, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 40C(6min) => 2.5C/min => 150C => 90C/min => 250C
Capillary	HP-5	891.	Jordán, Goodner, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5	910.	Jordán, Goodner, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5	891.	Jordán, Margaría, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 40C (6min) => 2.5C/min => 150C => 90C/min => 250C
Capillary	HP-5MS	915.	Ansorena, Gimeno, et al., 2001	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C (10min) => 3C/min => 120C => 10C/min => 250C (5min)
Capillary	DB-5	924.	Mateo, Aguirrezábal, et al., 1997	50. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C(10min) => 3C/min => 95C => 10C/min => 270C(10min)
Capillary	DB-5	918.	Mateo and Zumalacárregui, 1996	50. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C (10min) => 3C/min => 95C => 10C/min => 270C (10min)
Capillary	DB-5	918.	Mateo and Zumalacárregui, 1996	50. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C (10min) => 3C/min => 95C => 10C/min => 270C (10min)
Capillary	RSL-150	866.	Buchbauer, Nikiforov, et al., 1994	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 30c (1.5min) => 20C/min => 55C => 6C/min => 200C(10min)
Capillary	SF-96	899.	Fagan, Kepner, et al., 1982	He; Program: not specified
Capillary	SF-96	905.	Fagan, Kepner, et al., 1982	He; Program: not specified

Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	HP-FFAP	1666.	Wanakhachornkrai and Lertsiri, 9999	25. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 15. K/min; T_start: 45. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	HP-FFAP	1668.	Wanakhachornkrai and Lertsiri, 9999	25. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 15. K/min; T_start: 45. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	FFAP	1671.	Budryn, Nebesny, et al., 2011	30. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, Nitrogen, 35. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 45. min
Capillary	FFAP	1623.	Piyachaiseth, Jirapakkul, et al., 2011	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 45. C @ 1. min, 5. K/min, 220. C @ 5. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1665.	Moon and Shibamoto, 2010	60. m/0.25 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 210. C @ 70. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1662.	Moon and Shibamoto, 2009	60. m/0.25 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 210. C @ 70. min
Capillary	HP-Innowax	1651.	Soria, Sanz, et al., 2008	50. m/0.20 mm/0.20 μm, Helium, 45. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 190. C @ 50. min
Capillary	FFAP	1671.	Nebesny, Budryn, et al., 2007	30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, N2, 35. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 320. C @ 45. min
Capillary	RTX-Wax	1631.	Prososki, Etzel, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 220. C @ 10. min
Capillary	BP-20	1634.	Rawat, Gulati, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 70. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 5. min
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1644.	de la Fuente, Martinez-Castro, et al., 2005	50. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 190. C @ 30. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1626.	Lee, Umano, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min, 180. C @ 40. min; T_start: 50. C
Capillary	TC-Wax	1652.	Ishikawa, Ito, et al., 2004	60. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 8. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	HP-Innowax	1665.	Soria, Gonzalez, et al., 2004	50. m/0.2 mm/0.2 μm, He, 45. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 190. C @ 50. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1640.	Yanagimoto, Ochi, et al., 2004	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min, 180. C @ 40. min; T_start: 50. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1635.	Lee and Noble, 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 185. C @ 20. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1613.	Lin, Cai, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 2. min, 3. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min
Capillary	HP-FFAP	1668.	Wanakhachornkrai and Lertsiri, 2003	25. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 15. K/min; T_start: 45. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	HP-FFAP	1666.	Wanakhachornkrai and Lertsiri, 2003	25. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 15. K/min; T_start: 45. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1608.	Fu, Yoon, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 8. K/min, 250. C @ 5. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1618.	Osorio, Duque, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 20. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1622.	Osorio, Duque, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 20. min
Capillary	HP-Wax	1673.	Sanz, Maeztu, et al., 2002	60. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 6. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 190. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1610.	Umano, Hagi, et al., 2002	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	HP-Wax	1673.	Maeztu, Sanz, et al., 2001	60. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 6. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 190. C
Capillary	HP-Wax	1673.	Sanz, Ansorena, et al., 2001	60. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 6. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 190. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1608.	Wei, Mura, et al., 2001	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1652.	Lee and Shibamoto, 2000	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min, 180. C @ 40. min; T_start: 50. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1626.	Paniandy, Chane-Ming, et al., 2000	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 50. C @ 2. min, 5. K/min; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1623.	Buttery, Orts, et al., 1999	30. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 170. C @ 60. min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	DB-Wax	1620.	Umano, Nakahara, et al., 1999	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1623.	Buttery and Ling, 1998	30. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 170. C @ 30. min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	DB-Wax	1618.	Horiuchi, Umano, et al., 1998	60. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 40. min; T_start: 50. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1647.	Wada and Shibamoto, 1997	He, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 40. min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_start: 50. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1607.	Morales, Albarracín, et al., 1996	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 20. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1600.	Morales, Albarracín, et al., 1996	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1620.	Umano, Hagi, et al., 1995	He, 40. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1596.	Kawakami, Kobayashi, et al., 1993	He, 60. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 180. C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1637.	Mihara, Tateba, et al., 1988	N2, 3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm; T_start: 80. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1640.	Mihara, Tateba, et al., 1988	N2, 3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm; T_start: 80. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1637.	Mihara, Tateba, et al., 1987	N2, 3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm; T_start: 80. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1640.	Mihara, Tateba, et al., 1987	N2, 3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm; T_start: 80. C; T_end: 200. C

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	HP-FFAP	1646.	Toontom, Meenune, et al., 2012	25. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, Helium; Program: 45 0C (2 min) 3 0C/min -> 130 0C (1 min) 20 0C/min -> 220 0C (3 min) 20 0C/min -> 230 0C (3 min)
Capillary	SOLGel-Wax	1637.	Johanningsmeier and McFeeters, 2011	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (2 min) 5 0C/min -> 140 0C 10 0C/min -> 250 0C (3 min)
Capillary	SOLGel-Wax	1635.	Johanningsmeier and McFeeters, 2011	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	Supelko CO Wax	1660.	Vekiari, Orepoulou, et al., 2010	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (5 min) 4 0C/min -> 75 0C 5 0C/min -> 250 0C (10 min)
Capillary	Stabilwax	1611.	Chinnici, Guerrero, et al., 2009	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 35 0C 3 0C/min -> 100 0C 5 0C/min -> 240 0C (10 min)
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1593.	de Simon, Estruelas, et al., 2009	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 45 0C 3 0C/min -> 230 0C (10 min) 10 0C/min -> 270 0C (21 min)
Capillary	DB-Wax	1610.	Tao, Wenlai, et al., 2008	30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 50 0C 20 0C/min -> 80 0C 3 0C/min -> 230 0C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1609.	Gonzalez-Rios, Suarez-Quiroz, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Hydrogen; Program: 44 0C 3 0C/min -> 170 0C 8 0C/min -> 250 0C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1632.	Gonzalez-Rios, Suarez-Quiroz, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Hydrogen; Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-Wax	1646.	Selli, 2007	30. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, Hydrogen; Program: 60 0C (3 min) 2 0C/min -> 220 0C 3 0C/min -> 245 0C (20 min)
Capillary	HP-Innowax	1652.	Viegas and Bassoli, 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (5 min) 4 0C/min -> 60 0C (5 min) 8 0C/min -> 250 0C (3 min)
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1605.	Kourkoutas, Bosnea, et al., 2006	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(3min) => 5C/min => 110C => 10C/min => 240C (10min)
Capillary	DB-Wax	1592.	Krings, Zelena, et al., 2006	30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 45C(5min) => 5C/min => 150C => 10C/min => 240C (10min)
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1640.	Vinogradov, 2004	Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-Wax	1596.	Selli, Cabaroglu, et al., 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He; Program: 60C(2min) => 2C/min => 220C => 3C/min => 245C(20min)
Capillary	HP Innowax FSP	1651.	Tasdemir, Demirci, et al., 2003	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C(10min) => 4C/min => 220C (10min) => 1C/min => 240C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1601.	Teai, Claude-Lafontaine, et al., 2001	50. m/0.2 mm/0.2 μm, N2; Program: 60C => 2C/min => 150C => 4C/min => 220C
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1632.	Chang, Seitz, et al., 1995	30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 50C(2min) => 7C/min => 140C => 17.5C/min => 230C
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1647.	Miranda-Lopez, Libbey, et al., 1992	30. m/0.53 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 80C(5min) => 5C/min => 155C => 4C/min => 240C(30min)
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1625.	Fagan, Kepner, et al., 1982	He; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1632.	Fagan, Kepner, et al., 1982	He; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Program: not specified

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, Notes

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Notes

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Symbols used in this document:

C_p,gas Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Δ_fH°_gas Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions

Δ_rH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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C_p,gas	Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
Δ_fH°_gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
Δ_rH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions