Biphenyl
- Formula: C12H10
- Molecular weight: 154.2078
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 92-52-4
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Isotopologues:
- Other names: 1,1'-Biphenyl; Bibenzene; Diphenyl; Phenylbenzene; 1,1'-Diphenyl; Lemonene; Phenador-X; PhPh; Xenene; Carolid AL; Tetrosin LY; NSC 14916; 1,1-Biphenyl
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Condensed phase thermochemistry data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔfH°solid | 98.2 ± 2.5 | kJ/mol | Review | Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008 | There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol.; DRB |
ΔfH°solid | 96.7 ± 2.6 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Montgomery, Rossini, et al., 1978 | ALS |
ΔfH°solid | 100.5 ± 1.5 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Coleman and Pilcher, 1966 | ALS |
ΔfH°solid | 96.8 ± 4.0 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Mackle and O'Hare, 1963 | ALS |
ΔfH°solid | 97.2 ± 1.6 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Parks and Vaughan, 1951 | Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = 96.65 kJ/mol; ALS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔcH°solid | -6250. ± 20. | kJ/mol | AVG | N/A | Average of 7 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
S°solid,1 bar | 209.38 | J/mol*K | N/A | Chirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 1989 | DH |
S°solid,1 bar | 209.00 | J/mol*K | N/A | Saito, Atake, et al., 1988 | DH |
S°solid,1 bar | 205.9 | J/mol*K | N/A | Huffman, Parks, et al., 1930 | Extrapolation below 90 K, 65.4 J/mol*K.; DH |
Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid
Cp,liquid (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
285.3 | 370. | Walker, Brooks, et al., 1958 | T = 200 to 600°F.; DH |
301.2 | 422. | McEwen, March 31 1956 | T = 300 to 600°C.; DH |
300.0 | 370. | Kurbatov, 1950 | T = 98 to 255°C. Mp 70.8°C.; DH |
263.2 | 350.8 | Forrest, Brugmann, et al., 1931 | T = 350 to 620 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum.; DH |
259.54 | 298. | Newton, Kaura, et al., 1931 | T = 100 to 300°C, equation only, in t°C. Cp(liq) = 0.388 + 0.00057t cal/g*K.; DH |
Constant pressure heat capacity of solid
Cp,solid (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
198.39 | 298.15 | Chirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 1989 | T = 5 to 700 K.; DH |
198.17 | 298.15 | Saito, Atake, et al., 1988 | T = 3 to 300 K.; DH |
197.7 | 298.15 | O'Rourke and Mraw, 1983 | T = 220 to 475 K. Cp = 0.7143 (T/K) - 15.3 (220 to 342.2 K) J/mol*K.; DH |
190. | 300. | Wasicki, Radomska, et al., 1982 | T = 180 to 350 K. Data given graphically. Value estimated from graph.; DH |
190.8 | 298.15 | Ueberreiter and Orthmann, 1950 | T = 293 to 368 K. Equation only.; DH |
197.9 | 298.1 | Schmidt, 1941 | T = 20 to 200°C, equations only, in t°C. Cp(c) = 0.2745 + 0.001235t cal/g*K (20 to 69°C); Cp(liq) = 0.3917 + 0.0005206t cal/g*K (69 to 200°C).; DH |
197.9 | 303. | Spaght, Thomas, et al., 1932 | T = 30 to 100°C.; DH |
194.1 | 294.4 | Huffman, Parks, et al., 1930 | T = 93 to 295 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum.; DH |
Reaction thermochemistry data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
MS - José A. Martinho Simões
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.
Individual Reactions
By formula: C10H8+ + C12H10 = (C10H8+ • C12H10)
Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 56.5 | kJ/mol | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 120. | J/mol*K | N/A | Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
Free energy of reaction
ΔrG° (kJ/mol) | T (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
22. | 297. | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
By formula: C12H8+ + C12H10 = (C12H8+ • C12H10)
Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 56.1 | kJ/mol | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 120. | J/mol*K | N/A | Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
Free energy of reaction
ΔrG° (kJ/mol) | T (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
23. | 279. | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
C17H24F3N3O3RuS (solution) + (solution) = C23H25F3O3RuS (solution) + 3
(solution)
By formula: C17H24F3N3O3RuS (solution) + C12H10 (solution) = C23H25F3O3RuS (solution) + 3C2H3N (solution)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -15.1 ± 0.4 | kJ/mol | RSC | Nolan, Martin, et al., 1992 | solvent: Tetrahydrofuran; MS |
By formula: 3H2 + C12H10 = C12H16
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -230. | kJ/mol | Eqk | Frye, 1962 | liquid phase; ALS |
Gas phase ion energetics data
Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess
View reactions leading to C12H10+ (ion structure unspecified)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IE (evaluated) | 8.16 ± 0.13 | eV | N/A | N/A | L |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Proton affinity (review) | 813.6 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Gas basicity | 782.9 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Electron affinity determinations
EA (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
<0.130 ± 0.035 | ECD | Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981 | EA is an upper limit: Chen and Wentworth, 1989. G3MP2B3 calculations indicate an EA of ca. -0.02 eV, anion unbound.; B |
Proton affinity at 298K
Proton affinity (kJ/mol) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|
808.8 | Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000 | Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM |
Gas basicity at 298K
Gas basicity (review) (kJ/mol) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|
780.7 | Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000 | Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM |
Ionization energy determinations
IE (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
8.80 ± 0.05 | EI | Loudon and Mazengo, 1974 | LLK |
8.9 | EI | Koppel, Schwarz, et al., 1974 | LLK |
7.95 ± 0.02 | PE | Maier and Turner, 1972 | LLK |
8.23 ± 0.01 | PE | Dewar, Haselbach, et al., 1970 | RDSH |
8.20 ± 0.05 | PE | Eland and Danby, 1968 | RDSH |
8.46 | CTS | Slifkin and Allison, 1967 | RDSH |
8.22 ± 0.15 | EI | Eland, Shepherd, et al., 1966 | RDSH |
8.27 ± 0.01 | PI | Watanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962 | RDSH |
8.64 | CTS | Kinoshita, 1962 | RDSH |
8.35 | CTS | Briegleb, Czekalla, et al., 1961 | RDSH |
8.4 | CTS | Briegleb and Czekalla, 1959 | RDSH |
8.39 | PE | Akiyama, Li, et al., 1979 | Vertical value; LLK |
8.34 | PE | Ruscic, Kovac, et al., 1978 | Vertical value; LLK |
Appearance energy determinations
Ion | AE (eV) | Other Products | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C6H4+ | 18.1 ± 0.3 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C6H5+ | 18.2 ± 0.5 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C7H5+ | 20.9 ± 0.2 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C8H6+ | 18.10 ± 0.05 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C9H7+ | 16.08 ± 0.05 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C10H8+ | 14.81 ± 0.05 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C11H7+ | 14.8 ± 0.2 | CH3 | EI | Loudon and Mazengo, 1974 | LLK |
C12H8+ | 16.89 ± 0.08 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C12H9+ | 13.6 ± 0.2 | H | EI | Loudon and Mazengo, 1974 | LLK |
C12H9+ | 14.36 | H | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C12H82+ | 22.0 ± 1.0 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
References
Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008
Roux, M.V.; Temprado, M.; Chickos, J.S.; Nagano, Y.,
Critically Evaluated Thermochemical Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2008, 37, 4, 1855-1996. [all data]
Montgomery, Rossini, et al., 1978
Montgomery, R.L.; Rossini, F.D.; Mansson, M.,
Enthalpies of combustion, vaporization, and formation of phenylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, and cyclohexylcyclohexane; enthalpy of hydrogenation of certain aromatic systems,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1978, 23, 125-129. [all data]
Coleman and Pilcher, 1966
Coleman, D.J.; Pilcher, G.,
Heats of combustion of biphenyl, bibenzyl, naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene,
Trans. Faraday Soc., 1966, 62, 821-827. [all data]
Mackle and O'Hare, 1963
Mackle, H.; O'Hare, P.A.G.,
A high-precision aneroid semi-micro combustion calorimeter,
Trans. Faraday Soc., 1963, 59, 2693-2701. [all data]
Parks and Vaughan, 1951
Parks, G.S.; Vaughan, L.M.,
The heat of combustion of biphenyl,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1951, 73, 2380-2381. [all data]
Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G.,
Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]
Chirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 1989
Chirico, R.D.; Knipmeyer, S.E.; Nguyen, A.; Steele, W.V.,
The thermodynamic properties of biphenyl,
J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1989, 21, 1307-1331. [all data]
Saito, Atake, et al., 1988
Saito, K.; Atake, T.; Chihara, H.,
Incommensurate phase transitions and anomalous lattice heat capacities of biphenyl,
Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1988, 61, 679-688. [all data]
Huffman, Parks, et al., 1930
Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S.; Daniels, A.C.,
Thermal data on organic compounds. VII. The heat capacities, entropies and free energies of twelve aromatic hydrocarbons,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1930, 52, 1547-1558. [all data]
Walker, Brooks, et al., 1958
Walker, B.E., Jr.; Brooks, M.S.; Ewing, C.T.; Miller, R.R.,
Specific heat of biphenyl and other polyphenyls. Correlation of specific heat data for phenyl type compounds,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1958, 3, 280-282. [all data]
McEwen, March 31 1956
McEwen, M.,
Preliminary engineering study of organic nuclear reactor coolant-moderators Monsanto Chemical Co, March 31 1956. [all data]
Kurbatov, 1950
Kurbatov, V.Ya.,
Specific heats of liquids. III. Specific heat of hydrocarbons with several noncondensed rings,
Zhur. Obshch. Khim., 1950, 20, 1139-1144. [all data]
Forrest, Brugmann, et al., 1931
Forrest, H.O.; Brugmann, E.W.; Cummings, L.W.T.,
The specific heat of diphenyl,
Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 37-39. [all data]
Newton, Kaura, et al., 1931
Newton, R.F.; Kaura, B.D.; DeVries, T.,
The specific heat of liquid diphenyl,
Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 35-37. [all data]
O'Rourke and Mraw, 1983
O'Rourke, D.F.; Mraw, S.C.,
Heat capacities and enthalpies of fusion of dibenzothiophene (220 to 560 K) and of biphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, and cyclohexylcyclohexane (220 to 475 K). Enthalpies and temperatures of three transitions in solid cyclohexylcyclohexane,
J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1983, 15, 489-502. [all data]
Wasicki, Radomska, et al., 1982
Wasicki, J.; Radomska, M.; Radomski, R.,
Heat capacities of diphenyl, p-terphenyl and p-quaterphenyl from 180 K to their melting points,
J. Therm. Anal., 1982, 25, 509-514. [all data]
Ueberreiter and Orthmann, 1950
Ueberreiter, K.; Orthmann, H.-J.,
Specifische Wärme, spezifisches Volumen, Temperatur- und Wärme-leittähigkeit einiger disubstituierter Benzole und polycyclischer Systeme,
Z. Natursforsch. 5a, 1950, 101-108. [all data]
Schmidt, 1941
Schmidt, W.R.,
Thesis Washington University (St. Louis), 1941. [all data]
Spaght, Thomas, et al., 1932
Spaght, M.E.; Thomas, S.B.; Parks, G.S.,
Some heat capacity data on organic compounds obtained with a radiation calorimeter,
J. Phys. Chem., 1932, 36, 882-888. [all data]
Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980
Meot-Ner (Mautner), M.,
Dimer Cations of Polycyclic Aromatics: Experimental Bonding Energies and Resonance Stabilization,
J. Phys. Chem., 1980, 84, 21, 2724, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100458a012
. [all data]
Nolan, Martin, et al., 1992
Nolan, S.P.; Martin, K.L.; Stevens, E.D.; Fagan, P.,
Organometallics, 1992, 11, 3947. [all data]
Frye, 1962
Frye, C.G.,
Equilibria in the hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatics,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1962, 7, 592-595. [all data]
Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G.,
Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018
. [all data]
Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981
Wojnarovits, L.; Foldiak, G.,
Electron capture detection of aromatic hydrocarbons,
J. Chromatogr. Sci., 1981, 206, 511. [all data]
Chen and Wentworth, 1989
Chen, E.C.M.; Wentworth, W.E.,
Experimental Determination of Electron Affinities of Organic Molecules,
Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1989, 171, 271. [all data]
Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000
Aue, D.H.; Guidoni, M.; Betowski, L.D.,
Ab initio calculated gas-phase basicities of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 2000, 201, 283. [all data]
Loudon and Mazengo, 1974
Loudon, A.G.; Mazengo, R.Z.,
Steric strain and electron-impact. The behaviour of some n, n'-dimethyl- 1,1-binaphthyls, some n, n'-dimethylbiphenyls and model compounds,
Org. Mass Spectrom., 1974, 8, 179. [all data]
Koppel, Schwarz, et al., 1974
Koppel, C.; Schwarz, H.; Bohlmann, F.,
Elektronenstossinduzierte fragmentierung von acetylenverbindungen,
Org. Mass Spectrom., 1974, 9, 324. [all data]
Maier and Turner, 1972
Maier, J.P.; Turner, D.W.,
Steric inhibition of resonance studied by molecular photoelectron spectroscopy. Part I. Biphenyls,
Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 1972, 54, 149. [all data]
Dewar, Haselbach, et al., 1970
Dewar, M.J.S.; Haselbach, E.; Worley, S.D.,
Calculated and observed ionization potentials of unsaturated polycyclic hydrocarbons; calculated heats of formation by several semiempirical s.c.f. m.o. methods,
Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 1970, A315, 431. [all data]
Eland and Danby, 1968
Eland, J.H.D.; Danby, C.J.,
Inner ionization potentials of aromatic compounds,
Z. Naturforsch., 1968, 23a, 355. [all data]
Slifkin and Allison, 1967
Slifkin, M.A.; Allison, A.C.,
Measurement of ionization potentials from contact charge transfer spectra,
Nature, 1967, 215, 949. [all data]
Eland, Shepherd, et al., 1966
Eland, J.H.D.; Shepherd, P.J.; Danby, C.J.,
Ionization potentials of aromatic molecules determined by analytical interpretation of electron impact data,
Z. Naturforsch., 1966, 21a, 1580. [all data]
Watanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962
Watanabe, K.; Nakayama, T.; Mottl, J.,
Ionization potentials of some molecules,
J. Quant. Spectry. Radiative Transfer, 1962, 2, 369. [all data]
Kinoshita, 1962
Kinoshita, M.,
The absorption spectra of the molecular complexes of aromatic compounds with p-bromanil,
Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1962, 35, 1609. [all data]
Briegleb, Czekalla, et al., 1961
Briegleb, G.; Czekalla, J.; Reuss, G.,
Mesomeriemomente und Elektronenuberfuhrungsbanden von Elektronen-donator-akzeptor-komplexen des Chloranils und Tetracyanathylens mit aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen,
Z. Phys. Chem. (Neue Folge), 1961, 30, 333. [all data]
Briegleb and Czekalla, 1959
Briegleb, G.; Czekalla, J.,
Die Bestimmung von lonisierungsenergien aus den Spektren von Elektronenubergangskomplexen,
Z.Elektrochem., 1959, 63, 6. [all data]
Akiyama, Li, et al., 1979
Akiyama, I.; Li, K.C.; LeBreton, P.R.; Fu, P.P.; Harvey, R.G.,
Ultraviolet photoelectron studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The ground-state electronic structure of aryloxiranes and metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene,
J. Phys. Chem., 1979, 83, 2997. [all data]
Ruscic, Kovac, et al., 1978
Ruscic, B.; Kovac, B.; Klasinc, L.; Gusten, H.,
Photoelectron spectroscopy of J. Heterocycl. Chem.. Fluorene analogues,
Z. Naturforsch. A:, 1978, 33, 1006. [all data]
Natalis and Franklin, 1965
Natalis, P.; Franklin, J.L.,
Ionization and dissociation of diphenyl and condensed ring aromatics by electron impact. I. Biphenyl, diphenylacetylene, and phenanthrene,
J. Phys. Chem., 1965, 69, 2935. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References
- Symbols used in this document:
AE Appearance energy Cp,liquid Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid Cp,solid Constant pressure heat capacity of solid EA Electron affinity IE (evaluated) Recommended ionization energy S°solid,1 bar Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar) T Temperature ΔcH°solid Enthalpy of combustion of solid at standard conditions ΔfH°solid Enthalpy of formation of solid at standard conditions ΔrG° Free energy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrS° Entropy of reaction at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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