Azulene
- Formula: C10H8
- Molecular weight: 128.1705
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: CUFNKYGDVFVPHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 275-51-4
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: Bicyclo[5.3.0]decapentaene; Cyclopentacycloheptene; Azunamic; Bicyclo(5.3.0)-1,3,5,7,9-decapentaene; Bicyclo(0.3.5)deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene; BICYCLO(5.3.0)-DECA-2,4,6,8,10-PENTAENE; Azusalen [as sodium sulfonate]
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Gas phase thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔfH°gas | 73.5 | kcal/mol | Chyd | Roth, Bohm, et al., 1983 | ALS |
ΔfH°gas | 66.9 | kcal/mol | Ccb | Kovats, Gunthard, et al., 1957 | Correction to Kovats, Gunthard, et al., 1955; ALS |
Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
Cp,gas (cal/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
19.59 | 200. | Kovats E., 1955 | GT |
30.691 | 298.15 | ||
30.930 | 300. | ||
42.151 | 400. | ||
51.690 | 500. | ||
59.319 | 600. | ||
65.559 | 700. | ||
70.590 | 800. | ||
74.749 | 900. | ||
78.241 | 1000. |
Phase change data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tboil | 515.2 | K | N/A | Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., 1990 | BS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Tfus | 373. | K | N/A | Turner, Meador, et al., 1957 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 2. K; TRC |
Tfus | 303.65 | K | N/A | Birrrell, 1935 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 1. K; TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔvapH° | 12.6 | kcal/mol | CGC | Chickos, Hesse, et al., 1998 | AC |
ΔvapH° | 15.24 ± 0.05 | kcal/mol | V | Bauder and Gunthard, 1962 | ALS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔsubH° | 19. ± 5. | kcal/mol | AVG | N/A | Average of 7 values; Individual data points |
Enthalpy of vaporization
ΔvapH (kcal/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
12.7 | 384. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 369. to 515. K.; AC |
12.2 | 457. | EB | Meyer and Gens, 1977 | Based on data from 442. to 534. K.; AC |
13.3 | 373. | N/A | Bauder and G«65533»nthard, 1962 | Based on data from 373. to 423. K.; AC |
Enthalpy of sublimation
ΔsubH (kcal/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
18.7 ± 0.31 | 303. | HSA | Chickos, Hesse, et al., 1998 | Based on data from 283. to 326. K.; AC |
19.8 | 305. | S | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 290. to 372. K.; AC |
18.1 | 273. | N/A | Hoyer and Peperle, 1958 | Based on data from 253. to 293. K.; AC |
Enthalpy of fusion
ΔfusH (kcal/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
4.190 | 373.5 | DSC | Chickos, Hesse, et al., 1998 | AC |
Gas phase ion energetics data
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
View reactions leading to C10H8+ (ion structure unspecified)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IE (evaluated) | 7.42 ± 0.02 | eV | N/A | N/A | L |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Proton affinity (review) | 221.1 | kcal/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Gas basicity | 214. | kcal/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Electron affinity determinations
EA (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
0.7900 ± 0.0080 | LPES | Schiedt, Knott, et al., 2000 | B |
0.69 ± 0.10 | TDEq | Chowdhury, Heinis, et al., 1986 | ΔGea(423 K) = -18.0 kcal/mol; ΔSea = +4.5 eu.; B |
0.80 ± 0.10 | LPES | Ando, Mitsui, et al., 2008 | Stated electron affinity is the Vertical Detachment Energy; B |
0.690 ± 0.040 | ECD | Chen, Chen, et al., 1992 | B |
0.681 ± 0.043 | Kine | Grimsrud, Chowdhury, et al., 1985 | B |
0.6560 ± 0.0080 | ECD | Becker and Chen, 1966 | B |
<0.520 ± 0.013 | ECD | Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981 | EA is an upper limit: Chen and Wentworth, 1989. G3MP2B3 calculations indicate an EA of ca. 0.6 eV.; B |
>0.460008 | ES | Chaney, Christophorou, et al., 1970 | Lifetime: Compton and Huebner, 1969; B |
Proton affinity at 298K
Proton affinity (kcal/mol) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|
221.7 | Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000 | Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM |
Gas basicity at 298K
Gas basicity (review) (kcal/mol) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|
214.3 | Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000 | Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM |
Ionization energy determinations
IE (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
7.38 ± 0.03 | PI | Jochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992 | LL |
7.32 ± 0.05 | EQ | Mautner(Meot-Ner), Nelsen, et al., 1984 | LBLHLM |
7.41 ± 0.05 | EQ | Mautner(Meot-Ner), 1980 | LLK |
7.43 ± 0.04 | PE | Boschi, Clar, et al., 1974 | LLK |
7.43 ± 0.01 | PE | Dewar and Worley, 1969 | RDSH |
7.42 ± 0.05 | PE | Eland and Danby, 1968 | RDSH |
7.41 | PI | Kitagawa, Inokuchi, et al., 1966 | RDSH |
7.408 | S | Kitagawa, Harada, et al., 1966 | RDSH |
7.431 ± 0.006 | S | Clark, 1965 | RDSH |
7.4 | CTS | Finch, 1964 | RDSH |
7.42 | PE | Dougherty, Lewis, et al., 1980 | Vertical value; LLK |
7.44 ± 0.03 | PE | Heilbronner, Hoshi, et al., 1976 | Vertical value; LLK |
Appearance energy determinations
De-protonation reactions
C10H7- + =
By formula: C10H7- + H+ = C10H8
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 367.7 ± 2.5 | kcal/mol | TDEq | Meot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988 | gas phase; Acidity seriously disagrees with high level calculations. Dissociative to acetylide? C-3is most acidic site by G3MP2B3 calns.; B |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 360.2 ± 2.0 | kcal/mol | TDEq | Meot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988 | gas phase; Acidity seriously disagrees with high level calculations. Dissociative to acetylide? C-3is most acidic site by G3MP2B3 calns.; B |
Ion clustering data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.
Clustering reactions
By formula: C6H7N+ + C10H8 = (C6H7N+ • C10H8)
Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 14.0 | kcal/mol | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 26. | cal/mol*K | N/A | Meot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated |
Free energy of reaction
ΔrG° (kcal/mol) | T (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
5.8 | 315. | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated |
IR Spectrum
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Gas Phase Spectrum
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Notice: Concentration information is not available for this spectrum and, therefore, molar absorptivity values cannot be derived.
Additional Data
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Download spectrum in JCAMP-DX format.
Owner | NIST Standard Reference Data Program Collection (C) 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
---|---|
Origin | Sadtler Research Labs Under US-EPA Contract |
State | gas |
Gas Chromatography
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal
Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Packed | C78, Branched paraffin | 130. | 1326.0 | Dallos, Sisak, et al., 2000 | He; Column length: 3.3 m |
Packed | C78, Branched paraffin | 130. | 1329.7 | Reddy, Dutoit, et al., 1992 | Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 3.3 m |
Capillary | OV-1 | 130. | 1296. | Engewald, Wennrich, et al., 1979 | Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.23 mm |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-5 | 1311. | Rostad and Pereira, 1986 | 30. m/0.26 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 6. K/min, 300. C @ 20. min |
Capillary | SE-52 | 1292. | Carugno and Rossi, 1967 | N2, 1.8 K/min; Column length: 65. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm; Tstart: 100. C; Tend: 300. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1706. | Shimoda, Wu, et al., 1996 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 230. C |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Methylsiloxane + 5 % Ph-groups | 1299. | Nadim, Malik, et al., 2011 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 60. C @ 2. min, 7. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | FFAP | 1729. | Piyachaiseth, Jirapakkul, et al., 2011 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 45. C @ 1. min, 5. K/min, 220. C @ 5. min |
Capillary | Innowax | 1746. | Kaypak and Avsar, 2008 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 200. C @ 15. min |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1736. | Lee and Kim, 2002 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (5 min) 4 0C/min -> 150 0C 8 0C/min -> 240 0C |
Capillary | CP-Wax 52CB | 1710. | Vernin, 1991 | Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified |
Lee's RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-5 | 223.74 | Rostad and Pereira, 1986 | 30. m/0.26 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 6. K/min, 300. C @ 20. min |
Capillary | SE-52 | 219.95 | Lee, Vassilaros, et al., 1979 | 12. m/0.3 mm/0.34 μm, He, 2. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 250. C |
References
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Gas Chromatography, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Roth, Bohm, et al., 1983
Roth, W.R.; Bohm, M.; Lenhartz, H-W.; Vogel, E.,
Heats of hydrogenation. Part 5. Resonance energy of bridged [10]annulenes,
Angew. Chem., 1983, 95, 1011-1012. [all data]
Kovats, Gunthard, et al., 1957
Kovats, E.; Gunthard, H.; Plattner, A.,
Die tabellen 4 und 5 enthalten numerische fehler und lanten richtig,
Helv. Chim. Acta, 1957, 40, 000. [all data]
Kovats, Gunthard, et al., 1955
Kovats, E.; Gunthard, Hs.H.; Plattner, Pl.A.,
Thermische eigenschaften von azulenen,
Helv. Chim. Acta, 1955, 38, 1912-1919. [all data]
Kovats E., 1955
Kovats E.,
Thermochemical properties of azulene,
Helv. Chim. Acta, 1955, 38, 1912-1919. [all data]
Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., 1990
Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.,
Catalog Handbook of Fine Chemicals, Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee WI, 1990, 1. [all data]
Turner, Meador, et al., 1957
Turner, R.B.; Meador, W.R.; Doering, W. vonE.; Knox, L.H.; Mayer, J.R.; Wiley, D.W.,
Heats of Hydrogenation III. Hydrogenation of Cyclooctatetraene and of Some Seven-membered Non-benzenoid Aromatic Compounds,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 79, 4127. [all data]
Birrrell, 1935
Birrrell, K.S.,
Studies in the Chemistry of Azulene,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57, 893. [all data]
Chickos, Hesse, et al., 1998
Chickos, James; Hesse, Donald; Hosseini, Sarah; Nichols, Gary; Webb, Paul,
Sublimation enthalpies at 298.15K using correlation gas chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry measurements,
Thermochimica Acta, 1998, 313, 2, 101-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00432-2
. [all data]
Bauder and Gunthard, 1962
Bauder, A.; Gunthard, H.Hs.,
196. Dampfdruck von azulen,
Helv. Chim. Acta, 1962, 62, 1698. [all data]
Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw,
Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2
. [all data]
Meyer and Gens, 1977
Meyer, Edwin F.; Gens, Timothy H.,
Vapor pressure of azulene between 114 and 261.degree.C,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1977, 22, 1, 30-31, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60072a019
. [all data]
Bauder and G«65533»nthard, 1962
Bauder, A.; G«65533»nthard, Hs.H.,
Dampfdruck von Azulen,
Helv. Chim. Acta, 1962, 45, 5, 1698-1702, https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19620450536
. [all data]
Hoyer and Peperle, 1958
Hoyer, H.; Peperle, W.,
Z. Elektrochem., 1958, 62, 61. [all data]
Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G.,
Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018
. [all data]
Schiedt, Knott, et al., 2000
Schiedt, J.; Knott, W.J.; Le Barbu, K.; Schlag, E.W.; Weinkauf, R.,
Microsolvation of similar-sized aromatic molecules: Photoelectron spectroscopy of bithiophene-, azulene-, and naphthalene-water anion clusters,
J. Chem. Phys., 2000, 113, 21, 9470-9478, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1319874
. [all data]
Chowdhury, Heinis, et al., 1986
Chowdhury, S.; Heinis, T.; Grimsrud, E.P.; Kebarle, P.,
Entropy Changes and Electron Affinities from Gas-Phase Electron Transfer Equilibria: A- + B = A + B-,
J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 12, 2747, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100403a037
. [all data]
Ando, Mitsui, et al., 2008
Ando, N.; Mitsui, M.; Nakajima, A.,
Photoelectron spectroscopy of cluster anions of naphthalene and related aromatic hydrocarbons,
J. Chem. Phys., 2008, 128, 15, 154318, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2903473
. [all data]
Chen, Chen, et al., 1992
Chen, E.C.M.; Chen, E.S.; Milligan, M.S.; Wentworth, W.E.; Wiley, J.R.,
Experimental Determination of the Electron Affinities of Nitrobenzene, Nitrotoluenes, Pentafluoronitrobenzene, and Isotopic Nitrobenzenes an,
J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 5, 2385, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100184a069
. [all data]
Grimsrud, Chowdhury, et al., 1985
Grimsrud, E.P.; Chowdhury, S.; Kebarle, P.,
Thermal energy electron detachment rate constants. The electron detachment from azulene- and the electron affinity of azulene,
J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, 3983. [all data]
Becker and Chen, 1966
Becker, R.S.; Chen, E.,
Extension of Electron Affinities and Ionization Potentials of Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
J. Chem. Phys., 1966, 45, 7, 2403, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1727954
. [all data]
Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981
Wojnarovits, L.; Foldiak, G.,
Electron capture detection of aromatic hydrocarbons,
J. Chromatogr. Sci., 1981, 206, 511. [all data]
Chen and Wentworth, 1989
Chen, E.C.M.; Wentworth, W.E.,
Experimental Determination of Electron Affinities of Organic Molecules,
Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1989, 171, 271. [all data]
Chaney, Christophorou, et al., 1970
Chaney, E.L.; Christophorou, L.G.; Collins, P.M.; Carter, J.C.,
Electron Attachment in the Field of the Ground and Excited States of the Azulene Molecule,
J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 52, 9, 4413, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1673666
. [all data]
Compton and Huebner, 1969
Compton, R.N.; Huebner, R.H.,
Temporary Attachment of Electrons to Azulene-h8 and Azulene-d8,
J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 51, 7, 3132, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1672468
. [all data]
Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000
Aue, D.H.; Guidoni, M.; Betowski, L.D.,
Ab initio calculated gas-phase basicities of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 2000, 201, 283. [all data]
Jochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992
Jochims, H.-W.; Rasekh, H.; Ruhl, E.; Baumgartel, H.; Leach, S.,
The photofragmentation of naphthalene and azulene monocations in the energy range 7-22 eV,
Chem. Phys., 1992, 168, 159. [all data]
Mautner(Meot-Ner), Nelsen, et al., 1984
Mautner(Meot-Ner), M.; Nelsen, S.F.; Willi, M.R.; Frigo, T.B.,
Special effects of an unusually large neutral to radical cation geometry change. Adiabatic ionization energies and proton affinities of alkylhydrazines,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 7384. [all data]
Mautner(Meot-Ner), 1980
Mautner(Meot-Ner), M.,
Ion thermochemistry of low volatility compounds in the gas phase. 3. Polycyclic aromatics: Ionization energies, proton, and hydrogen affinities. Extrapolations to graphite,
J. Phys. Chem., 1980, 84, 2716. [all data]
Boschi, Clar, et al., 1974
Boschi, R.; Clar, E.; Schmidt, W.,
Photoelectron spectra of polynuclear aromatics. III. The effect of nonplanarity in sterically overcrowded aromatic hydrocarbons,
J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 60, 4406. [all data]
Dewar and Worley, 1969
Dewar, M.J.S.; Worley, S.D.,
Photoelectron spectra of molecules. I. Ionization potentials of some organic molecules and their interpretation,
J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 654. [all data]
Eland and Danby, 1968
Eland, J.H.D.; Danby, C.J.,
Inner ionization potentials of aromatic compounds,
Z. Naturforsch., 1968, 23a, 355. [all data]
Kitagawa, Inokuchi, et al., 1966
Kitagawa, T.; Inokuchi, H.; Kodera, K.,
Photoionization of polycyclic aromatic compounds in vacuum ultraviolet region. Azulene,
J.Mol. Spectry., 1966, 21, 267. [all data]
Kitagawa, Harada, et al., 1966
Kitagawa, T.; Harada, Y.; Inokuchi, H.; Kodera, K.,
Absorption spectrum of vapor phase azulene in vacuum ultraviolet region,
J. Mol. Spectry., 1966, 19, 1. [all data]
Clark, 1965
Clark, L.B.,
Ionization potential of azulene,
J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 43, 2566. [all data]
Finch, 1964
Finch, A.C.M.,
Charge-transfer spectra and the ionization energy of azulene,
J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 2272. [all data]
Dougherty, Lewis, et al., 1980
Dougherty, D.; Lewis, J.; Nauman, R.V.; McGlynn, S.P.,
Photoelectron spectroscopy of azulenes,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 19, 21. [all data]
Heilbronner, Hoshi, et al., 1976
Heilbronner, E.; Hoshi, T.; von Rosenberg, J.L.; Hafner, K.,
Alkyl-induced, natural hypsochromic shifts of the 2A←2X and 2B←2X transitions of azulene and naphthalene radical cations,
Nouv. J. Chim., 1976, 1, 105. [all data]
VanBrunt and Wacks, 1964
VanBrunt, R.J.; Wacks, M.E.,
Electron-impact studies of aromatic hydrocarbons. III. Azulene and naphthalene,
J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 41, 3195. [all data]
Winters and Kiser, 1964
Winters, R.E.; Kiser, R.W.,
A mass spectrometric investigation of nickel tetracarbonyl and iron pentacarbonyl,
Inorg. Chem., 1964, 3, 699. [all data]
Meot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988
Meot-ner, M.; Liebman, J.F.; Kafafi, S.A.,
Ionic Probes of Aromaticity in Annelated Rings,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 18, 5937, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00226a001
. [all data]
Meot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986
Meot-Ner (Mautner), M.; El-Shall, M.S.,
Ionic Charge Transfer Complexes. 1. Cationic Complexes with Delocalized and Partially Localized pi Systems,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 15, 4386, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00275a026
. [all data]
Dallos, Sisak, et al., 2000
Dallos, A.; Sisak, A.; Kulcsár, Z.; Kováts, E.,
Pair-wise interactions by gas chromatography VII. Interaction free enthalpies of solutes with secondary alcohol groups,
J. Chromatogr. A, 2000, 904, 2, 211-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00908-0
. [all data]
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Notes
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References
- Symbols used in this document:
AE Appearance energy Cp,gas Constant pressure heat capacity of gas EA Electron affinity IE (evaluated) Recommended ionization energy T Temperature Tboil Boiling point Tfus Fusion (melting) point ΔfH°gas Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions ΔfusH Enthalpy of fusion ΔrG° Free energy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrS° Entropy of reaction at standard conditions ΔsubH Enthalpy of sublimation ΔsubH° Enthalpy of sublimation at standard conditions ΔvapH Enthalpy of vaporization ΔvapH° Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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