Anthracene

• Formula: C₁₄H₁₀
• Molecular weight: 178.2292
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C14H10/c1-2-6-12-10-14-8-4-3-7-13(14)9-11(12)5-1/h1-10H Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 120-12-7
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Isotopologues:
  • Anthracene-D10-
• Other names: Anthracin; Green Oil; Paranaphthalene; Tetra Olive N2G; Anthracene oil; p-Naphthalene; Anthracen; Coal tar pitch volatiles:anthracene; Sterilite hop defoliant
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • UV/Visible spectrum
  • Gas Chromatography
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Henry's Law data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
  • X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 5.0
  • NIST Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index
• Options:
  • Switch to SI units

Data at NIST subscription sites:

• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)
• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)

NIST subscription sites provide data under the NIST Standard Reference Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated with the development of data collections included in such sites. Your institution may already be a subscriber. Follow the links above to find out more about the data in these sites and their terms of usage.

Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Enthalpy of vaporization

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (atm)
    T = temperature (K)

View plot Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser.

Enthalpy of sublimation

Enthalpy of fusion

Entropy of fusion

Enthalpy of phase transition

Entropy of phase transition

Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C₁₄H₁₁⁺ +  = (C₁₄H₁₁⁺ • )

By formula: C₁₄H₁₁⁺ + C₁₄H₁₀ = (C₁₄H₁₁⁺ • C₁₄H₁₀)

Free energy of reaction

= 2

By formula: C₂₈H₂₀ = 2C₁₄H₁₀

C₁₄H₁₀⁺ +  = (C₁₄H₁₀⁺ • )

By formula: C₁₄H₁₀⁺ + C₁₄H₁₀ = (C₁₄H₁₀⁺ • C₁₄H₁₀)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

 +  =

By formula: C₄H₂O₃ + C₁₄H₁₀ = C₁₈H₁₂O₃

=

By formula: C₁₄H₁₀ = C₁₄H₁₀

 +  = C₂₁H₁₈O₃

By formula: C₁₄H₁₀ + C₇H₈O₃ = C₂₁H₁₈O₃

=  + 

By formula: C₂₀H₁₀N₄ = C₁₄H₁₀ + C₆N₄

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

View reactions leading to C₁₄H₁₀⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Electron affinity determinations

Proton affinity at 298K

Gas basicity at 298K

Ionization energy determinations

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

Notice: This spectrum may be better viewed with a Javascript and HTML 5 enabled browser.

For Zoom

1.) Enter the desired X axis range (e.g., 100, 200)

2.) Check here for automatic Y scaling

3.) Press here to zoom

Additional Data

UV/Visible spectrum

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Eugeny B. Stern, Antonina A. Goncharova, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina

Spectrum

Notice: This spectrum may be better viewed with a Javascript and HTML 5 enabled browser.

For Zoom

1.) Enter the desired X axis range (e.g., 100, 200)

2.) Check here for automatic Y scaling

3.) Press here to zoom

Additional Data

Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Lee's RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Lee's RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Lee's RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Lee's RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Dorofeeva O.V., 1988
Dorofeeva O.V., Thermodynamic Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Gaseous Phase. Institute for High Temperatures, USSR Academy of Sciences, Preprint No.1-238 (in Russian), Moscow, 1988. [all data]

Kudchadker S.A., 1979
Kudchadker S.A., Chemical thermodynamic properties of anthracene and phenathrene, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1979, 11, 1051-1059. [all data]

Frenkel M., 1994
Frenkel M., Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds in the Gas State, Vol. I, II, Thermodynamics Research Center, College Station, Texas, 1994, 1994. [all data]

Weast and Grasselli, 1989
CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 2nd Editon, Weast,R.C and Grasselli, J.G., ed(s)., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1989, 1. [all data]

Buckingham and Donaghy, 1982
Buckingham, J.; Donaghy, S.M., Dictionary of Organic Compounds: Fifth Edition, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1982, 1. [all data]

Burriel, 1931
Burriel, F., Physico-Chemical Study of Some Solid Organic Compounds at Ordinary Temperatures, and Their COrrelationo with Temperature, An. R. Soc. Esp. Fis. Quim., 1931, 29, 89. [all data]

Kirby, 1921
Kirby, W., Determination of the Melting and Boiling Points of Anthracene, Phenanthrene and Carbazole, J. Soc. Chem. Ind., London, Trans. Commun., 1921, 40, 274T. [all data]

Goursot, Girdhar, et al., 1970
Goursot, P.; Girdhar, H.L.; Westrum, E.F., Thermodynamics of Polynuclear Aromatic Molecules III. Heat Capacities and Enthalpies of Fusion of Anthracene, J. Phys. Chem., 1970, 74, 2538. [all data]

Zhao, Unhannanant, et al., 2008
Zhao, Hui; Unhannanant, Patamaporn; Hanshaw, William; Chickos, James S., Enthalpies of Vaporization and Vapor Pressures of Some Deuterated Hydrocarbons. Liquid-Vapor Pressure Isotope Effects, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2008, 53, 7, 1545-1556, https://doi.org/10.1021/je800091s . [all data]

Haftka, Parsons, et al., 2006
Haftka, Joris J.H.; Parsons, John R.; Govers, Harrie A.J., Supercooled liquid vapour pressures and related thermodynamic properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determined by gas chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, 2006, 1135, 1, 91-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.050 . [all data]

Puri, Chickos, et al., 2001
Puri, Swati; Chickos, James S.; Welsh, William J., Determination of Vaporization Enthalpies of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Correlation Gas Chromatography, Anal. Chem., 2001, 73, 7, 1480-1484, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac001246p . [all data]

Chickos, Hesse, et al., 1998
Chickos, James; Hesse, Donald; Hosseini, Sarah; Nichols, Gary; Webb, Paul, Sublimation enthalpies at 298.15K using correlation gas chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry measurements, Thermochimica Acta, 1998, 313, 2, 101-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00432-2 . [all data]

Chickos, Hosseini, et al., 1995
Chickos, James S.; Hosseini, Sarah; Hesse, Donald G., Determination of vaporization enthalpies of simple organic molecules by correlations of changes in gas chromatographic net retention times, Thermochimica Acta, 1995, 249, 41-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(95)90670-3 . [all data]

Rojas and Orozco, 2003
Rojas, Aarón; Orozco, Eulogio, Measurement of the enthalpies of vaporization and sublimation of solids aromatic hydrocarbons by differential scanning calorimetry, Thermochimica Acta, 2003, 405, 1, 93-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(03)00139-4 . [all data]

Hanshaw, Nutt, et al., 2008
Hanshaw, William; Nutt, Marjorie; Chickos, James S., Hypothetical Thermodynamic Properties. Subcooled Vaporization Enthalpies and Vapor Pressures of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2008, 53, 8, 1903-1913, https://doi.org/10.1021/je800300x . [all data]

Lei, Chankalal, et al., 2002
Lei, Ying Duan; Chankalal, Raymond; Chan, Anita; Wania, Frank, Supercooled Liquid Vapor Pressures of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2002, 47, 4, 801-806, https://doi.org/10.1021/je0155148 . [all data]

Hinckley, Bidleman, et al., 1990
Hinckley, Daniel A.; Bidleman, Terry F.; Foreman, William T.; Tuschall, Jack R., Determination of vapor pressures for nonpolar and semipolar organic compounds from gas chromatograhic retention data, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1990, 35, 3, 232-237, https://doi.org/10.1021/je00061a003 . [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Kudchadker, Kudchadker, et al., 1979
Kudchadker, Shanti A.; Kudchadker, Arvind P.; Zwolinski, Bruno J., Chemical thermodynamic properties of anthracene and phenanthrene, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1979, 11, 11, 1051-1059, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(79)90135-6 . [all data]

Mortimer and Murphy, 1923
Mortimer, F. Spencer.; Murphy, Ray v., The Vapor Pressures of Some Substances Found in Coal Tar., Ind. Eng. Chem., 1923, 15, 11, 1140-1142, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50167a012 . [all data]

Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984
Boublik, T.; Fried, V.; Hala, E., The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances: Selected Values of the Temperature Dependence of the Vapour Pressures of Some Pure Substances in the Normal and Low Pressure Region, 2nd ed., Elsevier, New York, 1984, 972. [all data]

NELSON and SENSEMAN, 1922
NELSON, O.A.; SENSEMAN, C.E., Vapor Pressure Determinations on Naphthalene, Anthracene, Phecanthrene, and Anthraquinone between Their Melting and Boiling Points, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1922, 14, 1, 58-62, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50145a028 . [all data]

Oja, Chen, et al., 2009
Oja, Vahur; Chen, Xu; Hajaligol, Mohammad R.; Chan, W. Geoffrey, Sublimation Thermodynamic Parameters for Cholesterol, Ergosterol, β-Sitosterol, and Stigmasterol, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2009, 54, 3, 730-734, https://doi.org/10.1021/je800395m . [all data]

Siddiqi, Siddiqui, et al., 2009
Siddiqi, M. Aslam; Siddiqui, Rehan A.; Atakan, Burak, Thermal Stability, Sublimation Pressures, and Diffusion Coefficients of Anthracene, Pyrene, and Some Metal β-Diketonates, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2009, 54, 10, 2795-2802, https://doi.org/10.1021/je9001653 . [all data]

Chen, Oja, et al., 2006
Chen, Xu; Oja, Vahur; Chan, W. Geoffrey; Hajaligol, Mohammad R., Vapor Pressure Characterization of Several Phenolics and Polyhydric Compounds by Knudsen Effusion Method, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2006, 51, 2, 386-391, https://doi.org/10.1021/je050293h . [all data]

Grayson and Fosbraey, 2006
Grayson, B. Terence; Fosbraey, Lynda A., Determination of the vapour pressure of pesticides, Pestic. Sci., 2006, 13, 3, 269-278, https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780130308 . [all data]

Ribeiro da Silva, Monte, et al., 2006
Ribeiro da Silva, Manuel A.V.; Monte, Manuel J.S.; Santos, Luís M.N.B.F., The design, construction, and testing of a new Knudsen effusion apparatus, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 2006, 38, 6, 778-787, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2005.08.013 . [all data]

Verevkin, 2004
Verevkin, Sergey P., Vapor pressure measurements on fluorene and methyl-fluorenes, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2004, 225, 145-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2004.08.037 . [all data]

McEachern and Sandoval, 2001
McEachern, D.M.; Sandoval, O., A molecular flow evaporation apparatus for measuring vapour pressures and heats of sublimation of organic compounds, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum., 2001, 6, 2, 155-161, https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/6/2/026 . [all data]

Emmenegger and Piccand, 1999
Emmenegger, F.; Piccand, M., Organometallics, 1999, 57, 1, 235-240, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010100531350 . [all data]

Kloc and Laudise, 1998
Kloc, Ch.; Laudise, R.A., Vapor pressures of organic semiconductors:, Journal of Crystal Growth, 1998, 193, 4, 563-571, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00467-9 . [all data]

Oja and Suuberg, 1998
Oja, Vahur; Suuberg, Eric M., Vapor Pressures and Enthalpies of Sublimation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1998, 43, 3, 486-492, https://doi.org/10.1021/je970222l . [all data]

Nass, Lenoir, et al., 1995
Nass, Karen; Lenoir, Dieter; Kettrup, Antonius, Calculation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by an Incremental Procedure, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 16, 1735-1736, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199517351 . [all data]

Hansen and Eckert, 1986
Hansen, Philip C.; Eckert, Charles A., An improved transpiration method for the measurement of very low vapor pressures, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1986, 31, 1, 1-3, https://doi.org/10.1021/je00043a001 . [all data]

Rordorf, 1986
Rordorf, Berchtold F., Thermal properties of dioxins, furans and related compounds, Chemosphere, 1986, 15, 9-12, 1325-1332, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(86)90407-8 . [all data]

Bender, Bieling, et al., 1983
Bender, R.; Bieling, V.; Maurer, G., The vapour pressures of solids: anthracene, hydroquinone, and resorcinol, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1983, 15, 6, 585-594, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(83)90058-7 . [all data]

Sonnefeld, Zoller, et al., 1983
Sonnefeld, W.J.; Zoller, W.H.; May, W.E., Dynamic coupled-column liquid-chromatographic determination of ambient-temperature vapor pressures of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, Anal. Chem., 1983, 55, 2, 275-280, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00253a022 . [all data]

Macknick and Prausnitz, 1979
Macknick, A. Brian; Prausnitz, John M., Vapor pressures of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1979, 24, 3, 175-178, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60082a012 . [all data]

Dygdala, Stefanski, et al., 1977
Dygdala, R.S.; Stefanski, K.; Wonikowski, J., Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci., Ser. Sci., Math., Astron. Phys., 1977, 25, 439. [all data]

Taylor and Crookes, 1976
Taylor, John Watson; Crookes, Roy J., Vapour pressure and enthalpy of sublimation of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetra-azacyclo-octane (HMX), J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1976, 72, 0, 723, https://doi.org/10.1039/f19767200723 . [all data]

Malaspina, 1973
Malaspina, L., Microcalorimetric determination of the enthalpy of sublimation of benzoic acid and anthracene, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 59, 1, 387, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1679817 . [all data]

Wiedemann, 1972
Wiedemann, H.G., Applications of thermogravimetry for vapor pressure determination, Thermochim. Acta, 1972, 355-366. [all data]

Beech and Lintonbon, 1971
Beech, Graham; Lintonbon, Roger M., The measurement of sublimation enthalpies by differential scanning calorimetry, Thermochimica Acta, 1971, 2, 1, 86-88, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(71)85027-X . [all data]

Kelley and Rice, 1964
Kelley, J.D.; Rice, F.O., The vapor pressures of some polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Phys. Chem., 1964, 68, 3794. [all data]

Kelley and Rice, 1964, 2
Kelley, J. Daniel; Rice, Francis Owen, The Vapor Pressures of Some Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ¹, J. Phys. Chem., 1964, 68, 12, 3794-3796, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100794a043 . [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press Inc., London, 1970, 643. [all data]

Budurov, 1960
Budurov, S., Izv. Khim. Inst. Bulg. Akad. Nauk, 1960, 7, 281. [all data]

Hoyer and Peperle, 1958
Hoyer, H.; Peperle, W., Z. Elektrochem., 1958, 62, 61. [all data]

Hoyer and Peperle, 1958, 2
Hoyer, H.; Peperle, W., Dampfdrunkmessungen an organischen substanzen und ihre sublimationswarmen, Z. Electrochem., 1958, 62, 61-66. [all data]

Pedley, Naylor, et al., 1986
Pedley, J.B.; Naylor, R.D.; Kirby, S.P., Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1986, 1-792. [all data]

Bradley and Cleasby, 1953
Bradley, R.S.; Cleasby, T.G., 346. The vapour pressure and lattice energy of hydrogen-bonded crystals. Part I. Oxamide, oxamic acid, and rubeanic acid, J. Chem. Soc., 1953, 1681, https://doi.org/10.1039/jr9530001681 . [all data]

Bradley and Cleasby, 1953, 2
Bradley, R.S.; Cleasby, T.G., 349. The vapour pressure and lattice energy of some aromatic ring compounds, J. Chem. Soc., 1953, 1690, https://doi.org/10.1039/jr9530001690 . [all data]

Bradley and Cleasby, 1953, 3
Bradley, R.S.; Cleasby, T.G., The vapour pressure and lattice energy of some aromatic ring compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1953, 1690-16. [all data]

Stevens, 1953
Stevens, B., 591. Vapour pressure and the heats of sublimation of anthracene and of 9: 10-diphenylanthracene, J. Chem. Soc., 1953, 2973, https://doi.org/10.1039/jr9530002973 . [all data]

Stevens, 1953, 2
Stevens, B., Vapour pressures and the heats of sublimation of anthracene and of 9:10-diphenylanthracene, J. Chem. Soc., 1953, 76, 2973-29. [all data]

Inokuchi, Shiba, et al., 1952
Inokuchi, Hiroo; Shiba, Sukekuni; Handa, Takashi; Akamatu, Hideo, Heats of Sublimation of Condensed Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1952, 25, 5, 299-302, https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.25.299 . [all data]

Inokuchi, 1951
Inokuchi, H., J. Chem. Soc. Jpn. Pure Chem. Sect., 1951, 72, 552. [all data]

Sears and Hopke, 1949
Sears, G.W.; Hopke, E.R., Vapor Pressures of Naphthalene, Anthracene and Hexachlorobenzene in a Low Pressure Region, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1949, 71, 5, 1632-1634, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01173a026 . [all data]

Wolf and Weghofer, 1938
Wolf, K.L.; Weghofer, H.Z., Z. Phys. Chem. Abt. B, 1938, 39, 194. [all data]

Wolf and Weghofer, 1938, 2
Wolf, K.L.; Weghofer, H., Uber sublimationswarmen, Z. Phys. Chem., 1938, 39, 194-208. [all data]

Goursot, Girdhar, et al., 1970, 2
Goursot, P.; Girdhar, H.L.; Westrum, E.F., Jr., Thermodynamics of polynuclear aromatic molecules. III. Heat capacities and enthalpies of fusion of anthracene, J. Phys. Chem., 1970, 74, 2538-2541. [all data]

Storoniak, Krzyminski, et al., 2003
Storoniak, P.; Krzyminski, K.; Bouzyk, A.; Koval'chuk, E.P.; Blazejowski, J., Melting, volatilisation and crystal lattice enthalpies of acridin-9(10H)-ones, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2003, 74, 2, 443-450, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JTAN.0000005179.91819.6d . [all data]

Lisicki and Jamróz, 2000
Lisicki, Zygmunt; Jamróz, Malgorzata E., (Solid + liquid) equilibria in (polynuclear aromatic+ tertiary amide) systems, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 2000, 32, 10, 1335-1353, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcht.2000.0685 . [all data]

Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 . [all data]

Ueberreiter and Orthmann, 1950
Ueberreiter, K.; Orthmann, H.-J., Specifische Wärme, spezifisches Volumen, Temperatur- und Wärme-leittähigkeit einiger disubstituierter Benzole und polycyclischer Systeme, Z. Natursforsch. 5a, 1950, 101-108. [all data]

Hildebrand, Duschak, et al., 1917
Hildebrand, J.H.; Duschak, A.D.; Foster, A.H., and Beebe, C.W. The specific heats and heats of fusion of triphenylmethane, anthraquinone and anthracene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1917, 39, 2293-2297. [all data]

Radomska and Radomski, 1980
Radomska, M.; Radomski, R., Calorimetric studies of binary systems of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene with naphthalene, anthracene, and carbazole. I. Phase transitions and heat capacities of the pure components and charge-transfer complexes, Thermochim. Acta, 1980, 40, 405-414. [all data]

Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980
Meot-Ner (Mautner), M., Dimer Cations of Polycyclic Aromatics: Experimental Bonding Energies and Resonance Stabilization, J. Phys. Chem., 1980, 84, 21, 2724, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100458a012 . [all data]

Bendig, Buchwitz, et al., 1981
Bendig, J.; Buchwitz, W.; Fischer, J.; Kreysig, D., Deactivation behavior of arenes and heteroarenes. XXXII. Effect of endo- and exocyclic substitution on the reversible dimerization behavior of anthracenes, J. Prakt. Chem., 1981, 323, 485-498. [all data]

Bendig and Kreysig, 1981
Bendig, J.; Kreysig, D., Deactivation behavior of arenes and heteroarenes. XXXI. A model of the reversible photodimerization of anthracene and 9-methylanthracene, J. Prakt. Chem., 1981, 323, 471-484. [all data]

Donati, Guarini, et al., 1981
Donati, D.; Guarini, G.G.T.; Sarti-Fantoni, P., Evaluation of the enthalpic change during the monomerization reaction of crystalline anthracene photodimer (AD), Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1981, 69, 241-243. [all data]

Kiselev, Mavrin, et al., 1982
Kiselev, V.D.; Mavrin, G.V.; Konovalov, A.I., Thermodynamic principles of the occurrence of a Diels-Alder reaction in the presence of a Lewis acid, Zh. Org. Khim., 1982, 18, 2505-2510. [all data]

Lenz, Hegedus, et al., 1982
Lenz, T.G.; Hegedus, L.S.; Vaughan, J.D., Liquid phase thermochemical energy conversion systems - an application of Diels-Alder chemistry, Int. J. Energy Res., 1982, 6, 357-365. [all data]

Dreeskamp, Kapahnke, et al., 1988
Dreeskamp, H.; Kapahnke, P.; Tochtermann, W., Photo valence isomerization of sterically strained aromatic hydrocarbons: 8,9-dicarbethoxy[6]paracyclophane, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1988, 32, 537-539. [all data]

Rogers, 1972
Rogers, F.E., Thermochemistry of the Diels-Alder reactions. II. Heat of addition of several dienes to tetracyanoethylene, J. Phys. Chem., 1972, 76, 106-109. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Ando, Mitsui, et al., 2007
Ando, N.; Mitsui, M.; Nakajima, A., Comprehensive photoelectron spectroscopic study of anionic clusters of anthracene and its alkyl derivatives: Electronic structures bridging molecules to bulk, J. Chem. Phys., 2007, 127, 23, 234305, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2805185 . [all data]

Scheidt and Weinkauf, 1997
Scheidt, J.; Weinkauf, R., Photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy of Mass Selected Anions: Anthracene and the Anthracene-H2O Cluster, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1997, 266, 1-2, 201, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(96)01512-6 . [all data]

Heinis, Chowdhury, et al., 1993
Heinis, T.; Chowdhury, S.; Kebarle, P., Electron Affinities of Naphthalene, Anthracene and Substituted Naphthalenes and Anthracenes, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1993, 28, 4, 358, https://doi.org/10.1002/oms.1210280416 . [all data]

Ruoff, Kadish, et al., 1995
Ruoff, R.S.; Kadish, K.M.; Boulas, P.; Chen, E.C.M., The relationship between the electron affinities and half-wave reduction potentials of fullerenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and metal complexes, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 21, 8843, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100021a060 . [all data]

Becker and Chen, 1966
Becker, R.S.; Chen, E., Extension of Electron Affinities and Ionization Potentials of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Phys., 1966, 45, 7, 2403, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1727954 . [all data]

Lyons, Morris, et al., 1968
Lyons, L.E.; Morris, G.C.; Warren, L.J., Electron Affinities and the Electron Capture Method for Aromatic Hydrocarbons, J. Phys. Chem., 1968, 72, 10, 3677, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100856a056 . [all data]

Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981
Wojnarovits, L.; Foldiak, G., Electron capture detection of aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 1981, 206, 511. [all data]

Chen and Wentworth, 1989
Chen, E.C.M.; Wentworth, W.E., Experimental Determination of Electron Affinities of Organic Molecules, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1989, 171, 271. [all data]

Wentworth and Becker, 1962
Wentworth, W.E.; Becker, R.S., Potential Method for the Determination of Electron Affinities of Molecules: Application to Some Aromatic Hydrocarbons., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1962, 84, 22, 4263, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00881a014 . [all data]

Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000
Aue, D.H.; Guidoni, M.; Betowski, L.D., Ab initio calculated gas-phase basicities of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 2000, 201, 283. [all data]

Hager and Wallace, 1988
Hager, J.W.; Wallace, S.C., Two-laser photoionization supersonic jet mass spectrometry of aromatic molecules, Anal. Chem., 1988, 60, 5. [all data]

Stahl and Maquin, 1984
Stahl, D.; Maquin, F., Charge-stripping mass spectrometry of molecular ions from polyacenes and molecular orbital theory, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1984, 108, 613. [all data]

Klasinc, Kovac, et al., 1983
Klasinc, L.; Kovac, B.; Gusten, H., Photoelectron spectra of acenes. Electronic structure and substituent effects, Pure Appl. Chem., 1983, 55, 289. [all data]

Mautner(Meot-Ner), 1980
Mautner(Meot-Ner), M., Ion thermochemistry of low volatility compounds in the gas phase. 3. Polycyclic aromatics: Ionization energies, proton, and hydrogen affinities. Extrapolations to graphite, J. Phys. Chem., 1980, 84, 2716. [all data]

Streets and Williams, 1974
Streets, D.G.; Williams, T.A., Photoelectron spectroscopy of 9,10-dihaloanthracenes, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1974, 3, 71. [all data]

Koch, Otto, et al., 1973
Koch, E.E.; Otto, A.; Radler, K., The absorption spectrum of the anthracene molecule in the vacuum ultraviolet, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1973, 21, 501. [all data]

Aihara and Inokuchi, 1973
Aihara, J.; Inokuchi, H., Ionization potentials of anthracene, Chem. Lett., 1973, 421. [all data]

Eland, 1972
Eland, J.H.D., Photoelectron spectra and ionization potentials of aromatic hydrocarbons, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1972, 9, 214. [all data]

Dewar and Goodman, 1972
Dewar, M.J.S.; Goodman, D.W., Photoelectron spectra of molecules. Part 5.--Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1972, 68, 1784. [all data]

Clark, Brogli, et al., 1972
Clark, P.A.; Brogli, F.; Heilbronner, E., The π-orbital energies of the acenes, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1972, 55, 1415. [all data]

Boschi, Murrell, et al., 1972
Boschi, R.; Murrell, J.N.; Schmidt, W., Photoelectron spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 1972, 54, 116. [all data]

Rowland, 1971
Rowland, C.G., Kinetic energy distributions of C₁₂H₈ fragment ions in the mass spectra of anthracene, phenanthrene and diphenylacetylene, Intern. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1971, 7, 79. [all data]

Kitagawa, 1968
Kitagawa, T., Absorption spectra and photoionization of polycyclic aromatics in vacuum ultraviolet region, J. Mol. Spectry., 1968, 26, 1. [all data]

Angus and Morris, 1966
Angus, J.A.; Morris, G.C., Ionization potential of the anthracene molecule from Rydberg absorption bands, J.Mol. Spectry., 1966, 21, 310. [all data]

Kuroda, 1964
Kuroda, H., Ionization potentials of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Nature, 1964, 201, 1214. [all data]

Finch, 1964
Finch, A.C.M., Charge-transfer spectra and the ionization energy of azulene, J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 2272. [all data]

Briegleb, 1964
Briegleb, G., Electron affinity of organic molecules, Angew. Chem. Intern. Ed., 1964, 3, 617. [all data]

Kinoshita, 1962
Kinoshita, M., The absorption spectra of the molecular complexes of aromatic compounds with p-bromanil, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1962, 35, 1609. [all data]

Terenin, 1961
Terenin, A., Charge transfer in organic solids, induced by light, Proc. Chem. Soc., London, 1961, 321. [all data]

Briegleb, Czekalla, et al., 1961
Briegleb, G.; Czekalla, J.; Reuss, G., Mesomeriemomente und Elektronenuberfuhrungsbanden von Elektronen-donator-akzeptor-komplexen des Chloranils und Tetracyanathylens mit aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, Z. Phys. Chem. (Neue Folge), 1961, 30, 333. [all data]

Birks and Stifkin, 1961
Birks, J.B.; Stifkin, M.A., π-Electronic excitation and ionization energies of condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbons, Nature, 1961, 191, 761. [all data]

Wacks and Dibeler, 1959
Wacks, M.E.; Dibeler, V.H., Electron impact studies of aromatic hydrocarbons. I. Benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene, J. Chem. Phys., 1959, 31, 1557. [all data]

Foster, 1959
Foster, R., Ionization potentials of electron donors, Nature (London), 1959, 183, 1253. [all data]

Briegleb and Czekalla, 1959
Briegleb, G.; Czekalla, J., Die Bestimmung von lonisierungsenergien aus den Spektren von Elektronenubergangskomplexen, Z.Elektrochem., 1959, 63, 6. [all data]

Matsen, 1956
Matsen, F.A., Electron affinities, methyl affinities, and ionization energies of condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Phys., 1956, 24, 602. [all data]

Klasinc, Kovac, et al., 1978
Klasinc, L.; Kovac, B.; Schoof, S.; Gusten, H., Photoelectron spectroscopy of 9-substituted anthracenes, Croat. Chem. Acta., 1978, 51, 307. [all data]

Schmidt, 1977
Schmidt, W., Photoelectron spectra of polynuclear aromatics. V. Correlations with ultraviolet absorption spectra in the catacondensed series, J. Chem. Phys., 1977, 66, 828. [all data]

Clar and Schmidt, 1976
Clar, E.; Schmidt, W., Correlations between photoelectron and phosphorescence spectra of polycyclic hydrocarbons, Tetrahedron, 1976, 32, 2563. [all data]

Jongsma, Vermeer, et al., 1975
Jongsma, C.; Vermeer, H.; Bickelhaupt, F.; Schafer, W.; Schweig, A., 10-methyl-9-phosphaanthracene, Tetrahedron, 1975, 31, 2931. [all data]

Hush, Cheung, et al., 1975
Hush, N.S.; Cheung, A.S.; Hilton, P.R., Binding energies of π- and "lone pair"-levels in mono- and diaza-phenanthrenes and anthracenes: an He(I) photoelectron spectroscopic study, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1975, 7, 385. [all data]

Marschner and Goetz, 1974
Marschner, F.; Goetz, H., Korrelation zwischen photoelektronen- und elektronen-spektren. II. Untersuchung aromatischer π-systeme mit modifizierten PPP-SCF-CI-parametern, Tetrahedron, 1974, 30, 3159. [all data]

Schafer, Schweig, et al., 1972
Schafer, W.; Schweig, A.; Bickelhaupt, F.; Vermeer, H., Photoelectron spectroscopy and conjugation. Direct proof of the unusual sequence of the two highest occupied π-molecular orbitals in the phosphorin (phosphabenzene) and the arsenin (arsabenzene) system, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1972, 11, 924. [all data]

Ferguson, Reeves, et al., 1957
Ferguson, J.; Reeves, L.W.; Schneider, W.G., Vapor absorption spectra and oscillator strengths of naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene, Can. J. Chem., 1957, 35, 1117-1123. [all data]

Kurbatova, Finkelstein, et al., 2004
Kurbatova, S.V.; Finkelstein, E.E.; Kolosova, E.A.; Kartashev, A.V.; Rashkin, S.V., Structural analogy method in studies of adamantanes, J. Struct. Chem., 2004, 45, 1, 144-150, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JORY.0000041513.82837.4e . [all data]

Zhang, Chen, et al., 1997
Zhang, M.; Chen, B.; Shen, S.; Chen, S., Compositional studies of high-temperature coal tar by g.c.-FT-i.r. analysis of middle oil fractions, Fuel, 1997, 76, 5, 415-423, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(97)85518-4 . [all data]

Bredael, 1982
Bredael, P., Retention indices of hydrocarbons on SE-30, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Comm., 1982, 5, 6, 325-328, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240050610 . [all data]

Gerasimenko, Kirilenko, et al., 1981
Gerasimenko, V.A.; Kirilenko, A.V.; Nabivach, V.M., Capillary gas chromatography of aromatic compounds found in coal tar fractions, J. Chromatogr., 1981, 208, 1, 9-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)87953-4 . [all data]

Hanai and Hong, 1989
Hanai, T.; Hong, C., Structure-retention correlation in CGC, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1989, 12, 5, 327-332, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240120517 . [all data]

Song, Lai, et al., 2003
Song, C.; Lai, W.-C.; Madhusudan Reddy, K.; Wei, B., Chapter 7. Temperature-programmed retention indices for GC and GC-MS of hydrocarbon fuels and simulated distillation GC of heavy oils in Analytical advances for hydrocarbon research, Hsu,C.S., ed(s)., Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003, 147-193. [all data]

Zhang, Shen, et al., 2000
Zhang, M.-J.; Shen, S.-D.; Chen, S.-Y.; Sun, Y.-H., Analysis of heavy oil fractions in high-temperature coal tar by capillary gas chromatography/fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Chin. J. Chromatogr., 2000, 18, 3, 241-246. [all data]

Gautzsch and Zinn, 1996
Gautzsch, R.; Zinn, P., Use of incremental models to estimate the retention indexes of aromatic compounds, Chromatographia, 1996, 43, 3/4, 163-176, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02292946 . [all data]

Lai and Song, 1995
Lai, W.-C.; Song, C., Temperature-programmed retention indices for g.c. and g.c.-m.s. analysis of coal- and petroleum-derived liquid fuels, Fuel, 1995, 74, 10, 1436-1451, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)00108-H . [all data]

Podmaniczky, Szepesy, et al., 1986
Podmaniczky, L.; Szepesy, L.; Lakszner, K.; Schomburg, G., Determination of Retention Indices in LPTGC, Chromatographia, 1986, 21, 7, 387-391, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02346137 . [all data]

Rostad and Pereira, 1986
Rostad, C.E.; Pereira, W.E., Kovats and Lee retention indices determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for organic compounds of environmental interest, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Comm., 1986, 9, 6, 328-334, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240090603 . [all data]

Knoppel, de Bortoli, et al., 1983
Knoppel, H.; de Bortoli, M.; Peil, A.; Vissers, H., Reproducibility of Temperature-Programmed Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices with Non-Polar Glass Capillary Columns, J. Chromatogr., 1983, 279, 483-492, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93649-0 . [all data]

Knoppel, de Bortoli, et al., 1982
Knoppel, H.; de Bortoli, M.; Peil, A.; Schauenburg, H.; Vissers, H., The determination of linear PTGC retention indices for use in environmental organics analysis, Comm. Eur. Communities, Rep. EUR, 1982, 99-109. [all data]

Beernaert, 1979
Beernaert, H., Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Polyclylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, J. Chromatogr., 1979, 173, 1, 109-118, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)80450-7 . [all data]

Lee, Vassilaros, et al., 1979
Lee, M.L.; Vassilaros, D.L.; White, C.M.; Novotny, M., Retention Indices for Programmed-Temperature Capillary-Column Gas Chromatography of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Anal. Chem., 1979, 51, 6, 768-773, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50042a043 . [all data]

Carugno and Rossi, 1967
Carugno, N.; Rossi, S., Evaluation of polynuclear hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke by glass capillary columns, J. Gas Chromatogr., 1967, 5, 2, 103-106, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/5.2.103 . [all data]

Dimitriou-Christidis, Harris, et al., 2003
Dimitriou-Christidis, P.; Harris, B.C.; McDonald, T.J.; Reese, E.; Autenrieth, R.L., Estimation of selected physicochemical properties for methylated naphthalene compounds, Chemosphere, 2003, 52, 5, 869-881, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00288-1 . [all data]

Yasuhara, Shiraishi, et al., 1997
Yasuhara, A.; Shiraishi, H.; Nishikawa, M.; Yamamoto, T.; Uehiro, T.; Nakasugi, O.; Okumura, T.; Kenmotsu, K.; Fukui, H.; Nagase, M.; Ono, Y.; Kawagoshi, Y.; Baba, K.; Noma, Y., Determination of organic components in leachates from hazardous waste disposal sites in Japan by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1997, 774, 1-2, 321-332, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00078-2 . [all data]

Oda, Ichikawa, et al., 1996
Oda, J.; Ichikawa, S.; Mori, T., Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates by capillary GC/MS method with programmed temperature relative retention index, Bunseki Kagaku, 1996, 45, 9, 825-835, https://doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.45.825 . [all data]

Peng, Ding, et al., 1988
Peng, C.T.; Ding, S.F.; Hua, R.L.; Yang, Z.C., Prediction of Retention Indexes I. Structure-Retention Index Relationship on Apolar Columns, J. Chromatogr., 1988, 436, 137-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94575-8 . [all data]

Nabivach and Gerasimenko, 1996
Nabivach, V.M.; Gerasimenko, V.A., Gas chromatographic retention characteristics of bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Coke and Chemistry (Rus), 1996, 6, 27-31. [all data]

Ferrand, 1962
Ferrand, R., Gas phase chromatography using retention indices for the analysis of tars and their hydrogenation products, Journees internationales d'etude des methodes de separation immediate at de chromatographie; Org. sur l'initiative du IX., 1962, 132-140. [all data]

Asif and Fazeelat, 2006
Asif, M.; Fazeelat, T., Characterization of aromatic hydrocarbons in Dhurnal oil from Northen Indus Basin, J. Chem. Soc. Pakistan, 2006, 28, 2, 169-175. [all data]

Mastelic, Jerkovic, et al., 2006
Mastelic, J.; Jerkovic, I.; Mesic, M., Volatile constituents from flowers, leaves, bark and wood of Prunus mahaleb L., Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 2, 306-313, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1596 . [all data]

Pino, Marbot, et al., 2002
Pino, J.A.; Marbot, R.; Vazquez, C., Characterization of volatiles in Loquat fruit (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.), Revista CENIC Ciencias Quimicas, 2002, 33, 3, 115-119. [all data]

Dumitrescu, Buda, et al., 2000
Dumitrescu, V.; Buda, W.; Medvedovici, A., Evaluation of new stationary phases for capillary gas chromatography, Rev. Roum. Chim., 2000, 45, 4, 313-318. [all data]

Miao and Wu, 1999
Miao, X.; Wu, F., Study on retention behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatography in different operation models, J. Instrumental Anal., 1999, 15, 4, 288-292. [all data]

Elizalde-González, Hutfliess, et al., 1996
Elizalde-González, M.P.; Hutfliess, M.; Hedden, K., Retention index system, adsorption characteristics, and sructure correlations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fuels, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1996, 19, 6, 345-352, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240190608 . [all data]

Andersson and Weis, 1994
Andersson, J.T.; Weis, U., Gas Chromatographic Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds with Fluorinated Analogues as Internal Standards, J. Chromatogr. A, 1994, 659, 1, 151-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)85017-8 . [all data]

Okumura, 1991
Okumura, T., retention indices of environmental chemicals on methyl silicone capillary column, Journal of Environmental Chemistry (Japan), 1991, 1, 2, 333-358, https://doi.org/10.5985/jec.1.333 . [all data]

Ibrahim and Suffet, 1988
Ibrahim, E.A.; Suffet, I.H., Freon FC-113, an Alternative to Methylene Chloride for Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Trace Organics from Chlorinated Drinking Water, J. Chromatogr., 1988, 454, 217-232, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)88615-X . [all data]

Pozhidaev, Berezkin, et al., 1987
Pozhidaev, V.M.; Berezkin, V.G.; Korolev, A.A.; Popova, T.P.; Pozhideava, Capillary chromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on a home-produced capillary column with immobilized stationary liquid phase SE-30, Zh. Anal. Khim., 1987, 62, 12, 2222-2226. [all data]

Harland, Cumming, et al., 1986
Harland, B.J.; Cumming, R.I.; Gillings, E., The Kovats indexes of some organic micropollutants on an SE54 capillary column, EUR, I Org. Micropollut. Aquat. Environ., 1986, EUR 10388, 123-127. [all data]

Vichi, Pizzale, et al., 2005
Vichi, S.; Pizzale, L.; Conte, L.S.; Buxaderas, S.; L´opez-Tamames, E., Simultaneous determination of volatile and semi-volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in virgin olive oil by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 2005, 1090, 1-2, 146-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.007 . [all data]

Finkelstein, Kurbatova, et al., 2002
Finkelstein, E.E.; Kurbatova, S.V.; Kolosova, E.A., Study of biological activity of structure analogies of adamantane, Proc. Samara State Univ., 2002, 26, 4, 121-128. [all data]

Ansorena, Gimeno, et al., 2001
Ansorena, D.; Gimeno, O.; Astiasarán, I.; Bello, J., Analysis of volatile compounds by GC-MS of a dry fermented sausage: chorizo de Pamplona, Food Res. Int., 2001, 34, 1, 67-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00133-2 . [all data]

Ansorena, Astiasarán, et al., 2000
Ansorena, D.; Astiasarán, I.; Bello, J., Influence of the simultaneous addition of the protease flavourzyme and the lipase novozyme 677BG on dry fermented sausage compounds extracted by SDE and analyzed by GC-MS, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48, 6, 2395-2400, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990931y . [all data]

Oda, Yasuhara, et al., 1998
Oda, J.; Yasuhara, A.; Matsunaga, K.; Saito, Y., Identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of the particulate accumulated in the tunnel duct of freeway and generation of their oxygenated derivatives, Jpn. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 1998, 44, 5, 334-351, https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.44.334 . [all data]

Zenkevich, 1996
Zenkevich, I.G., Informational Maitenance of Gas Chromatographic Identification of Organic Compounds in Ecoanalytical Investigations, Z. Anal. Chem., 1996, 51, 11, 1140-1148. [all data]

Zenkevich and Malamakhov, 1987
Zenkevich, I.G.; Malamakhov, A.C., Evaluation of Molecular Weights of Organic Compounds based on Retention Parameters at Chromato-Spectral Analysys. Additional Criterion of Molecular Ions' Identification, Vestn. St. Petersb. Univ. Ser. 4: Fiz. Khim, 1987, 2, 101-106. [all data]

Waggott and Davies, 1984
Waggott, A.; Davies, I.W., Identification of organic pollutants using linear temperature programmed retention indices (LTPRIs) - Part II, 1984, retrieved from http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/research/completed-research/reports/dwi0383.pdf. [all data]

Ardrey and Moffat, 1981
Ardrey, R.E.; Moffat, A.C., Gas-liquid chromatographic retention indices of 1318 substances of toxicological interest on SE-30 or OV-1 stationary phase, J. Chromatogr., 1981, 220, 3, 195-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)81925-1 . [all data]

Kurose and Yatagai, 2005
Kurose, K.; Yatagai, M., Components of the essential oils of Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Azadirachta siamensis Velton, and Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs and their comparison, J. Wood Sci., 2005, 51, 2, 185-188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-004-0640-4 . [all data]

Duman, Kartal, et al., 2005
Duman, H.; Kartal, M.; Altun, L.; Demirci, B.; Baser, K.H.C., The essential oil of Stachys laetivirens Kotschy Boiss. ex Rech. fil., endemic in Turkey, Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 1, 48-50, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1362 . [all data]

Kivcak, Akay, et al., 2004
Kivcak, B.; Akay, S.; Demirci, B.; Baser, K.H.C., Chemical composition of essential oils from leaves and twigs of Pistacia lentiscus, Pistacia lentiscus var. chia, and Pistacia terebinthus from Turkey, Pharm. Biol, 2004, 42, 4-5, 360-366, https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200490519677 . [all data]

Shlyakhov, 1984
Shlyakhov, A.F., Gas chromatography in organic geochemistry, Nedra, Moscow, 1984, 221. [all data]

Jamoussi, Kanzari, et al., 2007
Jamoussi, B.; Kanzari, F.; Hassine, B.B.; Abderrabba, A., Using Bezier curves for the calculation of retention indices of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the so-called Lee's scale in temperature-programmed gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 2007, 45, 1, 22-27, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/45.1.22 . [all data]

Wang, Hou, et al., 2007
Wang, G.; Hou, Z.; Sun, Y.; Liu, Y.; Xie, B.; Liu, S., Investigation of pyrolysis behavior of fenoxycarb using PY-GC-MS assisted with chemometric methods, Chem. Anal., 2007, 52, 141-156. [all data]

Shao, Wang, et al., 2006
Shao, X.; Wang, G.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, R.; Xie, K.; Liu, H., Determination and Characterization of the Pyrolysis Products of Isoprocarb by GC-MS, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 2006, 44, 3, 141-147, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/44.3.141 . [all data]

Skrbic and Onjia, 2006
Skrbic, B.; Onjia, A., Prediction of Lee Retention Indices of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Artificial Neural Networks, J. Chromatorg. A, 2006, 1108, 2, 279-284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.080 . [all data]

Pedersen, Durant, et al., 2005
Pedersen, D.U.; Durant, J.L.; Taghizadeh, K.; Hemond, H.F.; Lafleur, A.L.; Cass, G.R., Human cell mutagenes in respirable airborne particles from the Northeastern United States. 2. Quantification of mutagenes and other organic compounds., Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39, 24, 9547-9560, https://doi.org/10.1021/es050886c . [all data]

Marynowski, Pieta, et al., 2004
Marynowski, L.; Pieta, M.; Janeczek, J., Composition and source of polycyclic aromatic compounds in deposited dust from selected sites around the Upper Silesia, Poland, Geol. Q., 2004, 48, 2, 169-180. [all data]

Chen, Keeran, et al., 2002
Chen, P.H.; Keeran, W.S.; Van Ausdale, W.A.; Schindler, D.R.; Roberts, D.W., Application of Lee retention indices to the confirmation of tentatively identified compounds from GC/MS analysis of environmental samples, Technical paper, Analytical Services Division, Environmental ScienceEngineering, Inc, PO Box 1703, Gainesville, FL 32602, 2002, 11. [all data]

Wang, Jia, et al., 2000
Wang, J.; Jia, C.R.; Wong, C.K.; Wong, P.K., Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons created in lubricating oils, Water Air Soil Poll., 2000, 120, 3/4, 381-396, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005251618062 . [all data]

Piao, Chu, et al., 1999
Piao, M.; Chu, S.; Zheng, M.; Xu, X., Characterization of the combustion products of polyethylene, Chemosphere, 1999, 39, 9, 1497-1512, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00054-5 . [all data]

Durlak, Biswas, et al., 1998
Durlak, S.K.; Biswas, P.; Shi, J.; Bernhard, M.J., Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon particulate and gaseous emissions from polystyrene combustion, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1998, 32, 15, 2301-2307, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9709031 . [all data]

Williams and Williams, 1998
Williams, P.T.; Williams, E.A., Recycling plastic waste by pyrolysis, J. Inst. Energy, 1998, 71, 81-93. [all data]

Wang, Peng, et al., 1997
Wang, Y.; Peng, P.; Cui, S.; Zhang, Y., Identification of PAH in the Suzhou River bed sediments by GC/MS and PAH retention index system, J. Nanjing Norm. Univ. (Nat. Sci.), 1997, 20, 2, 47-68. [all data]

Chen, 1996
Chen, J., GC and GC/MS methods for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in sediment of the grand canal of China, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 1996, 54, 1-4, 69-73, https://doi.org/10.1080/02772249609358297 . [all data]

Williams and Horne, 1995
Williams, P.T.; Horne, P.A., Analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolytic oil derived from biomass, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 1995, 31, 15-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2370(94)00814-H . [all data]

Ivanov and Golovko, 1994
Ivanov, V.I.; Golovko, A.K., Investigation of the composition of petroleum anthracene hydrocarbons, Pet. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 1994, 34, 6, 504-512. [all data]

Shaogang and Xiaobai, 1994
Shaogang, C.; Xiaobai, X., System for calculating the linear temperature-programmed retention indices of polycylic aromatic compounds, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1994, 17, 5, 339-342, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170511 . [all data]

Donnelly, Abdel-Hamid, et al., 1993
Donnelly, J.R.; Abdel-Hamid, M.S.; Jeter, J.L.; Gurka, D.F., Application of gas chromatographic retention properties to the identification of environmental contaminants, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 642, 1-2, 409-415, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80106-I . [all data]

Knobloch and Engewald, 1993
Knobloch, T.; Engewald, W., Identification of some polar polycyclic compounds in emissions from brown-coal-fired residential stoves, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1993, 16, 4, 239-242, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240160407 . [all data]

Guillén, Blanco, et al., 1989
Guillén, M.D.; Blanco, J.; Bermejo, J.; Blanco, C.G., Temperature programmed retention indices of some PAHs on Capillary columns coated with OV-1701 and SE-54, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1989, 12, 8, 552-554, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240120816 . [all data]

Sye, Lin, et al., 1988
Sye, W.-F.; Lin, C.-L.; Yen, D.-P.; Tsai, C.-S., Polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons formation from luel and additives combustion, J. Chinese Chem. Soc., 1988, 35, 1, 1-11. [all data]

Wise, Benner, et al., 1988
Wise, S.A.; Benner, B.A.; Byrd, G.D.; Chesler, S.N.; Rebbert, R.E.; Schantz, M.M., Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coal tar standard reference material, Anal. Chem., 1988, 60, 9, 887-894, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00160a012 . [all data]

Boenke and Ballschmiter, 1987
Boenke, A.; Ballschmiter, K., Fused quinones as retention index marker in high resolution gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (HRGC/ECD) of oxidized aromatic compounds, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 1987, 327, 1, 44-45, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00474554 . [all data]

Tong, Centen, et al., 1985
Tong, H.Y.; Centen, J.D.; Karasek, F.W.; Jellum, E.; Helland, P., Identification of Trace Organic Compounds in Dimethyl Sulphoxide Solution Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, J. Chromatogr., 1985, 324, 373-383, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)81336-4 . [all data]

Vassilaros, Kong, et al., 1982
Vassilaros, D.L.; Kong, R.C.; Later, D.W.; Lee, M.L., Linear retention index system for polycyclic aromatic compounds. Critical evaluation and additional indices, J. Chromatogr., 1982, 252, 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)88394-1 . [all data]

Fuentes, Font, et al., 2007
Fuentes, M.J.; Font, R.; Gomez-Rico, M.F.; Martin-Gullon, I., Pyrolysis and combustion of waste lubricant oil from diesel cars: Decomposition and pollutants, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 2007, 79, 1-2, 215-226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2006.12.004 . [all data]

Wang, Li, et al., 2007
Wang, Z.; Li, K.; Lambert, P.; Yang, C., Identification, characterization and quantitation of pyrogenic polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic compounds in tire fire products, J. Chromatogr. A, 2007, 1139, 1, 14-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.085 . [all data]

Wang, Li, et al., 2007, 2
Wang, Z.; Li, K.; Lambert, P.; Brown, C.E.; Yang, C.; Hollebone, B.P., Identification and characterization of polycyclic aromatic compounds in tire fire products and differentiation of pyrogenic PAHs from petrogenic PAHs in Proceedings of the 30th Arctic and Marine Oilspill (AMOP) Technical Seminar. Vol.1, 2007, 61-85. [all data]

Aracil, Font, et al., 2005
Aracil, I.; Font, R.; Conesa, J.A., Semivolatile and volatile compounds from the pyrolysis and combustion of polyvinyl chloride, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 2005, 74, 1-2, 465-478, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2004.09.008 . [all data]

Cheng, Liu, et al., 2005
Cheng, D.-X.; Liu, B.-X.; Sun, Y.-A.; Xie, B.; Zhang, H.-L., rapid analysis of pyrolysis products of cholesterol by GC-MS assited with boiling point - Lee retention index, journal of Instrumental Analysis - Fenxi ceshi xuebao, 2005, 24, 6, 85-88. [all data]

Ré-Poppi and Santiago-Silva, 2005
Ré-Poppi, N.; Santiago-Silva, M., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other selected organic compounds in ambient air of Campo Grande City, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 2005, 39, 16, 2839-2850, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.10.006 . [all data]

Sremac, Skrbic, et al., 2005
Sremac, S.; Skrbic, B.; Onjia, A., Artificial neural network prediction of quantitative structure-retention relationships of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in gas chromatography, J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 2005, 70, 11, 1291-1300, https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC0511291S . [all data]

Lundstedt, Haglund, et al., 2003
Lundstedt, S.; Haglund, P.; Öberg, L., Degradation and formation of polycyclic aromatic compounds during bioslurry treatment of an aged gasworks soil, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 2003, 22, 7, 1413-1420, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620220701 . [all data]

Ré-Poppi and Santiago-Silva, 2002
Ré-Poppi, N.; Santiago-Silva, M.R., Identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and methoxylated phenols in wood smoke emitted during production of charcoal, Chromatographia, 2002, 55, 7/8, 475-481, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02492280 . [all data]

Zamperlini, Silva, et al., 1997
Zamperlini, G.C.M.; Silva, M.R.S.; Vilegas, W., Identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sugar cane soot by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Chromatographia, 1997, 46, 11/12, 655-663, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02490527 . [all data]

Guillen, Iglesias, et al., 1992
Guillen, M.D.; Iglesias, M.J.; Dominguez, A.; Blanco, C.G., Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon retention indices on SE-54 stationary phase of the volatile components of a coal tar pitch. Relationships between chromatographic retention and thermal reactivity, J. Chromatogr., 1992, 591, 1-2, 287-295, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)80246-Q . [all data]

Takada, Onda, et al., 1990
Takada, H.; Onda, T.; Ogura, N., Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dusts and their source materials by capillary gas chromatography, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1990, 24, 8, 1179-1186, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00078a005 . [all data]

Naikwadi, Charbonneau, et al., 1987
Naikwadi, K.P.; Charbonneau, G.M.; Karasek, F.W.; Clement, R.E., Separation and Identification of Organic Compounds in Air Particulate Extracts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, J. Chromatogr., 1987, 398, 227-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96508-2 . [all data]

Tucminen, Wickstrom, et al., 1986
Tucminen, A.; Wickstrom, K.; Pyysalo, H., Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds by GLC-Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) Technique, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Comm., 1986, 9, 8, 469-471, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240090813 . [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  Cp,gas	Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
  EA	Electron affinity
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  T	Temperature
  Tboil	Boiling point
  Tfus	Fusion (melting) point
  Ttriple	Triple point temperature
  ΔHtrs	Enthalpy of phase transition
  ΔStrs	Entropy of phase transition
  ΔfH°gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
  ΔfusH	Enthalpy of fusion
  ΔfusS	Entropy of fusion
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔsubH	Enthalpy of sublimation
  ΔsubH°	Enthalpy of sublimation at standard conditions
  ΔvapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
  ΔvapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
• The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database.
• Customer support for NIST Standard Reference Data products.