Ethylene
- Formula: C2H4
- Molecular weight: 28.0532
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 74-85-1
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Isotopologues:
- Other names: Ethene; Acetene; Bicarburretted hydrogen; Elayl; Olefiant gas; C2H4; Athylen; Liquid ethyene; UN 1038; UN 1962
- Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
- Information on this page:
- Other data available:
- Gas phase thermochemistry data
- Condensed phase thermochemistry data
- Reaction thermochemistry data: reactions 1 to 50, reactions 51 to 54
- Henry's Law data
- Ion clustering data
- IR Spectrum
- Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
- UV/Visible spectrum
- Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels
- Gas Chromatography
- Fluid Properties
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Phase change data
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tboil | 169. ± 1. | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 9 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Tfus | 103.8 | K | N/A | Streng, 1971 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC |
Tfus | 103.7 | K | N/A | Kistiakowsky, Romeyn, et al., 1935 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.5 K; TRC |
Tfus | 103.7 | K | N/A | Parks and Huffman, 1931 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 1. K; TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Ttriple | 104.0 ± 0.1 | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 9 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Ptriple | 0.0012 | bar | N/A | Jahangiri, Jacobsen, et al., 1986 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.00005 bar; TRC |
Ptriple | 0.0012 | bar | N/A | Jahangiri, 1984 | TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Tc | 282.5 ± 0.5 | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 10 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Pc | 50.6 ± 0.5 | bar | AVG | N/A | Average of 10 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Vc | 0.1311 | l/mol | N/A | Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996 | |
Vc | 0.13099 | l/mol | N/A | Jahangiri, 1984 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.00002 l/mol; TRC |
Vc | 0.13098 | l/mol | N/A | Douslin and Harrison, 1976 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.0001 l/mol; TRC |
Vc | 0.12868 | l/mol | N/A | Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1974 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.0001 l/mol; TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ρc | 7.63 ± 0.004 | mol/l | N/A | Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996 | |
ρc | 7.6334 | mol/l | N/A | Jahangiri, Jacobsen, et al., 1986 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.004 mol/l; TRC |
ρc | 7.6341 | mol/l | N/A | Hastings, Levelt Sengers, et al., 1980 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.0007 mol/l; PVT, Burnett apparatus, Unct. value one standard deviation from fitting.; TRC |
ρc | 18.894 | mol/l | N/A | Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1974 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.007 mol/l; TRC |
ρc | 7.6986 | mol/l | N/A | Mathias, Crommelin, et al., 1929 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 mol/l; TRC |
Enthalpy of vaporization
ΔvapH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
13.544 | 169.40 | N/A | Egan and Kemp, 1937 | DH |
14.0 | 267. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 252. to 282. K.; AC |
13.7 | 258. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 170. to 273. K.; AC |
14.4 | 155. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 120. to 170. K.; AC |
13.7 | 196. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 169. to 211. K.; AC |
13.6 | 239. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 209. to 254. K.; AC |
14.1 | 167. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 120. to 182. K. See also Dykyj, 1970.; AC |
14.0 | 175. | N/A | Michels and Wassenaar, 1950 | Based on data from 150. to 190. K.; AC |
14.3 | 161. | N/A | Lamb and Roper, 1940 | Based on data from 148. to 174. K.; AC |
14.4 | 156. | N/A | Egan and Kemp, 1937 | Based on data from 124. to 171. K.; AC |
Entropy of vaporization
ΔvapS (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
79.95 | 169.40 | Egan and Kemp, 1937 | DH |
Antoine Equation Parameters
log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
P = vapor pressure (bar)
T = temperature (K)
View plot Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser.
Temperature (K) | A | B | C | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
149.37 to 188.57 | 3.87261 | 584.146 | -18.307 | Michels and Wassenaar, 1950 | Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data. |
Enthalpy of sublimation
ΔsubH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
18.4 | 91.5 | A,MS | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 79. to 104. K. See also Tickner and Lossing, 1951.; AC |
15.0 | 77. to 103. | N/A | Menaucourt, 1982 | AC |
Enthalpy of fusion
ΔfusH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
3.351 | 103.97 | Chao, Hall, et al., 1983 | DH |
3.351 | 103.95 | Egan and Kemp, 1937 | DH |
3.35 | 104. | Domalski and Hearing, 1996 | AC |
Entropy of fusion
ΔfusS (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
32.23 | 103.97 | Chao, Hall, et al., 1983 | DH |
32.23 | 103.95 | Egan and Kemp, 1937 | DH |
Gas phase ion energetics data
Go To: Top, Phase change data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
View reactions leading to C2H4+ (ion structure unspecified)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IE (evaluated) | 10.5138 ± 0.0006 | eV | N/A | N/A | L |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Proton affinity (review) | 680.5 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Gas basicity | 651.5 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔfH°(+) ion | 1067. ± 0.8 | kJ/mol | N/A | N/A | |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔfH(+) ion,0K | 1080. | kJ/mol | N/A | N/A |
Ionization energy determinations
Appearance energy determinations
De-protonation reactions
C2H3- + =
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 1704. ± 9. | kJ/mol | AVG | N/A | Average of 5 out of 6 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 1677.8 ± 2.1 | kJ/mol | IMRE | Ervin, Gronert, et al., 1990 | gas phase; B |
ΔrG° | 1670. ± 8.8 | kJ/mol | H-TS | DePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989 | gas phase; B |
ΔrG° | 1668. ± 21. | kJ/mol | H-TS | Peerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992 | gas phase; B |
ΔrG° | >1661.0 | kJ/mol | IMRB | Froelicher, Freiser, et al., 1986 | gas phase; B |
References
Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Streng, 1971
Streng, A.G.,
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Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Romeyn, H.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E.,
Heats of Organic Reactions. I. The Apparatus and the Heat of Hydrogenation of Ethylene,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57, 65. [all data]
Parks and Huffman, 1931
Parks, G.S.; Huffman, H.M.,
Some fusion and transition data for hydrocarbons,
Ind. Eng. Chem., 1931, 23, 1138-9. [all data]
Jahangiri, Jacobsen, et al., 1986
Jahangiri, M.; Jacobsen, R.T.; Stewart, R.B.; McCarty, R.D.,
Thermodynamic Properties of Ethylene from the Freezing Line to 450 K at Pressures to 260 MPa,
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Jahangiri, 1984
Jahangiri, M.,
A thermodynamic property formulation for ethylene from the freezing line to 450 K at pressures to 260 MPa, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Idaho, Moscow, 1984. [all data]
Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996
Tsonopoulos, C.; Ambrose, D.,
Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. 6. Unsaturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons,
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Douslin and Harrison, 1976
Douslin, D.R.; Harrison, R.H.,
Pressure, Volume, Temperature Relations of Ethylene,
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Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1974
Angus, S.; Armstrong, B.; de Reuck, K.M.,
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Hastings, Levelt Sengers, et al., 1980
Hastings, J.R.; Levelt Sengers, J.M.H.; Balfour, F.W.,
The critical=region equation of state of ethene and the effect of small impurities,
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Actes Veme Congress International Du Froid 2, 66, 1929. [all data]
Egan and Kemp, 1937
Egan, C.J.; Kemp, J.D.,
Ethylene. The heat capacity from 15°K to the boiling point. The heats of fusion and vaporization. The vapor pressure of the liquid. The entropy from thermal measurements compared with the entropy from spectroscopic data,
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Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw,
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Dykyj, 1970
Dykyj, J.,
Petrochemica, 1970, 10, 2, 51. [all data]
Michels and Wassenaar, 1950
Michels, A.; Wassenaar, T.,
The vapour pressure of ethylene,
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Lamb and Roper, 1940
Lamb, Arthur B.; Roper, Edwin E.,
The Vapor Pressures of Certain Unsaturated Hydrocarbons,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1940, 62, 4, 806-814, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01861a032
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Tickner and Lossing, 1951
Tickner, A.W.; Lossing, F.P.,
The Measurement of Low Vapor Pressures by Means of a Mass Spectrometer.,
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Menaucourt, 1982
Menaucourt, J.,
Saturated vapor pressure of ethylene from 77 to 119 K,
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Chao, J.; Hall, K.R.; Yao, J.M.,
Thermodynamic properties of simple alkenes,
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Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D.,
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Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G.,
Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update,
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. [all data]
Ohno, Okamura, et al., 1995
Ohno, K.; Okamura, K.; Yamakado, H.; Hoshino, S.; Takami, T.; Yamauchi, M.,
Penning ionization of HCHO, CH2CH2, and CH2CHCHO by collision with He*(2 3S) metastable atoms,
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Williams, B.A.; Cool, T.A.,
Two-photon spectroscopy of Rydberg states of jet-cooled C2H4 and C2D4,
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Plessis and Marmet, 1986
Plessis, P.; Marmet, P.,
Electroionization study of ethylene: Ionization and appearance energies, ion-pair formations, and negative ions,
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Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981
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Ionization energies, Ab initio assignments, and valence electronic structure for 200 molecules
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Wood and Taylor, 1979
Wood, K.V.; Taylor, J.W.,
A photoionization mass spectrometric study of autoionization in ethylene and trans-2-butene,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1979, 30, 307. [all data]
Carlier and Botter, 1979
Carlier, J.; Botter, R.,
Photoelectron spectra of ethylene of the six deuterated derivatives,
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Sell, Mintz, et al., 1978
Sell, J.A.; Mintz, D.M.; Kupperman, A.,
Photoelectron angular distributions of carbon-carbon π electrons in ethylene, benzene, and their fluorinated derivatives,
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Bieri, Burger, et al., 1977
Bieri, G.; Burger, F.; Heilbronner, E.; Maier, J.P.,
Valence ionization enrgies of hydrocarbons,
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Van Veen, 1976
Van Veen, E.H.,
Low-energy electron-impact spectroscopy on ethylene,
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Stockbauer and Inghram, 1975
Stockbauer, R.; Inghram, M.G.,
Vibrational structure in the ground state of ethylene ethylene-d4 molecular ions investigated by threshold photoelectron spectroscopy,
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Stockbauer and Inghram, 1975, 2
Stockbauer, R.; Inghram, M.G.,
Threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence mass spectrometric study of ethylene and ethylene-d4,
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Rabalais, Debies, et al., 1974
Rabalais, J.W.; Debies, T.P.; Berkosky, J.L.; Huang, J.-T.J.; Ellison, F.O.,
Calculated photoionization cross sections relative experimental photoionization intensities for a selection of small molecules,
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Maeda, Suzuki, et al., 1974
Maeda, K.; Suzuki, I.H.; Koyama, Y.,
Ionization efficiency curves of ethylene by electron impact,
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Knowles and Nicholson, 1974
Knowles, D.J.; Nicholson, A.J.C.,
Ionization energies of formic and acetic acid monomers,
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Gordon, Krige, et al., 1974
Gordon, S.M.; Krige, G.J.; Reid, N.W.,
Isotope effects in the unimolecular decomposition of ethylene by low-energy electron impact,
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Masclet, Grosjean, et al., 1973
Masclet, P.; Grosjean, D.; Mouvier, G.,
Alkene ionization potentials. Part I. Quantitative determination of alkyl group structural effects,
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Beez, Bieri, et al., 1973
Beez, M.; Bieri, G.; Bock, H.; Heilbronner, E.,
The ionization potentials of butadiene, hexatriene, andtheir methyl derivatives: evidence for through space interaction between double bond π-orbitals and non-bonded pseudo-π orbitals of methyl groups?,
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Mason, Kuppermann, et al., 1972
Mason, D.C.; Kuppermann, A.; Mintz, D.M.,
Angular distribution of electrons from the photoionization of ethylene
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Brundle, Robin, et al., 1972
Brundle, C.R.; Robin, M.B.; Kuebler, N.A.; Basch, H.,
Perfluoro effect in photoelectron spectroscopy. I. Nonaromatic molecules,
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Frost and Sandhu, 1971
Frost, D.C.; Sandhu, J.S.,
Ionization potentials of ethylene and some methyl-substituted ethylenes as determined by photoelectron spectroscopy,
Indian J. Chem., 1971, 9, 1105. [all data]
Branton, Frost, et al., 1970
Branton, G.R.; Frost, D.C.; Makita, T.; McDowell, C.A.; Stenhouse, I.A.,
Photoelectron spectra of ethylene and ethylene-d4,
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Eland, 1969
Eland, J.H.D.,
Photoelectron spectra of conjugated hydrocarbons and heteromolecules,
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Williams and Hamill, 1968
Williams, J.M.; Hamill, W.H.,
Ionization potentials of molecules and free radicals and appearance potentials by electron impact in the mass spectrometer,
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Baker, Baker, et al., 1968
Baker, A.D.; Baker, C.; Brundle, C.R.; Turner, D.W.,
The electronic structures of methane, ethane, ethylene and formaldehyde studied by high-resolution molecular photoelectron spectroscopy,
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Brehm, 1966
Brehm, B.,
Massenspektrometrische Untersuchung der Photoionisation von Molekulen,
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Botter, Dibeler, et al., 1966
Botter, R.; Dibeler, V.H.; Walker, J.A.; Rosenstock, H.M.,
Mass-spectrometric study of photoionization. IV.Ethylene and 1,2-dideuteroethylene,
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Nicholson, 1965
Nicholson, A.J.C.,
Photoionization-efficiency curves. II. False and genuine structure,
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Momigny, 1963
Momigny, J.,
Ionization potentials and the structures of the photo-ionization yield curves of ethylene and its halogeno derivatives,
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Watanabe, 1954
Watanabe, K.,
Photoionization and total absorption cross section of gases. I. Ionization potentials of several molecules. Cross sections of NH3 and NO,
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Price and Tutte, 1940
Price, W.C.; Tutte, W.T.,
The absorption spectra of ethylene, deutero-ethylene and some alkyl-substituted ethylenes in the vacuum ultra-violet,
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Kusch, Hustrulid, et al., 1937
Kusch, P.; Hustrulid, A.; Tate, J.T.,
The dissociation of HCN, C2H2, C2N2 and C2H4 by electron impact,
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Bieri and Asbrink, 1980
Bieri, G.; Asbrink, L.,
30.4-nm He(II) photoelectron spectra of organic molecules,
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Krause, Taylor, et al., 1978
Krause, D.A.; Taylor, J.W.; Fenske, R.F.,
An analysis of the effects of alkyl substituents on the ionization potentials of n-alkenes,
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Kobayashi, 1978
Kobayashi, T.,
A simple general tendency in photoelectron angular distributions of some monosubstituted benzenes,
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White, Carlson, et al., 1974
White, R.M.; Carlson, T.A.; Spears, D.P.,
Angular distribution of the photoelectron spectra for ethylene, propylene, butene and butadiene,
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Photoionization of ethylene with mass analysis,
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Bombach, Dannacher, et al., 1984
Bombach, R.; Dannacher, J.; Stadelmann, J.-P.,
The rate/energy functions for the competitive fragmentation processes of ethylene and ethane cations,
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Computer-assisted retarding potential difference system for ionization efficiency measurements,
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A third-derivative method for determining electron-impact onset potentials,
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Shiromaru, H.; Achiba, Y.; Kimura, K.; Lee, Y.T.,
Determination of the C-H bond dissociation energies of ethylene and acetylene by observation of the threshold energies of H+ formation by synchrotron radiation,
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Ervin, Gronert, et al., 1990
Ervin, K.M.; Gronert, S.; Barlow, S.E.; Gilles, M.K.; Harrison, A.G.; Bierbaum, V.M.; DePuy, C.H.; Lin, W.C.,
Bonds Strengths of Ethylene and Acetylene,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 15, 5750, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00171a013
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DePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989
DePuy, C.H.; Gronert, S.; Barlow, S.E.; Bierbaum, V.M.; Damrauer, R.,
The Gas Phase Acidities of the Alkanes,
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Peerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992
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Stabilization of Cycloalkyl Carbanions in the Gas Phase,
Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 1992, 6, 6, 394, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290060608
. [all data]
Froelicher, Freiser, et al., 1986
Froelicher, S.W.; Freiser, B.S.; Squires, R.R.,
The C3H5- isomers. Experimental and theoretical studies of the tautomeric propenyl ions and the cyclopropyl anion in the gas phase,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2853. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References
- Symbols used in this document:
AE Appearance energy IE (evaluated) Recommended ionization energy Pc Critical pressure Ptriple Triple point pressure Tboil Boiling point Tc Critical temperature Tfus Fusion (melting) point Ttriple Triple point temperature Vc Critical volume ΔfH(+) ion,0K Enthalpy of formation of positive ion at 0K ΔfusH Enthalpy of fusion ΔfusS Entropy of fusion ΔrG° Free energy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions ΔsubH Enthalpy of sublimation ΔvapH Enthalpy of vaporization ΔvapS Entropy of vaporization ρc Critical density - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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