Biphenyl
- Formula: C12H10
- Molecular weight: 154.2078
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 92-52-4
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Isotopologues:
- Other names: 1,1'-Biphenyl; Bibenzene; Diphenyl; Phenylbenzene; 1,1'-Diphenyl; Lemonene; Phenador-X; PhPh; Xenene; Carolid AL; Tetrosin LY; NSC 14916; 1,1-Biphenyl
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Phase change data
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
CAL - James S. Chickos, William E. Acree, Jr., Joel F. Liebman, Students of Chem 202 (Introduction to the Literature of Chemistry), University of Missouri -- St. Louis
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tboil | 527. ± 2. | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 40 out of 42 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Tfus | 343. ± 1. | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 285 out of 294 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Ttriple | 342.090 | K | N/A | Chirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 1989 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.01 K; TRC |
Ttriple | 341.8 | K | N/A | Parks and Huffman, 1931 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.3 K; TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Tc | 780. ± 20. | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 7 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Pc | 35. ± 6. | bar | AVG | N/A | Average of 8 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Vc | 0.497 | l/mol | N/A | Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1995 | |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ρc | 2.0 ± 0.1 | mol/l | N/A | Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1995 | |
ρc | 2.01 | mol/l | N/A | Ellard and Yanko, 1963 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.065 mol/l; TRC |
ρc | 2.09 | mol/l | N/A | Reiter, 1963 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.065 mol/l; TRC |
ρc | 1.99 | mol/l | N/A | Mandel and Ewbank, 1960 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.097 mol/l; TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔvapH° | 62. ± 10. | kJ/mol | AVG | N/A | Average of 7 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔsubH° | 82. ± 3. | kJ/mol | AVG | N/A | Average of 10 values; Individual data points |
Reduced pressure boiling point
Tboil (K) | Pressure (bar) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
418.2 | 0.029 | Weast and Grasselli, 1989 | BS |
418. | 0.029 | Buckingham and Donaghy, 1982 | BS |
343. to 351. | 0.0003 | Buckingham and Donaghy, 1982 | BS |
Enthalpy of vaporization
ΔvapH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
51.2 | 510. | DSC | Back, Grzyll, et al., 1996 | Based on data from 495. to 688. K.; AC |
57.4 | 400. | EB | Chirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 1989, 2 | Based on data from 350. to 578. K.; AC |
60.3 | 360. | EB | Chirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 1989, 2 | Based on data from 350. to 578. K.; AC |
50.4 | 500. | EB | Chirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 1989, 2 | Based on data from 350. to 578. K.; AC |
59.6 | 363. | GS | Sakoguchi, Iwai, et al., 1989 | Based on data from 348. to 453. K.; AC |
60.4 | 363. | N/A | Sasse, N'guimbi, et al., 1989 | Based on data from 333. to 393. K.; AC |
57.3 | 405. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 390. to 563. K.; AC |
54.9 | 417. | GS | Nasir, Hwang, et al., 1980 | Based on data from 396. to 437. K.; AC |
48.0 | 647. | N/A | Glaser and Rüland, 1957 | Based on data from 528. to 766. K.; AC |
59.4 | 357. | N/A | Cunningham, 1930 | Based on data from 342. to 544. K. See also Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984.; AC |
Antoine Equation Parameters
log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
P = vapor pressure (bar)
T = temperature (K)
View plot Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser.
Temperature (K) | A | B | C | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
342.3 to 544.3 | 4.35685 | 1987.623 | -71.556 | Cunningham, 1930, 2 | Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data. |
Enthalpy of sublimation
ΔsubH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
81.520 | 298.15 | N/A | Chirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 1989, 2 | DH |
81.8 | 383. | GS | Nass, Lenoir, et al., 1995 | Based on data from 313. to 453. K.; AC |
83.4 | 311. | EM | Sasse, N'guimbi, et al., 1989 | Based on data from 283. to 338. K.; AC |
76.0 ± 4.0 | 273. to 313. | HSA | Chickos, 1975 | AC |
80.4 ± 1.6 | 319. | TSGC | Clark, Knox, et al., 1975 | Based on data from 306. to 332. K.; AC |
75.2 | 298. to 318. | ME | Pribilová and Pouchlý, 1974 | AC |
83.6 ± 2.5 | 283. | V | Radchenko and Kitaigorodskii, 1974 | ALS |
75.81 ± 0.59 | 342.5 | V | Aihara, 1959 | ALS |
75.8 ± 0.6 | 289. | N/A | Aihara, 1955 | Based on data from 279. to 299. K.; AC |
81.6 ± 1.7 | 301. | N/A | Bradley and Cleasby, 1953 | Based on data from 288. to 314. K.; AC |
81.588 | 288.05 | V | Bradley and Cleasby, 1953, 2 | ALS |
75.1 ± 1.7 | 297. | N/A | Seki and Suzuki, 1953 | Based on data from 287. to 307. K.; AC |
68.6 ± 0.8 | 292. | QF | Wolf and Weghofer, 1938 | AC |
68.6 ± 0.8 | 295. | V | Wolf and Weghofer, 1938, 2 | ALS |
Entropy of sublimation
ΔsubS (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
273.42 | 298.15 | Chirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 1989, 2 | DH |
Enthalpy of fusion
ΔfusH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
18.5760 | 342.098 | N/A | Chirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 1989, 2 | DH |
18.580 | 342.2 | N/A | O'Rourke and Mraw, 1983 | DH |
18.800 | 344.1 | N/A | Smith, 1979 | DH |
18.648 | 341.5 | N/A | Spaght, Thomas, et al., 1932 | DH |
19.7 | 342.3 | DSC | Khimeche and Dahmani, 2006 | AC |
19.27 | 344.34 | DSC | Benkhennouf, Kamel, et al., 2004 | AC |
18.66 | 341.5 | N/A | Domalski and Hearing, 1996 | AC |
18.575 | 343. | N/A | Ueberreiter and Orthmann, 1950 | DH |
18.594 | 342. | N/A | Schmidt, 1941 | DH |
18.945 | 314.3 | N/A | Eykman, 1889 | DH |
Entropy of fusion
ΔfusS (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
54.300 | 342.098 | Chirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 1989, 2 | DH |
54.3 | 342.2 | O'Rourke and Mraw, 1983 | DH |
54.6 | 344.1 | Smith, 1979 | DH |
54.6 | 341.5 | Spaght, Thomas, et al., 1932 | DH |
54.81 | 341.5 | Domalski and Hearing, 1996 | CAL |
54.2 | 343. | Ueberreiter and Orthmann, 1950 | DH |
54.4 | 342. | Schmidt, 1941 | DH |
60.3 | 314.3 | Eykman, 1889 | DH |
Enthalpy of phase transition
ΔHtrs (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Initial Phase | Final Phase | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00015 | 16.8 | crystaline, III | crystaline, II | Saito, Atake, et al., 1988 | DH |
0.00502 | 40.4 | crystaline, II | crystaline, I | Saito, Atake, et al., 1988 | Twist transition.; DH |
0.00015 | 16.8 | crystaline, III | crystaline, II | Atake, Saito, et al., 1983 | Anomalous region: 15.3 to 18.3 K.; DH |
0.00502 | 40.4 | crystaline, II | crystaline, I | Atake, Saito, et al., 1983 | Anomalous region: 30 to 47 K.; DH |
0.000293 | 11.0 | crystaline, III | crystaline, II | Ataki and Chihara, 1980 | DH |
0.00502 | 40.4 | crystaline, II | crystaline, I | Ataki and Chihara, 1980 | DH |
19.900 | 343.3 | crystaline, I | liquid | Wasicki, Radomska, et al., 1982 | DH |
Entropy of phase transition
ΔStrs (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Initial Phase | Final Phase | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.009 | 16.8 | crystaline, III, Lock | crystaline, II, in transition | Saito, Atake, et al., 1988 | DH |
0.129 | 40.4 | crystaline, II | crystaline, I | Saito, Atake, et al., 1988 | Twist; DH |
0.009 | 16.8 | crystaline, III | crystaline, II | Atake, Saito, et al., 1983 | Anomalous; DH |
0.129 | 40.4 | crystaline, II | crystaline, I | Atake, Saito, et al., 1983 | Anomalous; DH |
0.025 | 11.0 | crystaline, III | crystaline, II | Ataki and Chihara, 1980 | DH |
0.129 | 40.4 | crystaline, II | crystaline, I | Ataki and Chihara, 1980 | DH |
58.0 | 343.3 | crystaline, I | liquid | Wasicki, Radomska, et al., 1982 | DH |
Gas phase ion energetics data
Go To: Top, Phase change data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess
View reactions leading to C12H10+ (ion structure unspecified)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IE (evaluated) | 8.16 ± 0.13 | eV | N/A | N/A | L |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Proton affinity (review) | 813.6 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Gas basicity | 782.9 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Electron affinity determinations
EA (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
<0.130 ± 0.035 | ECD | Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981 | EA is an upper limit: Chen and Wentworth, 1989. G3MP2B3 calculations indicate an EA of ca. -0.02 eV, anion unbound.; B |
Proton affinity at 298K
Proton affinity (kJ/mol) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|
808.8 | Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000 | Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM |
Gas basicity at 298K
Gas basicity (review) (kJ/mol) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|
780.7 | Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000 | Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM |
Ionization energy determinations
IE (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
8.80 ± 0.05 | EI | Loudon and Mazengo, 1974 | LLK |
8.9 | EI | Koppel, Schwarz, et al., 1974 | LLK |
7.95 ± 0.02 | PE | Maier and Turner, 1972 | LLK |
8.23 ± 0.01 | PE | Dewar, Haselbach, et al., 1970 | RDSH |
8.20 ± 0.05 | PE | Eland and Danby, 1968 | RDSH |
8.46 | CTS | Slifkin and Allison, 1967 | RDSH |
8.22 ± 0.15 | EI | Eland, Shepherd, et al., 1966 | RDSH |
8.27 ± 0.01 | PI | Watanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962 | RDSH |
8.64 | CTS | Kinoshita, 1962 | RDSH |
8.35 | CTS | Briegleb, Czekalla, et al., 1961 | RDSH |
8.4 | CTS | Briegleb and Czekalla, 1959 | RDSH |
8.39 | PE | Akiyama, Li, et al., 1979 | Vertical value; LLK |
8.34 | PE | Ruscic, Kovac, et al., 1978 | Vertical value; LLK |
Appearance energy determinations
Ion | AE (eV) | Other Products | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C6H4+ | 18.1 ± 0.3 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C6H5+ | 18.2 ± 0.5 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C7H5+ | 20.9 ± 0.2 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C8H6+ | 18.10 ± 0.05 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C9H7+ | 16.08 ± 0.05 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C10H8+ | 14.81 ± 0.05 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C11H7+ | 14.8 ± 0.2 | CH3 | EI | Loudon and Mazengo, 1974 | LLK |
C12H8+ | 16.89 ± 0.08 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C12H9+ | 13.6 ± 0.2 | H | EI | Loudon and Mazengo, 1974 | LLK |
C12H9+ | 14.36 | H | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
C12H82+ | 22.0 ± 1.0 | ? | EI | Natalis and Franklin, 1965 | RDSH |
References
Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Chirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 1989
Chirico, R.D.; Knipmeyer, S.E.; Nguyen, A.; Steele, W.V.,
The thermodynamic properties of biphenyl,
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Parks and Huffman, 1931
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Some fusion and transition data for hydrocarbons,
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Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1995
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Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
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Ellard, J.A.; Yanko, W.H.,
, U. S. A. E. C. Rep. IDO-11008, 1963. [all data]
Reiter, 1963
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Mandel and Ewbank, 1960
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Weast and Grasselli, 1989
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Dictionary of Organic Compounds: Fifth Edition, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1982, 1. [all data]
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Back, Dwight D.; Grzyll, Lawrence R.; Corrigan, Mary,
DSC enthalpy of vaporization measurements of high temperature two-phase working fluids,
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The thermodynamic properties of biphenyl,
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Sakoguchi, Iwai, et al., 1989
Sakoguchi, Akihiro; Iwai, Yoshio; Takenaka, Jun; Arai, Yasuhiko,
Measurement of vapor pressures of tetralin, 1-naphthol and biphenyl using flow-type apparatus.,
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Sasse, K.; N'guimbi, J.; Jose, J.; Merlin, J.C.,
Tension de vapeur d'hydrocarbures polyaromatiques dans le domaine 10-3--10 Torr,
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Development of an apparatus to measurement vapor pressures at high temperatures and its application to three higher-boiling compounds,
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Glaser and Rüland, 1957
Glaser, Fritz; Rüland, Heinz,
Untersuchungen über Dampfdruckkurven und kritische Daten einiger technisch wichtiger organischer Substanzen,
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Cunningham, 1930
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Power, 1930, 72, 374. [all data]
Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984
Boublik, T.; Fried, V.; Hala, E.,
The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances: Selected Values of the Temperature Dependence of the Vapour Pressures of Some Pure Substances in the Normal and Low Pressure Region, 2nd ed., Elsevier, New York, 1984, 972. [all data]
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Cunningham, G.B.,
Diphenyl (C6H5-C6H5). May Solve Reheating Problem,
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Nass, Karen; Lenoir, Dieter; Kettrup, Antonius,
Calculation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by an Incremental Procedure,
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Chickos, 1975
Chickos, James Speros,
A simple equilibrium method for determining heats of sublimation,
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Clark, Knox, et al., 1975
Clark, Timothy; Knox, Trevor; Mackle, Henry; McKervey, M. Anthony; Rooney, John J.,
Heats of sublimation of some cage hydrocarbons by a temperature scanning technique,
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Pribilová, J.; Pouchlý, J.,
Vapour pressure of some low-volatile hydrocarbons determined by the effusion method,
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Radchenko and Kitaigorodskii, 1974
Radchenko, L.G.; Kitaigorodskii, A.I.,
The vapour pressures and heats of sublimation of naphthalene, biphenyl, octafluoronaphthalene, decafluorobiphenyl, acenaphthene and α-nitronaphthalene,
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Aihara, 1959
Aihara, A.,
Estimation of the energy of hydrogen bonds formed in crystals. I. Sublimation pressures of some organic molecular crystals and the additivity of lattice energy,
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Aihara, A.,
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Bradley and Cleasby, 1953
Bradley, R.S.; Cleasby, T.G.,
349. The vapour pressure and lattice energy of some aromatic ring compounds,
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Bradley and Cleasby, 1953, 2
Bradley, R.S.; Cleasby, T.G.,
The vapour pressure and lattice energy of some aromatic ring compounds,
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Seki and Suzuki, 1953
Seki, Syûzô; Suzuki, Keisuke,
Physico-Chemical Studies on Molecular Compounds. III. Vapor Pressures of Diphenyl, 4, 4'-Dinitrodiphenyl, and Molecular Compound between Them,
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Wolf and Weghofer, 1938
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Wolf and Weghofer, 1938, 2
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Uber sublimationswarmen,
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O'Rourke and Mraw, 1983
O'Rourke, D.F.; Mraw, S.C.,
Heat capacities and enthalpies of fusion of dibenzothiophene (220 to 560 K) and of biphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, and cyclohexylcyclohexane (220 to 475 K). Enthalpies and temperatures of three transitions in solid cyclohexylcyclohexane,
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Smith, 1979
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Phase behavior of some linear polyphenyls,
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Spaght, Thomas, et al., 1932
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Some heat capacity data on organic compounds obtained with a radiation calorimeter,
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Khimeche and Dahmani, 2006
Khimeche, K.; Dahmani, A.,
Determination by DSC of solid--liquid diagrams for polyaromatic -- 4,4'diaminodiphenylmethane binary systems,
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Benkhennouf, Kamel, et al., 2004
Benkhennouf, M.; Kamel, K.; Dahmani, A.,
Solid-liquid phase equilibria for aromatic compounds,
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Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D.,
Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III,
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Ueberreiter and Orthmann, 1950
Ueberreiter, K.; Orthmann, H.-J.,
Specifische Wärme, spezifisches Volumen, Temperatur- und Wärme-leittähigkeit einiger disubstituierter Benzole und polycyclischer Systeme,
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Schmidt, 1941
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Thesis Washington University (St. Louis), 1941. [all data]
Eykman, 1889
Eykman, J.F.,
Zur kryoskopischen Molekulargewichtsbestimmung,
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Saito, Atake, et al., 1988
Saito, K.; Atake, T.; Chihara, H.,
Incommensurate phase transitions and anomalous lattice heat capacities of biphenyl,
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Atake, Saito, et al., 1983
Atake, T.; Saito, K.; Chihara, H.,
Low temperature heat capacities of 1,1'-biphenyl and 1,1'-biphenyl-d10,
Chem. Lett., 1983, (4), 493-496. [all data]
Ataki and Chihara, 1980
Ataki, T.; Chihara, H.,
Heat capacity anomalies due to successive phase transitions in 1,1'-biphenyl,
Solid State Commun., 1980, 35, 131-134. [all data]
Wasicki, Radomska, et al., 1982
Wasicki, J.; Radomska, M.; Radomski, R.,
Heat capacities of diphenyl, p-terphenyl and p-quaterphenyl from 180 K to their melting points,
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Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G.,
Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update,
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Notes
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- Symbols used in this document:
AE Appearance energy EA Electron affinity IE (evaluated) Recommended ionization energy Pc Critical pressure Tboil Boiling point Tc Critical temperature Tfus Fusion (melting) point Ttriple Triple point temperature Vc Critical volume ΔHtrs Enthalpy of phase transition ΔStrs Entropy of phase transition ΔfusH Enthalpy of fusion ΔfusS Entropy of fusion ΔsubH Enthalpy of sublimation ΔsubH° Enthalpy of sublimation at standard conditions ΔsubS Entropy of sublimation ΔvapH Enthalpy of vaporization ΔvapH° Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions ρc Critical density - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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