Allene

• Formula: C₃H₄
• Molecular weight: 40.0639
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C3H4/c1-3-2/h1-2H2 Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: IYABWNGZIDDRAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 463-49-0
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Other names: Propadiene; 1,2-Propadiene; sym-Allylene; Dimethylenemethane; CH2=C=CH2; Propa-1,2-diene
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • Gas Chromatography
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • IR Spectrum
  • Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Microwave spectra (on physics lab web site)
  • Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections (on physics web site)
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
• Options:
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• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Enthalpy of vaporization

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (atm)
    T = temperature (K)

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Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C₃H₃^- +  =

By formula: C₃H₃^- + H⁺ = C₃H₄

2 +  =

By formula: 2H₂ + C₃H₄ = C₃H₈

(CAS Reg. No. 86046-90-4 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 86046-90-4

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 86046-90-4 • 4294967295C₃H₄) + C₃H₄ = CAS Reg. No. 86046-90-4

(CAS Reg. No. 83268-51-3 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 83268-51-3

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 83268-51-3 • 4294967295C₃H₄) + C₃H₄ = CAS Reg. No. 83268-51-3

(CAS Reg. No. 1724-46-5 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 1724-46-5

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 1724-46-5 • 4294967295C₃H₄) + C₃H₄ = CAS Reg. No. 1724-46-5

=

By formula: C₃H₄ = C₃H₄

(CAS Reg. No. 86046-88-0 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 86046-88-0

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 86046-88-0 • 4294967295C₃H₄) + C₃H₄ = CAS Reg. No. 86046-88-0

Rh⁺ +  = (Rh⁺ • )

By formula: Rh⁺ + C₃H₄ = (Rh⁺ • C₃H₄)

Enthalpy of reaction

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cr⁺ + C₃H₄ = (Cr⁺ • C₃H₄)

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to C₃H₄⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

C₃H₃^- +  =

By formula: C₃H₃^- + H⁺ = C₃H₄

Ion clustering data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cr⁺ + C₃H₄ = (Cr⁺ • C₃H₄)

Rh⁺ +  = (Rh⁺ • )

By formula: Rh⁺ + C₃H₄ = (Rh⁺ • C₃H₄)

Enthalpy of reaction

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Additional Data

Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Thermodynamics Research Center, 1997
Thermodynamics Research Center, Selected Values of Properties of Chemical Compounds., Thermodynamics Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 1997. [all data]

Kilpatrick J.E., 1949
Kilpatrick J.E., Heats, equilibrium constants, and free energies of formation of the C3 to C5 diolefins, styrene, and the methylstyrenes, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., 1949, 42, 225-240. [all data]

Kistiakowsky G.B., 1940
Kistiakowsky G.B., Gaseous heat capacities. II, J. Chem. Phys., 1940, 8, 610-618. [all data]

Kistiakowsky G.B., 1940, 2
Kistiakowsky G.B., The low temperature gaseous heat capacities of certain C3 hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Phys., 1940, 8, 970-977. [all data]

Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1936
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of Organic Reactions IV. Hydrogenation of Some Dienes and of Benzene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 146-53. [all data]

Lespieau and Chavanne, 1905
Lespieau, R.; Chavanne, G., Liquefaction of Propadiene and Propyne., C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 1905, 140, 1035-1036. [all data]

Pomerantz, Fookson, et al., 1954
Pomerantz, P.; Fookson, A.; Mears, T.W.; Rothberg, S.; Howard, F.L., Synth. and Phys. Prop. of Several Aliphatic and Alicyclic Hydrocarbons hydrocarbons, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U. S.), 1954, 52, 59-65. [all data]

Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996
Tsonopoulos, C.; Ambrose, D., Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. 6. Unsaturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1996, 41, 645-656. [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Stull, 1947
Stull, Daniel R., Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 . [all data]

Lamb and Roper, 1940
Lamb, Arthur B.; Roper, Edwin E., The Vapor Pressures of Certain Unsaturated Hydrocarbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1940, 62, 4, 806-814, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01861a032 . [all data]

Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984
Boublik, T.; Fried, V.; Hala, E., The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances: Selected Values of the Temperature Dependence of the Vapour Pressures of Some Pure Substances in the Normal and Low Pressure Region, 2nd ed., Elsevier, New York, 1984, 972. [all data]

Livingston and Heisig, 1930
Livingston, Robert; Heisig, G.B., THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF ALLENE AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1930, 52, 6, 2409-2410, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01369a031 . [all data]

Maass and Wright, 1921
Maass, O.; Wright, C.H., SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBONS CONTAINING TWO AND THREE CARBON ATOMS., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1921, 43, 5, 1098-1111, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01438a013 . [all data]

Robinson, Polak, et al., 1995
Robinson, M.S.; Polak, M.L.; Bierbaum, V.M.; DePuy, C.H.; Lineberger, W.C., Experimental Studies of Allene, Methylacetylene, and the Propargyl Radical: Bond Dissociation Energies, Gas-Phase Acidities, and Ion-Molecule Chemistry, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 25, 6766, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00130a017 . [all data]

Oakes and Ellison, 1983
Oakes, J.M.; Ellison, B.G., Photoelectron spectroscopy of the allenyl anion CH₂=C=CH^-, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 2969. [all data]

Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1936, 2
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of organic reactions. IV. Hydrogenation of some dienes and of benzene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 146-153. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Bartmess and Burnham, 1984
Bartmess, J.E.; Burnham, R., Effect of central substituents on the gas phase acidities of propenes, J. Org. Chem., 1984, 49, 1382. [all data]

Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979
Bartmess, J.E.; Scott, J.A.; McIver, R.T., Jr., The gas phase acidity scale from methanol to phenol, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1979, 101, 6047. [all data]

Cordes and Gunzler, 1959
Cordes, J.F.; Gunzler, H., Das propin/propadien-gleichgewicht, Chem. Ber., 1959, 92, 1055-1062. [all data]

Chen and Armetrout, 1995
Chen, Y.M.; Armetrout, P.B., Activation of C2H6, C3H8, and c-C3H6 by Gas-Phase Rh+ and the Thermochemistry of Rh-Ligand Complexes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 36, 9291, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00141a022 . [all data]

Fisher and Armentrout, 1992
Fisher, E.R.; Armentrout, P.B., Activation of Alkanes by Cr+: Unique Reactivity of Ground-State Cr+(6S) and Thermochemistry of Neutral and Ionic Chromium-Carbon Bonds, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 6, 2039, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00032a017 . [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Yang, Wang, et al., 1990
Yang, Z.Z.; Wang, L.S.; Lee, Y.T.; Shirley, D.A.; Huang, S.Y.; Lester, W.A., Jr., Molecular beam photoelectron spectroscopy of allene, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1990, 171, 9. [all data]

Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Achiba, Y.; Yamazaki, T.; Iwata, S., Ionization energies, Ab initio assignments, and valence electronic structure for 200 molecules in Handbook of HeI Photoelectron Spectra of Fundamental Organic Compounds, Japan Scientific Soc. Press, Tokyo, 1981. [all data]

Stockbauer, McCulloh, et al., 1979
Stockbauer, R.; McCulloh, K.E.; Parr, A.C., The ionization potential of allene, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1979, 31, 187. [all data]

Parr, Jason, et al., 1978
Parr, A.C.; Jason, A.J.; Stockbauer, R., Photoionization and threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence study of allene from onset to 20eV, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1978, 26, 23. [all data]

Bieri, Burger, et al., 1977
Bieri, G.; Burger, F.; Heilbronner, E.; Maier, J.P., Valence ionization enrgies of hydrocarbons, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 2213. [all data]

Lossing, 1972
Lossing, F.P., Free radicals by mass spectrometry. XLV. Ionization potentials and heats of formation of C₃H₃, C₃H₅, and C₄H₇ radicals and ions, Can. J. Chem., 1972, 50, 3973. [all data]

Iverson and Russell, 1972
Iverson, A.A.; Russell, B.R., A medium resolution study of allene in the vacuum ultraviolet. I. Spectra and a preliminary ionization potential, Spectrochim. Acta Part A, 1972, 28, 447. [all data]

Matthews and Warneck, 1969
Matthews, C.S.; Warneck, P., Heats of formation of CHO⁺ and C₃H₃⁺ by photoionization, J. Chem. Phys. 5, 1969, 1, 854. [all data]

Dewar and Worley, 1969
Dewar, M.J.S.; Worley, S.D., Photoelectron spectra of molecules. I. Ionization potentials of some organic molecules and their interpretation, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 654. [all data]

Baker and Turner, 1969
Baker, C.; Turner, D.W., Photoelectron spectra of allene and keten; Jahn-Teller distortion in the ionisation of allene, Chem. Commun., 1969, 480. [all data]

Parr and Elder, 1968
Parr, A.C.; Elder, F.A., Photoionization of 1,3butadiene, 1,2-butadiene, allene, and propyne, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 49, 2659. [all data]

Leng and Nyberg, 1977
Leng, F.J.; Nyberg, G.L., Angular-distribution He(I)/Ne(I) photoelectron spectra of allene, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1977, 73, 1719. [all data]

Thomas and Thompson, 1974
Thomas, R.K.; Thompson, H., The photoelectron spectra of allene, deuteroallenes and tetrafluoroallene, Proc. R. Soc. London A:, 1974, 339, 29. [all data]

Brogli, Crandall, et al., 1973
Brogli, F.; Crandall, J.K.; Heilbronner, E.; Kloster-Jensen, E.; Sojka, S.A., The photoelectron spectra of methyl-substituted allenes and of tetramethyl-bisallenyl, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1973, 2, 455. [all data]

Franklin and Mogenis, 1967
Franklin, J.L.; Mogenis, A., An electron impact study of ions from several dienes, J. Phys. Chem., 1967, 71, 2820. [all data]

Stockbauer and Rosenstock, 1978
Stockbauer, R.; Rosenstock, H.M., Kinetic shift in methane allene ion fragmentation, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1978, 27, 185. [all data]

Do and Raulin, 1992
Do, L.; Raulin, F., Gas chromatography of Titan's atmosphere. III. Analysis of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons and nitriles with a CP-Sil-5 CB WCOT capillary column, J. Chromatogr., 1992, 591, 1-2, 297-301, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)80247-R . [all data]

Do and Raulin, 1989
Do, L.; Raulin, F., Gas chromatography of Titan's atmosphere. I. Analysis of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons and nitriles with a PoraPLOT Q porous polymer coated open-tubular capillary column, J. Chromatogr., 1989, 481, 45-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96751-2 . [all data]

Hively and Hinton, 1968
Hively, R.A.; Hinton, R.E., Variation of the retention index with temperature on squalane substrates, J. Gas Chromatogr., 1968, 6, 4, 203-217, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/6.4.203 . [all data]

Zulaïca and Guiochon, 1966
Zulaïca, J.; Guiochon, G., Analyse des hauts polymères par chromatographie en phase gazeuse de leurs produits de pyrolyse. II. Application à quelques hydrocarbures macromoléculaires purs, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1966, 4, 1351-1363. [all data]

Hoekman, 1993
Hoekman, S.K., Improved gas chromatography procedure for speciated hydrocarbon measurements of vehicle emissions, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 639, 2, 239-253, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80260-F . [all data]

Bramston-Cook, 2013
Bramston-Cook, R., Kovats indices for C2-C13 hydrocarbons and selected oxygenated/halocarbons with 100 % dimethylpolysiloxane columns, 2013, retrieved from http://lotusinstruments.com/monographs/List .... [all data]

Supelco, 2012
Supelco, CatalogNo. 24160-U, Petrocol DH Columns. Catalog No. 24160-U, 2012, retrieved from http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Supelco/Datasheet/1/w97949.Par.0001.File.tmp/w97949.pdf. [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  Cp,gas	Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  Pc	Critical pressure
  T	Temperature
  Tboil	Boiling point
  Tc	Critical temperature
  Tfus	Fusion (melting) point
  Ttriple	Triple point temperature
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔvapH	Enthalpy of vaporization

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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