Heptane

• Formula: C₇H₁₆
• Molecular weight: 100.2019
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C7H16/c1-3-5-7-6-4-2/h3-7H2,1-2H3 Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 142-82-5
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Isotopologues:
  • Heptane-1,2,3,4,5,6-d13
  • Heptane-1,2,3,4-d9
  • Heptane-1,2,3,-d7
  • Heptane-1-d3
  • Heptane-d16
• Other names: n-Heptane; Dipropylmethane; Heptyl hydride; Skellysolve C; n-C7H16; Eptani; Heptan; Heptanen; Gettysolve-C; NSC 62784
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Henry's Law data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Fluid Properties
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
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Condensed phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Enthalpy of vaporization

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH = A exp(-βT_r) (1 − T_r)^β
    Δ_vapH = Enthalpy of vaporization (at saturation pressure) (kcal/mol)
    T_r = reduced temperature (T / T_c)

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Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (atm)
    T = temperature (K)

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Enthalpy of sublimation

Enthalpy of fusion

Entropy of fusion

Temperature of phase transition

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Additional Data

References

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Prosen and Rossini, 1945
Prosen, E.J.; Rossini, F.D., Heats of combustion and formation of the paraffin hydrocarbons at 25° C, J. Res. NBS, 1945, 263-267. [all data]

Davies and Gilbert, 1941
Davies, G.F.; Gilbert, E.C., Heats of combustion and formation of the nine isomeric heptanes in the liquid state, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1941, 63, 2730-2732. [all data]

Huffman, Gross, et al., 1961
Huffman, H.M.; Gross, M.E.; Scott, D.W.; McCullough, I.P., Low temperature thermodynamic properties of six isomeric heptanes, J. Phys. Chem., 1961, 65, 495-503. [all data]

Douglas, Furukawa, et al., 1954
Douglas, T.B.; Furukawa, G.T.; McCoskey, R.E.; Ball, A.F., Calorimetric properties of normal heptane from 0 to 520 K, J. Res., 1954, NBS 53, 139-153. [all data]

Pitzer K.S., 1940
Pitzer K.S., The thermodynamics of n-heptane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, including heat capacities, heats of fusion and vaporization and entropies, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1940, 62, 1224-1227. [all data]

Huffman, Parks, et al., 1930
Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S.; Thomas, S.B., Thermal data on organic compounds. VIII. The heat capacities, entropies and free energies of the isomeric heptanes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1930, 52, 3241-3251. [all data]

Parks, Huffman, et al., 1930
Parks, G.S.; Huffman, H.M.; Thomas, S.B., Thermal data on organic compounds. VI. The heat capacities, entropies and free energies of some saturated, non-benzenoid hydrocarbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1930, 52, 1032-1041. [all data]

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Andreoli-Ball, L.; Patterson, D.; Costas, M.; Caceres-Alonso, M., Heat capacity and corresponding states in alkan-1-ol-n-alkane systems, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1988, 84(11), 3991-4012. [all data]

Saito and Tanaka, 1988
Saito, A.; Tanaka, R., Excess volumes and heat capacities of binary mixtures formed from cyclohexane, hexane and heptane at 298.15 K, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1988, 20, 859-865. [all data]

Shiohama, Ogawa, et al., 1988
Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., Excess molar isobaric heat capacities and isentropic compressibilities of (cis- or trans-decalin + benzene or toluene or iso-octane or n-heptane) at 298.15 K, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1988, 20, 1183-1189. [all data]

Kalali, Kohler, et al., 1987
Kalali, H.; Kohler, F.; Svejda, P., Excess properties of the mixture bis(2-dichlorethyl)ether (chlorex) + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), Monatsh. Chem., 1987, 118, 1-18. [all data]

Tanaka, 1987
Tanaka, R., Excess heat capacities for mixture of benzene with n-heptane at 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1987, 32, 176-177. [all data]

Van Miltenburg, Van den Berg, et al., 1987
Van Miltenburg, J.C.; Van den Berg, G.J.K.; Van Bommel, M.J., Construction of an adiabatic calorimeter. Measurements of the molar heat capacity of synthetic sapphire and of n-heptane, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1987, 19, 1129-1137. [all data]

Wilhelm, Inglese, et al., 1987
Wilhelm, E.; Inglese, A.; Roux, A.H.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Excess enthalpy, excess heat capacity and excess volume of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene +, and 1-methylnaphthalene + an n-alkane, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1987, 34, 49-67. [all data]

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Baluja, M.C.; Bravo, R.; Pintos, M.; Paz Andrade, M.I.; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Unusual dependence on concentration of the excess heat capacities of ester solutions in alkanes, Calorim. Anal. Therm., 1985, 16, 138-144. [all data]

Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1985
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Tanaka, Nakamichi, et al., 1985
Tanaka, R.; Nakamichi, T.; Murakami, S., Molar excess heat capacities and volumes for mixtures of benzomitrile with cyclohexane between 10 and 45°C, J. Solution Chem., 1985, 14(11), 795-803. [all data]

Grolier, Inglese, et al., 1984
Grolier, J.-P.E.; Inglese, A.; Wilhelm, E., Excess molar heat capacities of (1,4-dioxane + an n-alkane): an unusual composition dependence, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1984, 16, 67-71. [all data]

Roux, Grolier, et al., 1984
Roux, A.H.; Grolier, J.-P.E.; Inglese, A.; Wilhelm, E., Excess molar enthalpies, excess molar heat capacities and excess molar volumes of (fluorobenzene + an n-alkane), Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, 986-992. [all data]

Kimura, Treszczanowicz, et al., 1983
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Tan, Zhou, et al., 1983
Tan, Z.; Zhou, L.; Chen, S.; Yin, A.; Sun, Y.; Ye, J.; Wang, X., An adiabatic calorimeter for heat-capacity measurements from 80 to 400 K - heat capacities of a-alumina and n-heptane, Sci. Sin., Ser. B (Engl. Ed.), 1983, 26, 1014-1026. [all data]

Tanaka, 1982
Tanaka, R., Determination of excess heat capacities of (benzene + tetrachloromethane and + cyclohexane) between 293.15 and 303.15 K by use of a Picker flow calorimeter, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 259-268. [all data]

Zaripov, 1982
Zaripov, Z.I., Experimental study of the isobaric heat capacity of liquid organic compounds with molecular weights of up to 4000 a.e.m., 1982, Teplomassoobmen Teplofiz. [all data]

Grolier, Inglese, et al., 1981
Grolier, J.P.E.; Inglese, A.; Roux, A.H.; Wilhelm, E., Thermodynamics of (1-chloronaphthalene + n-alkane): excess enthalpies, excess volumes and excess heat capacities, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1981, 85, 768-772. [all data]

Kalinowska, Jedlinska, et al., 1980
Kalinowska, B.; Jedlinska, J.; Woycicki, W.; Stecki, J., Heat capacities of liquids at temperatures between 90 and 300 K and at atmospheric pressure. I. Method and apparatus, and the heat capacities of n-heptane, n-hexane, and n-propanol, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1980, 12, 891-896. [all data]

Brown and Ziegler, 1979
Brown, G.N., Jr.; Ziegler, W.T., Temperature dependence of excess thermodynamic properties of ethanol + n-heptane and 2-propanol + n-heptane solutions, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1979, 24, 319-330. [all data]

Czarnota, 1979
Czarnota, I., Calorimetric system for measurement of specific heat capacity of liquids, Cp, at high pressures, Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci., Ser. Sci. Chim., 1979, 10, 763-772. [all data]

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Grolier, J-P.E.; Hamedi, M.H.; Wilhelm, E.; Kehiaian, H.V., Excess heat capacities of binary mixtures of carbon tetrachloride with n-alkanes at 298.15 K, Thermochim. Acta, 1979, 31, 79-84. [all data]

Schaake, Offringa, et al., 1979
Schaake, R.C.F.; Offringa, J.C.A.; van der Berg, G.J.K.; van Miltenburg, J.C., Phase transitions in solids, studied by adiabatic calorimetry. I. Design and test of an automatic adiabatic calorimeter, J. Royal Netherlands Chem. Soc., 1979, 98, 408-412. [all data]

Woycicka and Kalinowska, 1978
Woycicka, M.; Kalinowska, B., Excess entahlpy and heat capacities of diluted propionic acid solutions in n-heptane, Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci., Ser. Sci. Chim., 1978, 26, 371-375. [all data]

Meijer, Blok, et al., 1977
Meijer, E.L.; Blok, J.G.; Kroon, J.; Oonk, H.A.J., The carvoxime system. IV. Heat capacities and enthalpies of melting of DL-carvoxime, L-carvoxime and standard n-heptane, Thermochim. Acta, 1977, 20, 325-334. [all data]

Fortier and Benson, 1976
Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C., Excess heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures determined with a Picker flow calorimeter, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 411-423. [all data]

Grigor'ev, Rastorguev, et al., 1975
Grigor'ev, B.A.; Rastorguev, Yu.L.; Yanin, G.S., Experimental determination of the isobaric specific heat of n-alkanes, Iz. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Neft Gaz 18, 1975, No.10, 63-66. [all data]

Holzhauer and Ziegler, 1975
Holzhauer, J.K.; Ziegler, W.T., Temperature dependence of excess thermodynamic properties of n-heptane-toluene, methylcyclohexane-toluene, and n-heptane-methylcyclohexane systems, J. Phys. Chem., 1975, 79(6), 590-604. [all data]

Woycicka and Kalinowska, 1975
Woycicka, M.K.; Kalinowska, B., Enthalpies of mixing and excess heat capacities of dilute solutions of n-decanol with n-heptane and n-tridecane, Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci., Ser. Sci. Chim., 1975, 23, 759-764. [all data]

Diaz pena and Renuncio, 1974
Diaz pena, M.D.; Renuncio, J.A.R., Construccion de un calorimetro adiabatico. Capacidad calorifica de mezclas n-hexano + n-hexadecano, An. Quim., 1974, 70, 113-120. [all data]

Kalinowska and Woycicka, 1973
Kalinowska, B.; Woycicka, M., Excess heat capacities of dilute solutions of n-hexanol in n-alkanes, Bull. Aca. Pol. Sci. (Ser. Sci. Chim.), 1973, 21(11), 845-848. [all data]

Van Miltenburg, 1972
Van Miltenburg, J.C., Construction of an adiabatic calorimeter. Thermodynamic properties of standard n-heptane from 155 to 270K and of 2,2-dichloropropane from 135 to 270K, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1972, 4, 773-782. [all data]

Oetting F.L., 1963
Oetting F.L., The heat capacity and entropy of 2-methyl-2-propanol from 15 to 330 K, J. Phys. Chem., 1963, 67, 2757-2761. [all data]

McCullough and Messerly, 1961
McCullough, J.P.; Messerly, J.F., The chemical thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons and related substances, Bureau of Mines Bulletin, 1961, 596, pp. [all data]

Swietoslawski and Zielenkiewicz, 1958
Swietoslawski, W.; Zielenkiewicz, A., Mean specific heat of some ternary azeotropes, Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Chim., 1958, 6, 365-366. [all data]

Helfrey, Heiser, et al., 1955
Helfrey, P.F.; Heiser, D.A.; Sage, B.H., Isobaric heat capacities at bubble point, Two trimethylbenzenes and n-heptane, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1955, 44, 2385-2388. [all data]

Ginnings and Furukawa, 1953
Ginnings, D.C.; Furukawa, G.T., Heat capacity standards for the range 14 to 1200°K, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1953, 75, 522-527. [all data]

Osborne and Ginnings, 1947
Osborne, N.S.; Ginnings, D.C., Measurements of heat of vaporization and heat capacity of a number of hydrocarbons, J. Res. NBS, 1947, 39, 453-477. [all data]

Bykov, 1939
Bykov, V.T., Heat of mixing of liquids, Zhur. Fiz. Khim., 1939, 13, 1013-1019. [all data]

Phillip, 1939
Phillip, N.M., Adiabatic and isothermal compressibilities of liquids, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1939, A9, 109-120. [all data]

Vold, 1937
Vold, R.D., A calorimetric test of the solubility equation for regular solutions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1937, 59, 1515-1521. [all data]

Richards and Wallace, 1932
Richards, W.T.; Wallace, J.H., Jr., The specific heats of five organic liquids from their adiabatic temperature-pressure coefficients, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. [all data]

Willams and Daniels, 1924
Willams, J.W.; Daniels, F., The specific heats of certain organic liquids at elevated temperatures, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1924, 46, 903-917. [all data]

Ambrose and Tsonopoulos, 1995
Ambrose, D.; Tsonopoulos, C., Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. 2. Normal Alkenes, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1995, 40, 531-546. [all data]

Zawisza and Vejrosta, 1982
Zawisza, A.; Vejrosta, J., High-pressure liquid-vapor equilibria, critical stat, and p(V, T, x) up to 573.15 K and 5.066 MPa for (heptane + propan-1-ol), J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1982, 14, 239-49. [all data]

Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]

Segura, Wisniak, et al., 2002
Segura, Hugo; Wisniak, Jaime; Galindo, Graciela; Reich, Ricardo, Phase Equilibria in the Systems 1-Hexene + Heptane and 1-Hexene + Ethyl 1,1-Dimethylethyl Ether + Heptane at 94.00 kPa, Physics and Chemistry of Liquids, 2002, 40, 1, 67-81, https://doi.org/10.1080/00319100208086650 . [all data]

Ortega, González, et al., 2001
Ortega, Juan; González, Carmelo; Galván, Salvador, Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for Binary Systems Composed of a Propyl Ester (Ethanoate, Propanoate, Butanoate) + an n -Alkane (C ₇ , C ₉ ), J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2001, 46, 4, 904-912, https://doi.org/10.1021/je000358a . [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Forziati, Norris, et al., 1949
Forziati, Alphonse F.; Norris, William R.; Rossini, Frederick D., Vapor pressures and boiling points of sixty API-NBS hydrocarbons, J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN., 1949, 43, 6, 555-17, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.043.050 . [all data]

Michou-Saucet, Jose, et al., 1984
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Sipowska and Wieczorek, 1984
Sipowska, Jadwiga T.; Wieczorek, Stefan A., Vapour pressures and excess Gibbs free energies of (cyclohexanol + n-heptane) between 303.147 and 373.278 K, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1984, 16, 7, 693-699, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(84)90051-X . [all data]

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Van Ness, Hendrick C.; Soczek, C.A.; Peloquin, G.L.; Machado, R.L., Thermodynamic excess properties of three alcohol-hydrocarbon systems, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1967, 12, 2, 217-224, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60033a017 . [all data]

Waddington, Todd, et al., 1947
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Smith, E.R., Boiling points of n-heptane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane over the range 100- to 1,500-millimeter pressure, J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN., 1940, 24, 3, 229-17, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.024.010 . [all data]

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Williamham, C.B.; Taylor, W.J.; Pignocco, J.M.; Rossini, F.D., Vapor Pressures and Boiling Points of Some Paraffin, Alkylcyclopentane, Alkylcyclohexane, and Alkylbenzene Hydrocarbons, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 1945, 35, 3, 219-244, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.035.009 . [all data]

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Luo, Y.-R.; Pacey, P.D., Effects of alkyl substitution on ionization energies of alkanes and haloalkanes and on heats of formation of their molecular cations. Part 2. Alkanes and chloro-, bromo- and iodoalkanes, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 1992, 112, 63. [all data]

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Olmsted, J., III; Street, K., Jr.; Newton, A.S., Excess-kinetic-energy ions in organic mass spectra, J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 40, 2114. [all data]

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Steiner, B.; Giese, C.F.; Inghram, M.G., Photoionization of alkanes. Dissociation of excited molecular ions, J. Chem. Phys., 1961, 34, 189. [all data]

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Lewis, D.; Hamill, W.H., Excited states of neutral molecular fragments from appearance potentials by electron impact in a mass spectrometer, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 52, 6348. [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  Cp,liquid	Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  Pc	Critical pressure
  S°liquid	Entropy of liquid at standard conditions
  Tboil	Boiling point
  Tc	Critical temperature
  Tfus	Fusion (melting) point
  Ttriple	Triple point temperature
  Ttrs	Temperature of phase transition
  Vc	Critical volume
  ΔcH°liquid	Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions
  ΔfH°liquid	Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions
  ΔfusH	Enthalpy of fusion
  ΔfusS	Entropy of fusion
  ΔsubH	Enthalpy of sublimation
  ΔvapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
  ΔvapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions
  ρc	Critical density

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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