Benzene, nitro-

• Formula: C₆H₅NO₂
• Molecular weight: 123.1094
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C6H5NO2/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 98-95-3
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Isotopologues:
  • Nitrobenzene-D5
• Other names: Essence of Mirbane; Essence of Myrbane; Mirbane oil; Nitrobenzene; Nitrobenzol; Oil of Mirbane; Oil of Myrbane; Nitrobenzeen; Nitrobenzen; NCI-C60082; Rcra waste number U169; UN 1662; NSC 9573
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Henry's Law data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
  • UV/Visible spectrum
  • Gas Chromatography
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
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Condensed phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Enthalpy of vaporization

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (atm)
    T = temperature (K)

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Enthalpy of fusion

Entropy of fusion

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman

Electron affinity determinations

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

C₆H₄NO₂^- +  =

By formula: C₆H₄NO₂^- + H⁺ = C₆H₅NO₂

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Additional Data

References

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Lebedeva, Katin, et al., 1971
Lebedeva, N.D.; Katin, Y.A.; Akhmedova, G.Y., Standard enthalpy of formation of nitrobenzene, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1971, 45, 1192-1193. [all data]

Pedley, Naylor, et al., 1986
Pedley, J.B.; Naylor, R.D.; Kirby, S.P., Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1986, 1-792. [all data]

Swarts, 1914
Swarts, F., Sur la chaleur de combustion de quelques derives nitres aromatlques, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 1914, 33, 281-298. [all data]

Garner and Abernethy, 1921
Garner, W.E.; Abernethy, C.L., Heats of combustion and formation of nitro-compounds. Part I. - Benzene, toluene, phenol and methylaniline series, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, 1921, 213-235. [all data]

Parks, Todd, et al., 1936
Parks, G.S.; Todd, S.S.; Moore, W.A., Thermal data on organic compounds. XVI. Some heat capacity, entropy and free energy data for typical benzene derivatives and heterocyclic compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 398-401. [all data]

Reddy, 1986
Reddy, K.S., Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1986, 31, 238-240. [all data]

Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1985
Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M.; Roux, A.H.; Grolier, J.-P.E.; Wilhelm, E., Relations between structure and thermodynamic properties. Heat capacities of polar substances (nitrobenzene and benzonitrile) in alkane solutions, Calorim. Anal. Therm., 1985, 16, 153-158. [all data]

Pacor, 1967
Pacor, P., Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1967, 37, 200-208. [all data]

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Rastorguev, Yu.L.; Ganiev, Yu.A., Study of the heat capacity of selected solvents, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Neft Gaz. 10, 1967, No.1, 79-82. [all data]

Lutskii and Panova, 1958
Lutskii, A.E.; Panova, A.N., Specific heat of liquid nitrobenzene, Zhur. Fiz. Khim., 1958, 32, 2183-2185. [all data]

Mazur, 1939
Mazur, J., Über die spezifische Wärme des Nitrobenzols, Acta Phys. Pol., 1939, 7, 290-304. [all data]

Mazur, 1939, 2
Mazur, J., Über die spezifische Wärme des Äthyläthers, des Nitrobenzols und des Schwefelkohlenstoffs, Z. Physik., 1939, 113, 710-720. [all data]

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Parks, G.S.; Todd, S.S., Some heat capacity data for liquid nitrobenzene, no indication of allotropy, J. Chem. Phys., 1934, 2, 440-441. [all data]

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von Reis, M.A., Die specifische Wärme flüssiger organischer Verbindungen und ihre Beziehung zu deren Moleculargewicht, Ann. Physik [3], 1881, 13, 447-464. [all data]

Chickos, Hosseini, et al., 1995
Chickos, James S.; Hosseini, Sarah; Hesse, Donald G., Determination of vaporization enthalpies of simple organic molecules by correlations of changes in gas chromatographic net retention times, Thermochimica Acta, 1995, 249, 41-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(95)90670-3 . [all data]

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Kusano and Wadsö, 1971
Kusano, Kazuhito; Wadsö, Ingemar, Enthalpy of Vaporization of Some Organic Substances at 25.0°C and Test of Calorimeter, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1971, 44, 6, 1705-1707, https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.44.1705 . [all data]

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Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
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Dykyj, J., Petrochemia, 1972, 12, 1, 13. [all data]

Lynch and Wilke, 1960
Lynch, E.J.; Wilke, C.R., Vapor Pressure of Nitrobenzene at Low Temperatures., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1960, 5, 3, 300-300, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60007a018 . [all data]

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Sklyarenko, Markin, et al., 1958
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Oliver and Grisard, 1952
Oliver, George D.; Grisard, J.W., Thermal Data, Vapor Pressure and Entropy of Bromine Trifluoride ¹, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1952, 74, 11, 2705-2707, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01131a003 . [all data]

Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984
Boublik, T.; Fried, V.; Hala, E., The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances: Selected Values of the Temperature Dependence of the Vapour Pressures of Some Pure Substances in the Normal and Low Pressure Region, 2nd ed., Elsevier, New York, 1984, 972. [all data]

Toral and Moles, 1933
Toral, M.T.; Moles, E., An. R. Soc. Esp. Fis. Quim., 1933, 31, 735. [all data]

Brown, 1952
Brown, I., Liquid-Vapour Equilibria. III. The Systems Benzene-n-Heptane, n-Hexane-Chlorobenzene, and cycloHexane-Nitrobenzene, Aust. J. Sci. Res. Ser. A:, 1952, 5, 530-540. [all data]

Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 . [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Desfrancois, Periquet, et al., 1999
Desfrancois, C.; Periquet, V.; Lyapustina, S.A.; Lippa, T.P.; Robinson, D.W.; Bowen, K.H.; Nonaka, H.; Compton, Electron Binding to Valence and Multipole states of Molecules: Nitrobenzene, para- and meta-dinitrobenzenes, J. Chem. Phys., 1999, 111, 10, 4569, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.479218 . [all data]

Chowdhury, Heinis, et al., 1986
Chowdhury, S.; Heinis, T.; Grimsrud, E.P.; Kebarle, P., Entropy Changes and Electron Affinities from Gas-Phase Electron Transfer Equilibria: A^- + B = A + B^-, J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 12, 2747, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100403a037 . [all data]

Chen, Wiley, et al., 1994
Chen, E.C.M.; Wiley, J.R.; Batten, C.F.; Wentworth, W.E., Determination of the Electron Affinities of Molecules Using Negative Ion Mass Spectrometry, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 1, 88, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100052a016 . [all data]

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Chen, E.C.M.; Chen, E.S.; Milligan, M.S.; Wentworth, W.E.; Wiley, J.R., Experimental Determination of the Electron Affinities of Nitrobenzene, Nitrotoluenes, Pentafluoronitrobenzene, and Isotopic Nitrobenzenes an, J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 5, 2385, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100184a069 . [all data]

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Fukuda, E.K.; McIver, R.T., Jr., Relative electron affinities of substituted benzophenones, nitrobenzenes, and quinones. [Anchored to EA(SO₂) from 74CEL/BEN], J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107, 2291. [all data]

Mock and Grimsrud, 1989
Mock, R.S.; Grimsrud, E.P., Gas-Phase Electron Photodetachment Spectroscopy of the Molecular Anions of Nitroaromatic Hydrocarbons at Atmospheric Pressure, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 8, 2861, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00190a020 . [all data]

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Lifshitz, C.; Tiernan, T.O.; Hughes, B.M., Electron affinities from endothermic negative-ion charge transfer reactions. IV. SF₆, selected fluorocarbons, and other polyatomic molecules, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 59, 3182. [all data]

Compton, Christophorou, et al., 1966
Compton, R.N.; Christophorou, L.G.; Hurst, G.S.; Reinhardt, P.W., Nondissociative Electron Capture in Complex Molecules and Negative Ion Lifetimes, J. Chem. Phys., 1966, 45, 12, 4634, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1727547 . [all data]

Klasinc, Kovac, et al., 1983
Klasinc, L.; Kovac, B.; Gusten, H., Photoelectron spectra of acenes. Electronic structure and substituent effects, Pure Appl. Chem., 1983, 55, 289. [all data]

Katsumata, Shiromaru, et al., 1982
Katsumata, S.; Shiromaru, H.; Mitani, K.; Iwata, S.; Kimura, K., Photoelectron angular distribution and assignments of photoelectron spectra of nitrogen dioxide, nitromethane and nitrobenzene, Chem. Phys., 1982, 69, 423. [all data]

Allam, Migahed, et al., 1982
Allam, S.H.; Migahed, M.D.; El-Khodary, A., Electron impact ionization and dissociation of deuterated and non-deuterated methanol, methyl cyanide, nitromethane and nitrobenzene, Egypt. J. Phys., 1982, 13, 167. [all data]

Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Achiba, Y.; Yamazaki, T.; Iwata, S., Ionization energies, Ab initio assignments, and valence electronic structure for 200 molecules in Handbook of HeI Photoelectron Spectra of Fundamental Organic Compounds, Japan Scientific Soc. Press, Tokyo, 1981. [all data]

Allam, Migahed, et al., 1981
Allam, S.H.; Migahed, M.D.; El Khodary, A., Electron impact study of nitrobenzene and nitromethane, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1981, 39, 117. [all data]

Matyuk, Potapov, et al., 1979
Matyuk, V.M.; Potapov, V.K.; Prokhoda, A.L., Photoexcitation and photoionisation of nitro- derivatives of benzene and toluene, Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1979, 53, 538. [all data]

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Behan, J.M.; Johnstone, R.A.W.; Bentley, T.W., An evaluation of empirical methods for calculating the ionization potentials of substituted benzenes, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1976, 11, 207. [all data]

McLafferty, Bente, et al., 1973
McLafferty, F.W.; Bente, P.F., III; Kornfeld, R.; Tsai, S.-C.; Howe, I., Collisional activation spectra of organic ions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1973, 95, 2120. [all data]

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Khalil, O.S.; Meeks, J.L.; McGlynn, S.P., Electronic spectroscopy of highly polar aromatics. VII. Photoelectron spectra of nitroanilines, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1973, 95, 5876. [all data]

Rabalais, 1972
Rabalais, J.W., Photoelectron spectroscopic investigation of the electronic structure of nitromethane and nitrobenzene, J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 57, 960. [all data]

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Kotov, B.V.; Potapov, V.K., Ionization potentials of strong organic electron acceptors, Khim. Vys. Energ., 1972, 6, 375. [all data]

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Johnstone, R.A.W.; Mellon, F.A., Electron-impact ionization and appearance potentials, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1972, 68, 1209. [all data]

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Johnstone, R.A.W.; Mellon, F.A.; Ward, S.D., Online acquisition of ionization efficiency data, Intern. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1970, 5, 241. [all data]

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Buchs, A., Etude par spectrometrie de masse de l'ionisation de benzonitriles, de phenylacetonitriles et de N,N-dimethylanilines substitues, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1970, 53, 2026. [all data]

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Brown, P., Kinetic studies in mass spectrometry. IX. Competing [M-NO₂] and [M-NO] reactions in substituted nitrobenzenes. Approximate activation energies from ionization and appearance potentials, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1970, 4, 533. [all data]

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Watanabe, K.; Nakayama, T.; Mottl, J., Ionization potentials of some molecules, J. Quant. Spectry. Radiative Transfer, 1962, 2, 369. [all data]

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Palmer, M.H.; Moyes, W.; Spiers, M.; Ridyard, J.N.A., The electronic structure of substituted benzenes; ab initio calculations and photoelectron spectra for nitrobenzene, the nitrotoluenes, dinitrobenzenes and fluoronitrobenzenes, J. Mol. Struct., 1979, 55, 243. [all data]

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Kobayashi, T., A simple general tendency in photoelectron angular distributions of some monosubstituted benzenes, Phys. Lett., 1978, 69, 105. [all data]

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Rao, C.N.R., Lone-pair ionization bands of chromophores in the photoelectron spectra of organic molecules, Indian J. Chem., 1975, 13, 950. [all data]

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Kobayashi, T.; Nagakura, S., Photoelectron spectra of substituted benzenes, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1974, 47, 2563. [all data]

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Gol'denfel'd, I.V.; Korostyshevskii, I.Z.; Mischanchuk, B.G.; Pokrovskii, V.A., Determination of ionization potentials of atoms and molecules using a field mass spectrometer equipped with an energy analyzer, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1973, 213, 626. [all data]

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Baker, A.D.; May, D.P.; Turner, D.W., Molecular photoelectron spectroscopy. Part VII. The vertical ionisation potentials of benzene and some of its monosubstituted and 1,4-disubstituted derivatives, J. Chem. Soc. B, 1968, 22. [all data]

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Nishimura, T.; Das, P.R.; Meisels, G.G., On the dissociation dynamics of energy-selected nitrobenzene ion, J. Chem. Phys., 1986, 84, 6190. [all data]

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Panczel, M.; Baer, T., A photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) study of fragmentation rates and linetic energy release distributions in nitrobenzene, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 1984, 58, 43. [all data]

Katritzky, Watson, et al., 1990
Katritzky, A.R.; Watson, C.H.; Dega-Szafran, Z.; Eyler, J.R., Collisionally activated dissociation of N-alkylpyridinium cations to pyridine and alkyl cations in the gas phase, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 2471. [all data]

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Howe, I.; Williams, D.H., Calculation and qualitative predictions of mass spectra. Mono- and paradisubstituted benzenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1969, 91, 7137. [all data]

Cheng and Grabowski, 1989
Cheng, X.; Grabowski, J.J., Gas-phase Acidity of Nitrobenzene from Flowing Afterglow Bracketing Studies, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 1989, 3, 2, 34-36, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290030207 . [all data]

Meot-ner and Kafafi, 1988
Meot-ner, M.; Kafafi, S.A., Carbon Acidities of Aromatic Compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 19, 6297, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00227a003 . [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  Cp,liquid	Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid
  EA	Electron affinity
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  S°liquid	Entropy of liquid at standard conditions
  Tboil	Boiling point
  Tfus	Fusion (melting) point
  ΔcH°liquid	Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions
  ΔfH°liquid	Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions
  ΔfusH	Enthalpy of fusion
  ΔfusS	Entropy of fusion
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔvapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
  ΔvapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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