Carbon Tetrachloride

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Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
B - John E. Bartmess

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)11.47 ± 0.01eVN/AN/AL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV) Method Reference Comment
0.80 ± 0.34IMRBStaneke, Groothuis, et al., 1995EA > EA(CH2S-.), and Cl-A(CCl3.) < Cl-A(CCl4); B
2.00 ± 0.20NBIELacmann, Maneira, et al., 1983B
2.00 ± 0.20NBIEDispert and Lacmann, 1978B
2.12 ± 0.10SIGaines, Kay, et al., 1966The Magnetron method, lacking mass analysis, is not considered reliable.; B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
11.5 ± 0.1EIKime, Driscoll, et al., 1987LBLHLM
11.3PEVon Niessen, Asbrink, et al., 1982LBLHLM
11.47 ± 0.08PEBassett and Lloyd, 1971LLK
11.47PEDewar and Worley, 1969RDSH
11.47 ± 0.01PIWatanabe, 1957RDSH
11.0 ± 1.0EIBaker and Tate, 1938RDSH
11.69PEKimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981Vertical value; LLK
11.69PEDixon, Murrell, et al., 1971Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion AE (eV) Other Products MethodReferenceComment
C+24. ± 1.4ClPIBurton, Chan, et al., 1994LL
C+23.5 ± 0.24ClEIBaker and Tate, 1938RDSH
CCl+17. ± 1.3ClPIBurton, Chan, et al., 1994LL
CCl+19.35 ± 0.05Cl2+Cl?EIReed and Snedden, 1958RDSH
CCl+19.4 ± 0.1Cl2+Cl?EIBlanchard and LeGoff, 1957RDSH
CCl+17.1 ± 0.23ClEIBaker and Tate, 1938RDSH
CCl2+14. ± 1.Cl2PIBurton, Chan, et al., 1994LL
CCl2+16. ± 1.2ClPIBurton, Chan, et al., 1994LL
CCl2+15.4?EIShapiro and Lossing, 1968RDSH
CCl2+16.0 ± 0.22ClEIBaker and Tate, 1938RDSH
CCl3+11. ± 1.ClPIBurton, Chan, et al., 1994LL
CCl3+11.28 ± 0.03ClPIWerner, Tsai, et al., 1974LLK
CCl3+11.37ClEILossing, 1972LLK
CCl3+11.65 ± 0.10ClEIFox and Curran, 1961RDSH
CCl3+11.90 ± 0.07ClEIReed and Snedden, 1958RDSH
CCl3+11.7 ± 0.1ClEIFarmer, Henderson, et al., 1956RDSH
CCl3+12.2 ± 0.2ClEIBaker and Tate, 1938RDSH
Cl+24. ± 1.C+Cl+Cl2PIBurton, Chan, et al., 1994LL
Cl+19. ± 1.CCl+Cl2PIBurton, Chan, et al., 1994LL
Cl+16.1 ± 0.2CCl3EIFox and Curran, 1961RDSH
Cl+19.1 ± 0.2?EIBaker and Tate, 1938RDSH
Cl2+23. ± 1.C+2ClPIBurton, Chan, et al., 1994LL
Cl2+16.4 ± 0.5?EIBaker and Tate, 1938RDSH
Cl2+23.0 ± 1.0C+2ClEIBaker and Tate, 1938RDSH

Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
PackedC78, Branched paraffin130.680.5Dallos, Sisak, et al., 2000He; Column length: 3.3 m
CapillaryDB-160.660.Dewulf, Van Langenhove, et al., 199730. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, He
PackedC78, Branched paraffin130.680.7Reddy, Dutoit, et al., 1992Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 3.3 m
PackedApolane130.680.Dutoit, 1991Column length: 3.7 m
PackedOV-1100.667.Castello and Gerbino, 1988He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m
PackedOV-1125.673.Castello and Gerbino, 1988He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m
PackedOV-175.662.Castello and Gerbino, 1988He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m
PackedSqualane80.648.Pacáková, Vojtechová, et al., 1988N2, Chezasorb AW-HMDS; Column length: 1.2 m
PackedSE-30150.680.Tiess, 1984Ar, Gas Chrom Q (80-100 mesh); Column length: 3. m
PackedSE-30100.672.Winskowski, 1983Gaschrom Q; Column length: 2. m
PackedPorapack Q200.628.Goebel, 1982N2
PackedApolane70.663.1Riedo, Fritz, et al., 1976He, Chromosorb; Column length: 2.4 m
PackedSqualane50.647.Vernon, 1971N2
PackedApiezon L100.679.Brown, Chapman, et al., 1968N2, DCMS-treated Chromosorb W; Column length: 2.3 m
PackedDC-200100.669.Rohrschneider, 1966Column length: 4. m
PackedSqualane100.656.Rohrschneider, 1966Column length: 5. m
PackedApiezon L100.682.Rohrschneider, 1966Column length: 5. m
PackedApiezon L130.691.von Kováts, 1958Celite (40:60 Gewichtsverhaltnis)
PackedApiezon L70.671.von Kováts, 1958Celite (40:60 Gewichtsverhaltnis)

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryCBP-1657.Shimadzu, 200325. m/0.2 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 200. C

Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

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Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
PackedSP-1000100.900.66Castello and Gerbino, 1988He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m
PackedSP-1000125.902.2Castello and Gerbino, 1988He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m
PackedSP-100075.886.54Castello and Gerbino, 1988He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m
PackedCarbowax 20M75.888.Goebel, 1982N2, Kieselgur (60-100 mesh); Column length: 2. m
PackedCarbowax 20M100.895.Rohrschneider, 1966Column length: 2. m

Kovats' RI, polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryCBP-20868.Shimadzu, 200325. m/0.2 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 200. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-1645.7Helmig, Pollock, et al., 199630. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, 6. K/min; Tstart: -50. C; Tend: 180. C
CapillaryDB-5661.Helmig, Pollock, et al., 199660. m/0.33 mm/0.25 μm, 6. K/min; Tstart: -50. C; Tend: 180. C
CapillarySE-54663.Weber, 198625. m/0.31 mm/0.17 μm, H2, 2. K/min; Tstart: 35. C
CapillaryOV-1652.Schreyen, Dirinck, et al., 19761. K/min; Column length: 183. m; Column diameter: 0.762 mm; Tstart: 0. C; Tend: 230. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillarySupelcowax-10879.Bianchi, Careri, et al., 200730. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min)

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-160.661.Shimadzu, 2003, 260. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He
PackedSynachrom150.611.Dufka, Malinsky, et al., 1971Helium, Synachrom (60-80 mesh); Column length: 1.5 m
PackedSynachrom150.618.Dufka, Malinsky, et al., 1971Helium, Synachrom (60-80 mesh); Column length: 1.5 m
PackedSqualane100.651.Vernon, 1971N2
PackedDC-400150.675.Anderson, 1968Helium, Gas-Pak (60-80 mesh); Column length: 3.0 m

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
PackedSE-30659.MHA, 9999Nitrogen, Chromosorb G AW DMCS (80-100 mesh); Column length: 2. m; Tstart: 100. C; Tend: 300. C
CapillaryHP-5656.Isidorov and Jdanova, 20023. K/min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 200. C
CapillaryBP-1663.Health Safety Executive, 200050. m/0.22 mm/0.75 μm, He, 5. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 200. C
CapillarySE-54661.Huang, Liang, et al., 199636. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 5. K/min; Tstart: 35. C; Tend: 240. C
CapillaryDB-1654.Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 199260. m/0.32 mm/1.2 μm, He, 30. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 240. C
CapillaryOV-101645.Misharina, Golovnya, et al., 199150. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 4. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 250. C
CapillaryDB-1645.Habu, Flath, et al., 19853. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Tstart: 0. C; Tend: 250. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryMethyl Silicone658.Zenkevich, 2001Program: not specified
CapillarySPB-1661.Flanagan, Streete, et al., 199760. m/0.53 mm/5. μm, He; Program: 40C(6min) => 5C/min => 80C => 10C/min => 200C
CapillaryDB-5664.Sorimachi, Tanabe, et al., 1995He; Column length: 30. m; Program: not specified
CapillaryMethyl Silicone658.Zenkevich, Korolenko, et al., 1995Program: not specified
CapillaryDB-1645.Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 199460. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm; Program: not specified
CapillaryDB-1645.Ciccioli, Brancaleoni, et al., 199360. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 3 min at 5 C; 5 - 50 C at 3 deg/min; 50 - 220 C at 5 deg/min
CapillarySPB-1661.Strete, Ruprah, et al., 199260. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (6 min) 5 0C/min -> 80 0C 10 0C/min -> 200 0C
CapillarySPB-1659.Strete, Ruprah, et al., 199260. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
CapillaryCP Sil 8 CB664.Weller and Wolf, 198940. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 30 0C (1 min) 15 0C/min -> 45 0C 3 0C/min -> 120 0C
CapillaryOV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.646.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.658.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.672.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.673.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1659.Ramsey and Flanagan, 1982Program: not specified
CapillarySE-30649.Heydanek and McGorrin, 1981He; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm; Program: -10C (8min) => 12C/min => 26C => 3C/min => 170C (30min)

Normal alkane RI, polar column, isothermal

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Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-Wax60.908.Shimadzu, 2003, 250. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He

Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-Wax900.Shimadzu, 201230. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 4. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 260. C
CapillaryDB-Wax900.Shimadzu Corporation, 200330. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 4. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 260. C

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillarySupelcowax 10864.Soria, Martinez-Castro, et al., 200850. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 45 0C (15 min) 3 0C/min -> 75 0C 5 0C/min -> 180 0C (10 min)
CapillaryPolyethylene Glycol886.Zenkevich, Korolenko, et al., 1995Program: not specified
CapillaryCarbowax 400, Carbowax 20M, Carbowax 1540, Carbowax 4000, Superox 06, PEG 20M, etc.888.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryCarbowax 20M886.Ramsey and Flanagan, 1982Program: not specified
CapillaryPolyethylene Glycol872.MacLeod and Pieris, 1981Program: not specified

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Staneke, Groothuis, et al., 1995
Staneke, P.O.; Groothuis, G.; Ingemann, S.; Nibbering, N.M.M., Formation, stability and structure of radical anions of chloroform, tetrachloromethane and fluorotrichloromethane in the gas phase, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 1995, 142, 1-2, 83, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(94)04127-S . [all data]

Lacmann, Maneira, et al., 1983
Lacmann, K.; Maneira, M.J.P.; Moutinho, A.M.C.; Weigman, U., Total and Double Differential Cross Sections of Ion- Pair Formations in Collisions of K Atoms with SnCl4 and CCl4, J. Chem. Phys., 1983, 78, 1767. [all data]

Dispert and Lacmann, 1978
Dispert, H.; Lacmann, K., Negative ion formation in collisions between potassium and fluoro- and chloromethanes: Electron affinities and bond dissociation energies, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1978, 28, 49. [all data]

Gaines, Kay, et al., 1966
Gaines, A.F.; Kay, J.; Page, F.M., Determination of Electron Affinities. Part 8. - CCl4, CHCl3, and CH2Cl2, Trans. Farad. Soc., 1966, 62, 874, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9666200874 . [all data]

Kime, Driscoll, et al., 1987
Kime, Y.J.; Driscoll, D.C.; Dowben, P.A., The stability of the carbon tetrahalide ions, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1987, 83, 403. [all data]

Von Niessen, Asbrink, et al., 1982
Von Niessen, W.; Asbrink, L.; Bieri, G., 30.4 nm He(II) Photoelectron spectra of organic molecules. Part VI. Halogeno-compounds (C,H,X: X = Cl, Br, I), J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1982, 26, 173. [all data]

Bassett and Lloyd, 1971
Bassett, P.J.; Lloyd, D.R., Photoelectron spectra of halides. Part I. Tetrafluorides and tetrachlorides of group IVB, J. Chem. Soc., 1971, (A), 641. [all data]

Dewar and Worley, 1969
Dewar, M.J.S.; Worley, S.D., Photoelectron spectra of molecules. I. Ionization potentials of some organic molecules and their interpretation, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 654. [all data]

Watanabe, 1957
Watanabe, K., Ionization potentials of some molecules, J. Chem. Phys., 1957, 26, 542. [all data]

Baker and Tate, 1938
Baker, R.F.; Tate, J.T., Ionization and dissociation by electron impact in CCl2F2 and in CCl4 vapor, Phys. Rev., 1938, 53, 683. [all data]

Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Achiba, Y.; Yamazaki, T.; Iwata, S., Ionization energies, Ab initio assignments, and valence electronic structure for 200 molecules in Handbook of HeI Photoelectron Spectra of Fundamental Organic Compounds, Japan Scientific Soc. Press, Tokyo, 1981. [all data]

Dixon, Murrell, et al., 1971
Dixon, R.N.; Murrell, J.N.; Narayan, B., The photoelectron spectra of the halomethanes, Mol. Phys., 1971, 20, 611. [all data]

Burton, Chan, et al., 1994
Burton, G.R.; Chan, W.F.; Cooper, G.; Brion, C.E., Valence- and inner-shell (Cl 2p, 2s; C1s) photoabsorption and photoionization of carbon tetrachloride. Absolute oscillator strengths (5-400 eV) and dipole-induced breakdown pathways, Chem. Phys., 1994, 181, 147. [all data]

Reed and Snedden, 1958
Reed, R.I.; Snedden, W., Studies in electron impact methods. Part 2. The latent heat of sublimation of carbon, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1958, 54, 301. [all data]

Blanchard and LeGoff, 1957
Blanchard, L.P.; LeGoff, P., Mass spectrometric study of the species CS, SO, and CCl2 produced in primary heterogeneous reactions, Can. J. Chem., 1957, 35, 89. [all data]

Shapiro and Lossing, 1968
Shapiro, J.S.; Lossing, F.P., Free radicals by mass spectrometry. XXXVII. The ionization potential and heat of formation of dichlorocarbene, J. Phys. Chem., 1968, 72, 1552. [all data]

Werner, Tsai, et al., 1974
Werner, A.S.; Tsai, B.P.; Baer, T., Photoionization study of the ionization potentials fragmentation paths of the chlorinated methanes carbon tetrabromide, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 60, 3650. [all data]

Lossing, 1972
Lossing, F.P., Free radicals by mass spectrometry. XLIV. Ionization potentials bond dissociation energies for chloro-and fluoromethyl radicals, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1972, 81, 125. [all data]

Fox and Curran, 1961
Fox, R.E.; Curran, R.K., Ionization processes in CCl4 and SF6 by electron beams, J. Chem. Phys., 1961, 34, 1595. [all data]

Farmer, Henderson, et al., 1956
Farmer, J.B.; Henderson, I.H.S.; Lossing, F.P.; Marsden, D.G.H., Free radicals by mass spectrometry. IX. Ionization potentials of CF3 and CCl3 radicals and bond dissociation energies in some derivatives, J. Chem. Phys., 1956, 24, 348. [all data]

Dallos, Sisak, et al., 2000
Dallos, A.; Sisak, A.; Kulcsár, Z.; Kováts, E., Pair-wise interactions by gas chromatography VII. Interaction free enthalpies of solutes with secondary alcohol groups, J. Chromatogr. A, 2000, 904, 2, 211-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00908-0 . [all data]

Dewulf, Van Langenhove, et al., 1997
Dewulf, J.; Van Langenhove, H.; Everaert, M., Solid-phase microextraction of volatile organic compounds estimation of the sorption equilibrium from the Kováts index, effect of salinity and humic acids and the study of the kinetics by the development of an agitated/static layer model, J. Chromatogr. A, 1997, 761, 1-2, 205-217, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)00810-2 . [all data]

Reddy, Dutoit, et al., 1992
Reddy, K.S.; Dutoit, J.-Cl.; Kovats, E. sz., Pair-wise interactions by gas chromatography. I. Interaction free enthalpies of solutes with non-associated primary alcohol groups, J. Chromatogr., 1992, 609, 1-2, 229-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)80167-S . [all data]

Dutoit, 1991
Dutoit, J., Gas chromatographic retention behaviour of some solutes on structurally similar polar and non-polar stationary phases, J. Chromatogr., 1991, 555, 1-2, 191-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87179-X . [all data]

Castello and Gerbino, 1988
Castello, G.; Gerbino, T.C., Effect of Temperature on the Gas Chromatographic Separation of Halogenated Compounds on Polar and Non-Polar Stationary Phases, J. Chromatogr., 1988, 437, 33-45, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)90369-8 . [all data]

Pacáková, Vojtechová, et al., 1988
Pacáková, V.; Vojtechová, H.; Coufal, P., Reaction gas chromatography: study of the photodecomposition of halogenated hydrocarbons, Chromatographia, 1988, 25, 7, 621-626, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02327659 . [all data]

Tiess, 1984
Tiess, D., Gaschromatographische Retentionsindices von 125 leicht- bis mittelflüchtigen organischen Substanzen toxikologisch-analytischer Relevanz auf SE-30, Wiss. Z. Wilhelm-Pieck-Univ. Rostock Math. Naturwiss. Reihe, 1984, 33, 6-9. [all data]

Winskowski, 1983
Winskowski, J., Gaschromatographische Identifizierung von Stoffen anhand von Indexziffem und unterschiedlichen Detektoren, Chromatographia, 1983, 17, 3, 160-165, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02271041 . [all data]

Goebel, 1982
Goebel, K.-J., Gaschromatographische Identifizierung Niedrig Siedender Substanzen Mittels Retentionsindices und Rechnerhilfe, J. Chromatogr., 1982, 235, 1, 119-127, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)95793-5 . [all data]

Riedo, Fritz, et al., 1976
Riedo, F.; Fritz, D.; Tarján, G.; Kováts, E.Sz., A tailor-made C87 hydrocarbon as a possible non-polar standard stationary phase for gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 1976, 126, 63-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)84063-2 . [all data]

Vernon, 1971
Vernon, F., An investigation into hydrogen bonding in gas-liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 1971, 63, 249-257, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)85637-5 . [all data]

Brown, Chapman, et al., 1968
Brown, I.; Chapman, I.L.; Nicholson, G.J., Gas chromatography of polar solutes in electron acceptor stationary phases, Aust. J. Chem., 1968, 21, 5, 1125-1141, https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9681125 . [all data]

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Rohrschneider, L., Eine methode zur charakterisierung von gaschromatographischen trennflüssigkeiten, J. Chromatogr., 1966, 22, 6-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)97064-5 . [all data]

von Kováts, 1958
von Kováts, E., 206. Gas-chromatographische Charakterisierung organischer Verbindungen. Teil 1: Retentionsindices aliphatischer Halogenide, Alkohole, Aldehyde und Ketone, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1958, 41, 7, 1915-1932, https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19580410703 . [all data]

Shimadzu, 2003
Shimadzu, Gas chromatography analysis of organic solvents using capillary columns (No. 2), 2003, retrieved from http://www.shimadzu.com/apps/form.cfm. [all data]

Helmig, Pollock, et al., 1996
Helmig, D.; Pollock, W.; Greenberg, J.; Zimmerman, P., Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of volatile organic trace gases at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., 1996, 101, D9, 14697-14710, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD00212 . [all data]

Weber, 1986
Weber, L., Utilization of the Sadtler standard RI system in micropollution analyses, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Comm., 1986, 9, 8, 446-451, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240090806 . [all data]

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Schreyen, L.; Dirinck, P.; van Wassenhove, F.; Schamp, N., Analysis of leek volatiles by headspace condensation, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1976, 24, 6, 1147-1152, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60208a023 . [all data]

Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007
Bianchi, F.; Careri, M.; Mangia, A.; Musci, M., Retention indices in the analysis of food aroma volatile compounds in temperature-programmed gas chromatography: Database creation and evaluation of precision and robustness, J. Sep. Sci., 2007, 39, 4, 563-572, https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200600393 . [all data]

Shimadzu, 2003, 2
Shimadzu, Gas chromatography analysis of organic solvents using capillary columns (No. 3), 2003, retrieved from http://www.shimadzu.com/apps/form.cfm. [all data]

Dufka, Malinsky, et al., 1971
Dufka, O.; Malinsky, J.; Vladyka, J., Sorpcni materialy pro plynovou chromatographii - III, Chemicky promysl., 1971, 21/46, 9, 459-463. [all data]

Anderson, 1968
Anderson, D.G., USe of Kovats retention indices and response factors for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of coating solvents, J. Paint Technol., 1968, 40, 527, 549-557. [all data]

MHA, 9999
MHA, Directorate of ForensicScience., Forensic Toxicology, 9999. [all data]

Isidorov and Jdanova, 2002
Isidorov, V.; Jdanova, M., Volatile organic compounds from leaves litter, Chemosphere, 2002, 48, 9, 975-979, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00074-7 . [all data]

Health Safety Executive, 2000
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Notes

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