2-Butene, 2,3-dimethyl-

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas-70.3 ± 1.5kJ/molEqkWiberg and Hao, 1991Heat of hydration; ALS
Δfgas-68.4 ± 1.5kJ/molEqkRodgers and Wu, 1971Heat of isomerization; ALS

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Cp,gas (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
135.31 ± 0.27334.20Scott D.W., 1955GT
142.00 ± 0.28355.25
154.64 ± 0.31393.20
167.65 ± 0.34433.20
180.33 ± 0.36473.20

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Cp,gas (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
115.94273.15Scott D.W., 1955Recommended results of statistical thermodynamics calculation are in good agreement with experimental data.; GT
123.60298.15
124.18300.
156.82400.
188.45500.
216.65600.
241.29700.
262.67800.
281.37900.
297.651000.
311.921100.
324.301200.
335.051300.
344.471400.
352.751500.

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfliquid-102.9 ± 1.5kJ/molEqkWiberg and Hao, 1991Heat of hydration; ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
liquid270.20J/mol*KN/AScott, Finke, et al., 1955DH
liquid272.4J/mol*KN/AParks, Todd, et al., 1936Extrapolation below 90 K, 58.45 J/mol*K.; DH

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Cp,liquid (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
174.68298.15Scott, Finke, et al., 1955T = 10 to 320 K.; DH
175.73295.5Parks, Todd, et al., 1936T = 83 to 296 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum.; DH

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
CAL - James S. Chickos, William E. Acree, Jr., Joel F. Liebman, Students of Chem 202 (Introduction to the Literature of Chemistry), University of Missouri -- St. Louis
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tboil346.3 ± 0.4KAVGN/AAverage of 28 out of 30 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tfus198.8 ± 0.3KAVGN/AAverage of 13 out of 15 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Ttriple198.92KN/AScott, Finke, et al., 1955, 2Crystal phase 1 phase; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.01 K; TRC
Ttriple198.900KN/AWaddington, 1951Crystal phase 1 phase; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.05 K; TRC
Ttriple198.920KN/AWaddington, 1951Crystal phase 1 phase; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; TRC
Ttriple198.5KN/AParks, Todd, et al., 1936, 2Crystal phase 1 phase; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tc524.KN/AMajer and Svoboda, 1985 
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δvap32.67kJ/molN/AMajer and Svoboda, 1985 
Δvap32.5kJ/molN/AReid, 1972AC
Δvap32.6kJ/molVCamin and Rossini, 1956ALS
Δvap32.6kJ/molN/ACamin and Rossini, 1956, 2Based on data from 289. to 347. K.; AC

Enthalpy of vaporization

ΔvapH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
29.64346.4N/AMajer and Svoboda, 1985 
32.1328.N/AUusi-Kyyny, Pokki, et al., 2004Based on data from 313. to 346. K.; AC
33.1297.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 282. to 348. K. See also Bevan, Malkin, et al., 1955.; AC
32.7304.N/AFried, Baghdoyan, et al., 1971Based on data from 289. to 347. K.; AC
32.9 ± 0.1292.CScott, Finke, et al., 1955AC
32.0 ± 0.1308.CScott, Finke, et al., 1955AC
30.9 ± 0.1326.CScott, Finke, et al., 1955AC
29.7 ± 0.1346.CScott, Finke, et al., 1955AC

Enthalpy of vaporization

ΔvapH = A exp(-βTr) (1 − Tr)β
    ΔvapH = Enthalpy of vaporization (at saturation pressure) (kJ/mol)
    Tr = reduced temperature (T / Tc)

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Temperature (K) A (kJ/mol) β Tc (K) Reference Comment
292. to 346.48.290.2801524.Majer and Svoboda, 1985 

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
289.48 to 347.003.704681021.564-70.242Baghdoyan, Malik, et al., 1971Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.
302.18 to 346.364.095871224.926-46.812Scott, Finke, et al., 1955Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of fusion

ΔfusH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
6.44198.9Domalski and Hearing, 1996AC

Entropy of fusion

ΔfusS (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
17.94196.8Domalski and Hearing, 1996CAL
32.39198.9

Enthalpy of phase transition

ΔHtrs (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Initial Phase Final Phase Reference Comment
3.531196.82crystaline, IIcrystaline, IScott, Finke, et al., 1955DH
6.452198.92crystaline, IliquidScott, Finke, et al., 1955Enthalpies of transition and fusion calculated from total enthalpy change 196.82 to 198.92 K and assumed Cp of 150 J/mol*K for c,I.; DH
4.577196.6crystaline, IIcrystaline, IParks, Todd, et al., 1936DH
5.460198.5crystaline, IliquidParks, Todd, et al., 1936DH

Entropy of phase transition

ΔStrs (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Initial Phase Final Phase Reference Comment
17.94196.82crystaline, IIcrystaline, IScott, Finke, et al., 1955DH
32.44198.92crystaline, IliquidScott, Finke, et al., 1955Enthalpies; DH
23.28196.6crystaline, IIcrystaline, IParks, Todd, et al., 1936DH
27.51198.5crystaline, IliquidParks, Todd, et al., 1936DH

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:


Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

Hydrogen + 2-Butene, 2,3-dimethyl- = Butane, 2,3-dimethyl-

By formula: H2 + C6H12 = C6H14

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-108.7 ± 0.45kJ/molChydRogers, Crooks, et al., 1987liquid phase
Δr-110.4 ± 0.42kJ/molChydKistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1936gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -111.4 ± 0.42 kJ/mol; At 355 K

2-Butene, 2,3-dimethyl- = 1-Butene, 2,3-dimethyl-

By formula: C6H12 = C6H12

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr7.61 ± 0.50kJ/molEqkRadyuk, Kabo, et al., 1972gas phase; At 562 K
Δr7.1 ± 0.8kJ/molEqkRodgers and Wu, 1971gas phase; Heat of isomerization

1-Butene, 2,3-dimethyl- = 2-Butene, 2,3-dimethyl-

By formula: C6H12 = C6H12

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-7.1 ± 0.8kJ/molEqkRodgers and Wu, 1971gas phase; Heat of isomerization
Δr-7.5kJ/molEqkAbell, 1966gas phase

2-Butene, 2,3-dimethyl- + Hydrogen chloride = Butane, 2-chloro-2,3-dimethyl-

By formula: C6H12 + HCl = C6H13Cl

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-54.0 ± 1.4kJ/molCmArnett and Pienta, 1980liquid phase; solvent: Methylene chloride; Hydrochlorination

1-Hexene = 2-Butene, 2,3-dimethyl-

By formula: C6H12 = C6H12

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-30.0 ± 1.1kJ/molCisoBartolo and Rossini, 1960liquid phase; Calculated from ΔHc

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to C6H12+ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)8.27 ± 0.01eVN/AN/AL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Proton affinity (review)813.9kJ/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Gas basicity785.9kJ/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
8.27 ± 0.02PEBieri, Burger, et al., 1977LLK
8.16EILossing and Traeger, 1975LLK
8.271 ± 0.005PEMasclet, Grosjean, et al., 1973LLK
8.26PEFrost and Sandhu, 1971LLK
8.30PIBralsford, Harris, et al., 1960RDSH
8.30PEKovac, Mohraz, et al., 1980Vertical value; LLK
10.52PEMcAlduff and Houk, 1977Vertical value; LLK
8.46PEMollere, Houk, et al., 1976Vertical value; LLK
8.42PEFuss and Bock, 1974Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion AE (eV) Other Products MethodReferenceComment
C5H9+8.16CH3EILossing and Traeger, 1975, 2LLK
C5H9+10.32CH3EILossing and Traeger, 1975LLK

IR Spectrum

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Gas Phase Spectrum

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IR spectrum
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Additional Data

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Owner NIST Standard Reference Data Program
Collection (C) 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin Sadtler Research Labs Under US-EPA Contract
State gas

This IR spectrum is from the NIST/EPA Gas-Phase Infrared Database .


Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, UV/Visible spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Mass spectrum
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Additional Data

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Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.

Owner NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin Japan AIST/NIMC Database- Spectrum MS-NW-3539
NIST MS number 230825

All mass spectra in this site (plus many more) are available from the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library. Please see the following for information about the library and its accompanying search program.


UV/Visible spectrum

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Alexander N. Yermakov, Alexy A. Usov, Antonina A. Goncharova, Axlexander N. Leskin, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina

Spectrum

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UVVis spectrum
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Additional Data

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Source Johnson, 1966
Owner INEP CP RAS, NIST OSRD
Collection (C) 2007 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin INSTITUTE OF ENERGY PROBLEMS OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, RAS
Source reference RAS UV No. 19914
Instrument Unicam SP 500
Boiling point 73.2/ 760 mm

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Wiberg and Hao, 1991
Wiberg, K.B.; Hao, S., Enthalpies of hydration of alkenes. 4. Formation of acyclic tert-alcohols, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 5108-5110. [all data]

Rodgers and Wu, 1971
Rodgers, A.S.; Wu, M.-C.R., Thermochemistry of the gas-phase iodine catalyzed isomerization: 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene = 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1971, 3, 591-597. [all data]

Scott D.W., 1955
Scott D.W., 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene: thermodynamic properties in the solid, liquid and vapor states, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1955, 77, 4993-4998. [all data]

Scott, Finke, et al., 1955
Scott, D.W.; Finke, H.L.; McCullough, J.P.; Gross, M.E.; Messerly, J.F.; Pennington, R.E.; Waddington, G., 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene: Thermodynamic properties in the solid, liquid and vapor states, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1955, 77, 4993-4998. [all data]

Parks, Todd, et al., 1936
Parks, G.S.; Todd, S.S.; Shomate, C.H., Thermal data on organic compounds. XVII. Some heat capacity, entropy and free energy data for five higher olefins, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 2505-2508. [all data]

Scott, Finke, et al., 1955, 2
Scott, D.W.; Finke, H.L.; McCullough, J.P.; Gross, M.E.; Messerly, J.F.; Pennington, R.E.; Waddington, G., 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene: thermodynamic properties in the solid, liquid, and vapor states., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1955, 77, 4993. [all data]

Waddington, 1951
Waddington, G., Personal Commun., U. S. Bur. Mines, Bartlesville, OK, 1951. [all data]

Parks, Todd, et al., 1936, 2
Parks, G.S.; Todd, S.S.; Shomate, C.H., Thermal data on organic compounds. XVII. Some heat capacity, entropy and free energy data for five higher olefins, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 2505. [all data]

Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]

Reid, 1972
Reid, Robert C., Handbook on vapor pressure and heats of vaporization of hydrocarbons and related compounds, R. C. Wilhort and B. J. Zwolinski, Texas A Research Foundation. College Station, Texas(1971). 329 pages.$10.00, AIChE J., 1972, 18, 6, 1278-1278, https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180637 . [all data]

Camin and Rossini, 1956
Camin, D.L.; Rossini, F.D., Physical properties of the 17 isomeric hexenes of the API research series, J. Phys. Chem., 1956, 60, 1446. [all data]

Camin and Rossini, 1956, 2
Camin, David L.; Rossini, Frederick D., Physical Properties of the 17 Isomeric Hexenes.of the API Research Series, J. Phys. Chem., 1956, 60, 10, 1446-1451, https://doi.org/10.1021/j150544a029 . [all data]

Uusi-Kyyny, Pokki, et al., 2004
Uusi-Kyyny, Petri; Pokki, Juha-Pekka; Kim, Younghun; Aittamaa, Juhani, Isobaric Vapor Liquid Equilibrium for 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene + Methanol, + Ethanol, + 2-Propanol, or + 2-Butanol at Atmospheric Pressure, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2004, 49, 2, 251-255, https://doi.org/10.1021/je034106w . [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Bevan, Malkin, et al., 1955
Bevan, T.H.; Malkin, T.; Smith, D.B.; Davey, W.; Gwilt, J.R.; Cooper, W.; Kertes, S.; Roberts, J.J.; Ross, W.C.J.; Wilson, Walter; Cummings, G.A.McD.; McLaughlin, E., Notes, J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 1383, https://doi.org/10.1039/jr9550001383 . [all data]

Fried, Baghdoyan, et al., 1971
Fried, Vojtech.; Baghdoyan, Armen.; Malik, Jana., Vapor pressures and densities of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene and 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1971, 16, 1, 96-97, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60048a009 . [all data]

Baghdoyan, Malik, et al., 1971
Baghdoyan, A.; Malik, J.; Fried, V., Vapor Pressures and Densities of 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene and 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1971, 16, 1, 96-97, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60048a009 . [all data]

Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 . [all data]

Rogers, Crooks, et al., 1987
Rogers, D.W.; Crooks, E.; Dejroongruang, K., Enthalpies of hydrogenation of the hexenes, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1987, 19, 1209-1215. [all data]

Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1936
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of organic reactions. III. Hydrogenation of some higher olefins, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 137-145. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Radyuk, Kabo, et al., 1972
Radyuk, Z.A.; Kabo, G.Ya.; Andreevskii, D.N., Equilibrium and thermodynamics of the isomerization of hexene isomers, Neftekhimiya, 1972, 12, 679-686. [all data]

Abell, 1966
Abell, P.I., Bromine atom catalyzed isomerization of terminal olefins, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1966, 88, 1346-1348. [all data]

Arnett and Pienta, 1980
Arnett, E.M.; Pienta, N.J., Stabilities of carbonium ions in solution. 12. Heats of formation of alkyl chlorides as an entree to heats of solvation of aliphatic carbonium ions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 3329-3334. [all data]

Bartolo and Rossini, 1960
Bartolo, H.F.; Rossini, F.D., Heats of isomerization of the seventeen isomeric hexenes, J. Phys. Chem., 1960, 64, 1685-1689. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Bieri, Burger, et al., 1977
Bieri, G.; Burger, F.; Heilbronner, E.; Maier, J.P., Valence ionization enrgies of hydrocarbons, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1977, 60, 2213. [all data]

Lossing and Traeger, 1975
Lossing, F.P.; Traeger, J.C., Stabilization in cyclopentadienyl, cyclopentenyl, and cyclopentyl cations, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 1579. [all data]

Masclet, Grosjean, et al., 1973
Masclet, P.; Grosjean, D.; Mouvier, G., Alkene ionization potentials. Part I. Quantitative determination of alkyl group structural effects, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1973, 2, 225. [all data]

Frost and Sandhu, 1971
Frost, D.C.; Sandhu, J.S., Ionization potentials of ethylene and some methyl-substituted ethylenes as determined by photoelectron spectroscopy, Indian J. Chem., 1971, 9, 1105. [all data]

Bralsford, Harris, et al., 1960
Bralsford, R.; Harris, P.V.; Price, W.C., The effect of fluorine on the electronic spectra and ionization potentials of molecules, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 1960, A258, 459. [all data]

Kovac, Mohraz, et al., 1980
Kovac, B.; Mohraz, M.; Heilbronner, E.; Boekelheide, V.; Hopf, H., Photoelectron spectra of the cyclophanes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 4314. [all data]

McAlduff and Houk, 1977
McAlduff, E.J.; Houk, K.N., Photoelectron spectra of substituted oxiranes and thiiranes. Substituent effects on ionization potentials involving σ orbitals, Can. J. Chem., 1977, 55, 318. [all data]

Mollere, Houk, et al., 1976
Mollere, P.D.; Houk, K.N.; Bomse, D.S.; Morton, T.H., Photoelectron spectra of sterically congested alkenes and dienes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1976, 98, 4732. [all data]

Fuss and Bock, 1974
Fuss, W.; Bock, H., Photoelectron spectra and molecular properties. XXXVI. (H3C)3B, (H3C)2BF, (H3C)2BN(CH3)2, and (H3C)2CC(CH3)2: The use of ionization potentials in assigning UV spectra, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 61, 1613. [all data]

Lossing and Traeger, 1975, 2
Lossing, F.P.; Traeger, J.C., Free radicals by mass spectrometry XLVI. Heats of formation of C5H7 and C5H9 radicals and cations., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 19, 9. [all data]

Johnson, 1966
Johnson, E.A., UV atlas of organic compounds, 1966, 1, A1/3. [all data]


Notes

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