Butane

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas-125.6 ± 0.67kJ/molCcbPittam and Pilcher, 1972ALS
Δfgas-127.1 ± 0.67kJ/molCmProsen, Maron, et al., 1951see Prosen and Rossini, 1945; ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δcgas-2877.5 ± 0.63kJ/molCcbPittam and Pilcher, 1972Corresponding Δfgas = -125.6 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS
Δcgas-2876.2 ± 0.63kJ/molCmProsen, Maron, et al., 1951see Prosen and Rossini, 1945; Corresponding Δfgas = -127.0 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS
Δcgas-2878.3 ± 0.63kJ/molCcbRossini, 1934Corresponding Δfgas = -124.9 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Cp,gas (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
38.0750.Chen S.S., 1975Recommended values are in good agreement with those calculated by [ Pitzer K.S., 1944, Pitzer K.S., 1946].; GT
55.35100.
67.32150.
76.44200.
92.30273.15
98.49298.15
98.95300.
124.77400.
148.66500.
169.28600.
187.02700.
202.38800.
215.73900.
227.361000.
237.481100.
246.271200.
253.931300.
260.581400.
266.401500.

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Cp,gas (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
110.58344.9Dailey B.P., 1943Other experimental values of heat capacity [ Sage B.H., 1937] are believed to be less reliable, see [ Chen S.S., 1975].; GT
114.93359.6
121.75387.5
137.99451.6
154.01521.0
162.26561.3
170.33600.8
185.85692.6

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
MS - José A. Martinho Simões
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C4H9- + Hydrogen cation = Butane

By formula: C4H9- + H+ = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1739. ± 8.4kJ/molBranDePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989gas phase; The HOF(Et(Me)N.) in Seetula, Russell, et al., 1990 gives BDE(N-H) = 99 kcal/mol, ca. 5 kcal/mol too strong; B
Δr1745. ± 20.kJ/molBranPeerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992gas phase; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1703. ± 8.8kJ/molH-TSDePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989gas phase; The HOF(Et(Me)N.) in Seetula, Russell, et al., 1990 gives BDE(N-H) = 99 kcal/mol, ca. 5 kcal/mol too strong; B
Δr1709. ± 21.kJ/molH-TSPeerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992gas phase; B

C4H9Li (l) + Hydrogen bromide (g) = Butane (l) + Lithium bromide (cr)

By formula: C4H9Li (l) + HBr (g) = C4H10 (l) + BrLi (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-374.0 ± 2.0kJ/molRSCHolm, 1974Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977. The reaction enthalpy was quoted from Pedley and Rylance, 1977. See Liebman, Martinho Simões, et al., 1995 for comments; MS

Hydrogen bromide (g) + C4H9Li (l) = Butane (l) + Lithium bromide (cr)

By formula: HBr (g) + C4H9Li (l) = C4H10 (l) + BrLi (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-352.7 ± 2.0kJ/molRSCHolm, 1974Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977. The reaction enthalpy was quoted from Pedley and Rylance, 1977. See Liebman, Martinho Simões, et al., 1995 for comments; MS

2Hydrogen + 2-Butyne = Butane

By formula: 2H2 + C4H6 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-272.4 ± 1.3kJ/molChydConn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1939gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -274.4 ± 0.54 kJ/mol; At 355 K; ALS

Hydrogen + 2-Butene, (E)- = Butane

By formula: H2 + C4H8 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-114.6 ± 0.42kJ/molChydKistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -115.57 ± 0.088 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

Hydrogen + 2-Butene, (Z)- = Butane

By formula: H2 + C4H8 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-118.5 ± 0.42kJ/molChydKistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -119.54 ± 0.079 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

1,3-Butadiene + 2Hydrogen = Butane

By formula: C4H6 + 2H2 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-236.7 ± 0.42kJ/molChydKistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1936gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -238.8 ± 0.4 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

C4H9Li (l) + Water (g) = Butane (g) + HLiO (cr)

By formula: C4H9Li (l) + H2O (g) = C4H10 (g) + HLiO (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-240.2 ± 2.9kJ/molRSCFowell and Mortimer, 1961Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977 and Cox and Pilcher, 1970, 2.; MS

C4H9ClMg (cr) + (Hydrogen chloride • 556Water) (solution) = Butane (g) + (Cl2Mg • 900Water) (solution)

By formula: C4H9ClMg (cr) + (HCl • 556H2O) (solution) = C4H10 (g) + (Cl2Mg • 900H2O) (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-305.8 ± 1.8kJ/molRSCGenchel, Evstigneeva, et al., 1976MS

C4H9BrMg (solution) + Hydrogen bromide (g) = Butane (solution) + Br2Mg (solution)

By formula: C4H9BrMg (solution) + HBr (g) = C4H10 (solution) + Br2Mg (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-292.5 ± 2.2kJ/molRSCHolm, 1981solvent: Diethyl ether; MS

C4H9BrMg (solution) + Hydrogen bromide (g) = Butane (solution) + Br2Mg (solution)

By formula: C4H9BrMg (solution) + HBr (g) = C4H10 (solution) + Br2Mg (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-305.9 ± 2.2kJ/molRSCHolm, 1981solvent: Diethyl ether; MS

C5O5W (g) + Butane (g) = C9H10O5W (g)

By formula: C5O5W (g) + C4H10 (g) = C9H10O5W (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-38. ± 13.kJ/molEqGBrown, Ishikawa, et al., 1990Temperature range: ca. 300-350 K; MS

1-Butene + Hydrogen = Butane

By formula: C4H8 + H2 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-125.9 ± 0.42kJ/molChydKistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935gas phase; At 355 °K; ALS

Butane = Isobutane

By formula: C4H10 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-9.699kJ/molEqkPines, Kvetinskas, et al., 1945gas phase; Heat of isomerization; ALS

3Hydrogen + 1-Buten-3-yne = Butane

By formula: 3H2 + C4H4 = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-422. ± 2.kJ/molChydRoth, Adamczak, et al., 1991liquid phase; ALS

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)10.53 ± 0.02eVN/AN/AL

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
10.57ESTLuo and Pacey, 1992LL
10.53 ± 0.10EVALLias, 1982LBLHLM
10.35 ± 0.15EQMautner(Meot-Ner), Sieck, et al., 1981LLK
10.6 ± 0.1PEBieri, Burger, et al., 1977LLK
10.61EQLias, Ausloos, et al., 1976LLK
10.87 ± 0.05EIFlesch and Svec, 1973LLK
10.89EIMatsumoto, Taniguchi, et al., 1970RDSH
10.67PIDewar and Worley, 1969RDSH
10.55 ± 0.05PIChupka and Berkowitz, 1967RDSH
10.50PIAl-Joboury and Turner, 1964RDSH
10.55 ± 0.05PISteiner, Giese, et al., 1961RDSH
10.63 ± 0.03PIWatanabe, 1957RDSH
11.09PEKimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981Vertical value; LLK
11.2PEBieri and Asbrink, 1980Vertical value; LLK
11.2 ± 0.1PEBieri, Burger, et al., 1977Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion AE (eV) Other Products MethodReferenceComment
CH3+29.7 ± 0.2?EIOlmsted, Street, et al., 1964RDSH
C2H4+~11.65C2H6PIChupka and Berkowitz, 1967RDSH
C2H5+12.55C2H5EIOmura, 1961RDSH
C3H5+13.40?EIOmura, 1961RDSH
C3H6+11.15CH4EIWolkoff and Holmes, 1978LLK
C3H6+11.06CH4EIMatsumoto, Taniguchi, et al., 1970RDSH
C3H6+11.18CH4PIChupka and Berkowitz, 1967RDSH
C3H6+11.16 ± 0.03CH4PISteiner, Giese, et al., 1961RDSH
C3H7+11.2CH3EIWolkoff and Holmes, 1978LLK
C3H7+11.09CH3EIMatsumoto, Taniguchi, et al., 1970RDSH
C3H7+11.10 ± 0.05CH3EIWilliams and Hamill, 1968RDSH
C3H7+11.18CH3PIChupka and Berkowitz, 1967RDSH
C3H7+11.19 ± 0.02CH3PISteiner, Giese, et al., 1961RDSH
C4H9+10.9 ± 0.1H-PIChupka and Berkowitz, 1967RDSH
C4H9+11.7 ± 0.1HPIChupka and Berkowitz, 1967RDSH
H3+31. ± 1.?EIFuchs, 1972LLK

De-protonation reactions

C4H9- + Hydrogen cation = Butane

By formula: C4H9- + H+ = C4H10

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1739. ± 8.4kJ/molBranDePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989gas phase; The HOF(Et(Me)N.) in Seetula, Russell, et al., 1990 gives BDE(N-H) = 99 kcal/mol, ca. 5 kcal/mol too strong; B
Δr1745. ± 20.kJ/molBranPeerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992gas phase; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1703. ± 8.8kJ/molH-TSDePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989gas phase; The HOF(Et(Me)N.) in Seetula, Russell, et al., 1990 gives BDE(N-H) = 99 kcal/mol, ca. 5 kcal/mol too strong; B
Δr1709. ± 21.kJ/molH-TSPeerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992gas phase; B

IR Spectrum

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Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Data compiled by: Pamela M. Chu, Franklin R. Guenther, George C. Rhoderick, and Walter J. Lafferty


Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
NIST MS number 18940

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Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Takehiko Shimanouchi

Trans form     Symmetry:   C2h     Symmetry Number σ = 2


 Sym.   No   Approximate   Selected Freq.  Infrared   Raman   Comments 
 Species   type of mode   Value   Rating   Value  Phase  Value  Phase

ag 1 CH3 d-str 2965  C  ia 2965 sln. SF20)
ag 2 CH3 s-str 2872  C  ia 2872 sln.
ag 3 CH2 s-str 2853  D  ia 2853 sln.
ag 4 CH3 d-deform 1460  C  ia 1460 sln. SF22)
ag 5 CH2 scis 1442  D  ia 1442 sln.
ag 6 CH3 s-deform 1382  C  ia CF
ag 7 CH2 wag 1361  D  ia CF
ag 8 CH3 rock 1151  C  ia 1151 sln.
ag 9 CC str 1059  C  ia 1059 sln.
ag 10 CC str 837  C  ia 837 sln.
ag 11 CCC deform 425  C  ia 425 sln.
au 12 CH3 d-str 2968  C 2968 S solid solid  ia SF27)
au 13 CH2 a-str 2930  C 2930 S solid solid  ia
au 14 CH3 d-deform 1461  C 1461 S solid solid  ia SF30, )OV3031)
au 15 CH2 twist 1257  C 1257 W sln.  ia
au 16 CH3 rock 948  B 948 M solid solid  ia
au 17 CH2 rock 731  B 731 S solid solid  ia
au 18 CH3-CH2 torsion 194  E  ia CF
au 19 CH2-CH2 torsion 102  E  ia CF
bg 20 CH3 d-str 2965  C  ia 2965 sln. SF1)
bg 21 CH2 a-str 2912  C  ia 2912 sln.
bg 22 CH3 d-deform 1460  C  ia 1460 sln. SF4)
bg 23 CH2 twist 1300  C  ia 1300 sln.
bg 24 CH3 rock 1180  D  ia CF
bg 25 CH2 rock 803  D  ia CF
bg 26 CH3-CH2 torsion 225  E  ia CF
bu 27 CH3 d-str 2968  C 2968 S solid solid  ia SF12)
bu 28 CH3 s-str 2870  C 2870 S solid solid  ia
bu 29 CH2 s-str 2853  E  ia SF3)
bu 30 CH3 d-deform 1461  C 1461 S solid solid  ia SF14, )OV1431)
bu 31 CH2 scis 1461  C 1461 S solid solid  ia OV1430)
bu 32 CH3 s-deform 1379  B 1379 M solid solid  ia
bu 33 CH2 wag 1290  B 1290 W solid solid  ia
bu 34 CC str 1009  C 1009 W sln.  ia
bu 35 CH3 rock 964  B 964 M solid solid  ia
bu 36 CCC deform 271  E  ia CF

Source: Shimanouchi, 1972

Gauche form     Symmetry:   C2     Symmetry Number σ = 2


 Sym.   No   Approximate   Selected Freq.  Infrared   Raman   Comments 
 Species   type of mode   Value   Rating   Value  Phase  Value  Phase

a 1 CH3 d-str 2968  C Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
a 2 CH3 d-str 2968  C Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
a 3 CH2 a-str 2920  D Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
a 4 CH3 s-str 2870  C Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
a 5 CH2 s-str 2860  D Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
a 6 CH3 d-deform 1460  C Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
a 7 CH3 d-deform 1460  C Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
a 8 CH2 scis 1450  D Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
a 9 CH3 s-deform 1380  C Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
a 10 CH2 wag 1350  C 1350 W liq.
a 11 CH2 twist 1281  C 1281 liq.
a 12 CH3 rock 1168  D 1168 liq.
a 13 CC str 1077  D 1077 liq.
a 14 CH3 rock 980  D 980 liq. OV32)
a 15 CC str 827  D 827 liq.
a 16 CH2 rock 788  C 788 M liq. 789 liq.
a 17 CCC deform 320  C 320 liq.
a 18 CH3-CH2 torsion 201  E CF
a 19 CH2-CH2 torsion 101  E CF
b 20 CH3 d-str 2968  C Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
b 21 CH3 d-str 2968  C Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
b 22 CH2 a-str 2920  D Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
b 23 CH3 s-str 2870  C Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
b 24 CH2 s-str 2860  D Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
b 25 CH3 d-deform 1460  C Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
b 26 CH3 d-deform 1460  C Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
b 27 CH2 scis 1450  D Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
b 28 CH3 s-deform 1380  C Deduced from the corresponding frequencies of the trans form
b 29 CH2 wag 1370  D 1370 VW liq.
b 30 CH2 twist 1233  C 1233 W liq.
b 31 CC str 1133  D 1133 M liq.
b 32 CH3 rock 980  D 980 liq. OV1430)
b 33 CH3 rock 955  C 955 liq.
b 34 CH2 rock 747  C 747 S liq.
b 35 CCC deform 469  D CF
b 36 CH3-CH2 torsion 197  E CF

Source: Shimanouchi, 1972

Notes

SStrong
MMedium
WWeak
VWVery weak
iaInactive
CFCalculated frequency
SFCalculation shows that the frequency approximately equals that of the vibration indicated in the parentheses.
OVOverlapped by band indicated in parentheses.
B1~3 cm-1 uncertainty
C3~6 cm-1 uncertainty
D6~15 cm-1 uncertainty
E15~30 cm-1 uncertainty

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Pittam and Pilcher, 1972
Pittam, D.A.; Pilcher, G., Measurements of heats of combustion by flame calorimetry. Part 8.-Methane, ethane, propane, n-butane and 2-methylpropane, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 1972, 68, 2224-2229. [all data]

Prosen, Maron, et al., 1951
Prosen, E.J.; Maron, F.W.; Rossini, F.D., Heats of combustion, formation, and insomerization of ten C4 hydrocarbons, J. Res. NBS, 1951, 46, 106-112. [all data]

Prosen and Rossini, 1945
Prosen, E.J.; Rossini, F.D., Heats of formation and combustion of 1,3-butadiene and styrene, J. Res. NBS, 1945, 34, 59-63. [all data]

Rossini, 1934
Rossini, F.D., Calorimetric determination of the heats of combustion of ethane, propane, normal butane, and normal pentane, J. Res. NBS, 1934, 12, 735-750. [all data]

Chen S.S., 1975
Chen S.S., Ideal gas thermodynamic properties and isomerization of n-butane and isobutane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1975, 4, 859-869. [all data]

Pitzer K.S., 1944
Pitzer K.S., Thermodynamics of gaseous paraffins. Specific heat and related properties, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1944, 36, 829-831. [all data]

Pitzer K.S., 1946
Pitzer K.S., The entropies and related properties of branched paraffin hydrocarbons, Chem. Rev., 1946, 39, 435-447. [all data]

Dailey B.P., 1943
Dailey B.P., Heat capacities and hindered rotation in n-butane and isobutane, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1943, 65, 44-46. [all data]

Sage B.H., 1937
Sage B.H., Phase equilibria in hydrocarbon systems. XX. Isobaric heat capacity of gaseous propane, n-butane, isobutane, and n-pentane, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1937, 29, 1309-1314. [all data]

DePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989
DePuy, C.H.; Gronert, S.; Barlow, S.E.; Bierbaum, V.M.; Damrauer, R., The Gas Phase Acidities of the Alkanes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 6, 1968, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00188a003 . [all data]

Seetula, Russell, et al., 1990
Seetula, J.A.; Russell, J.J.; Gutman, D., Kinetics and Thermochemistry of the Reactions of Alkyl Radicals with HI: A Reconciliation of the Alkyl Radical Heats of Formation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4, 1347, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00160a009 . [all data]

Peerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992
Peerboom, R.A.L.; Rademaker, G.J.; Dekoning, L.J.; Nibbering, N.M.M., Stabilization of Cycloalkyl Carbanions in the Gas Phase, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 1992, 6, 6, 394, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290060608 . [all data]

Holm, 1974
Holm, T., J. Organometal. Chem., 1974, 77, 27. [all data]

Pedley and Rylance, 1977
Pedley, J.B.; Rylance, J., Computer Analysed Thermochemical Data: Organic and Organometallic Compounds, University of Sussex, Brigton, 1977. [all data]

Liebman, Martinho Simões, et al., 1995
Liebman, J.F.; Martinho Simões, J.A.; Slayden, S.W., In Lithium Chemistry: A Theoretical and Experimental Overview Wiley: New York, Sapse, A.-M.; Schleyer, P. von Ragué, ed(s)., 1995. [all data]

Conn, Kistiakowsky, et al., 1939
Conn, J.B.; Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Smith, E.A., Heats of organic reactions. VIII. Some further hydrogenations, including those of some acetylenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1939, 61, 1868-1876. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of organic reactions. II. Hydrogenation of some simpler olefinic hydrocarbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57, 876-882. [all data]

Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1936
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of organic reactions. IV. Hydrogenation of some dienes and of benzene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 146-153. [all data]

Fowell and Mortimer, 1961
Fowell, P.A.; Mortimer, C.T., J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 3793.. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970, 2
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds in Academic Press, New York, 1970. [all data]

Genchel, Evstigneeva, et al., 1976
Genchel, V.G.; Evstigneeva, E.V.; Petrova, N.V., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1976, 50, 1909. [all data]

Holm, 1981
Holm, T., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. II, 1981, 464.. [all data]

Brown, Ishikawa, et al., 1990
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Pines, Kvetinskas, et al., 1945
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Notes

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