Sulfur dimer

Formula: S₂
Molecular weight: 64.130
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/S2/c1-2
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: MAHNFPMIPQKPPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 23550-45-0
Chemical structure:
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH°_gas	30.736 ± 0.072	kcal/mol	Review	Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984	CODATA Review value
Δ_fH°_gas	30.736	kcal/mol	Review	Chase, 1998	Data last reviewed in September, 1977
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
S°_{gas,1 bar}	54.5332 ± 0.0024	cal/mol*K	Review	Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984	CODATA Review value
S°_{gas,1 bar}	54.539	cal/mol*K	Review	Chase, 1998	Data last reviewed in September, 1977

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
C_p = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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View table.

Temperature (K)	298. to 6000.
A	8.009831
B	1.210651
C	-0.253267
D	0.021488
E	-0.050648
F	28.12751
G	63.59749
H	30.73621
Reference	Chase, 1998
Comment	Data last reviewed in September, 1977

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

(HS₂^- • 4294967295 Sulfur dimer ) + = HS₂^-

By formula: (HS₂^- • 4294967295S₂) + S₂ = HS₂^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	81.6 ± 3.7	kcal/mol	N/A	Entfellner and Boesl, 2009	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	46.7 ± 3.7	kcal/mol	Ther	Moran and Ellison, 1988	gas phase; B

(OS₂^- • 4294967295 Sulfur dimer ) + = OS₂^-

By formula: (OS₂^- • 4294967295S₂) + S₂ = OS₂^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	113.29 ± 0.39	kcal/mol	N/A	Nimlos and Ellison, 1986	gas phase; B

( • Sulfur dimer ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (V⁺ • S₂) + S₂ = (V⁺ • 2S₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	68.4 ± 4.4	kcal/mol	CIDT	Schroeder, Kretzschmar, et al., 2003	RCD

( • Sulfur dimer ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Mo⁺ • S₂) + S₂ = (Mo⁺ • 2S₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	71.6 ± 3.0	kcal/mol	CIDT	Schroeder, Kretzschmar, et al., 2003	RCD

+ Sulfur dimer = ( • )

By formula: V⁺ + S₂ = (V⁺ • S₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	74.8 ± 3.2	kcal/mol	CIDT	Schroeder, Kretzschmar, et al., 2003	RCD

+ Sulfur dimer = ( • )

By formula: Mo⁺ + S₂ = (Mo⁺ • S₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	78.7 ± 2.5	kcal/mol	CIDT	Schroeder, Kretzschmar, et al., 2003	RCD

Constants of diatomic molecules

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Data compiled by: Klaus P. Huber and Gerhard H. Herzberg

Data collected through July, 1977

Symbols used in the table of constants
Symbol	Meaning
State	electronic state and / or symmetry symbol
T_e	minimum electronic energy (cm^-1)
ω_e	vibrational constant – first term (cm^-1)
ω_ex_e	vibrational constant – second term (cm^-1)
ω_ey_e	vibrational constant – third term (cm^-1)
B_e	rotational constant in equilibrium position (cm^-1)
α_e	rotational constant – first term (cm^-1)
γ_e	rotation-vibration interaction constant (cm^-1)
D_e	centrifugal distortion constant (cm^-1)
β_e	rotational constant – first term, centrifugal force (cm^-1)
r_e	internuclear distance (Å)
Trans.	observed transition(s) corresponding to electronic state
ν₀₀	position of 0-0 band (units noted in table)

Diatomic constants for ³²S₂
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
Additional progressions and unassigned bands in the absorption spectrum 65700 - 71900 cm^-1.
↳Mahajan, Lakshminarayana, et al., 1976
F 2	(66333)	[827] 1 H									F ← X	66384 1 H
	↳Donovan, Husain, et al., 1970; Mahajan, Lakshminarayana, et al., 1976
	(66229)	[827] 1 H									F ← X	66280 1 H
	↳Donovan, Husain, et al., 1970; Mahajan, Lakshminarayana, et al., 1976
E 2	(65933)	[818] 1 H									E ← X	65980 1 H
	↳Donovan, Husain, et al., 1970; Mahajan, Lakshminarayana, et al., 1976
	(65829)	[818] 1 H									E ← X	65876 1 H
	↳Donovan, Husain, et al., 1970; Mahajan, Lakshminarayana, et al., 1976
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
j	3										j → (b) 4 V	56077.7 H
j	↳missing citation
i		[785.0] H									i → (b) 4 V	55099.3 H
i	↳missing citation
h		819.6 H	2.70								h → (b) 4 V	51461.4 H
h	↳missing citation
D ³Π_u,r	58978.7	793.8 H	4.00		[0.3073]			[1.85E-7]		[1.854₆]	D ↔ X V	59012.50 Z
	↳missing citation; Tanaka and Ogawa, 1962; Ricks and Barrow, 1969
	58691.7	793.8 H	4.00		[0.3066]			[1.85E-7]		[1.854₆]	D ↔ X V	58725.47 Z
	↳missing citation; Tanaka and Ogawa, 1962; Ricks and Barrow, 1969
	58518.3	793.8 H	4.00		[0.3059]			[1.85E-7]		[1.854₆]	D ↔ X V	58552.05 Z
	↳missing citation; Tanaka and Ogawa, 1962; Ricks and Barrow, 1969
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
g ¹Δ_u	x+ 52187.7	816.0 H	2.70		[0.3210]			(2.0E-7)		[1.812₅]	g ↔ a 5 V	52244.66 Z
g ¹Δ_u	↳missing citation; Barrow and Du Parcq, 1968
C' (³Σ_u^-)	6										C' → X V	56621.6 H
C' (³Σ_u^-)	↳missing citation
C ³Σ_u^-	55581.7	829.1₅ Z	3.3₄		0.3219 7	0.0013₈	-2.3E-4	[2.1₇E-7]		1.810₀	C ↔ X V	55633.3 8 Z
C ³Σ_u^-	↳Wieland, Wehrli, et al., 1934; missing citation; Tanaka and Ogawa, 1962; missing citation
f ¹Δ_u	x+ 36875.45	438.32 Z	2.70	-0.005	0.22704 9	0.00178		(2.43E-7)		2.1551	f ↔ a 10 R	36743.53 Z
f ¹Δ_u	↳Barrow and Du Parcq, 1968; Carleer and Colin, 1970
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
B' ³Π_g,i					11						B' → A V
	↳Narasimham, 1964; Narasimham and Apparao, 1966; missing citation
	z+ (14504)	[533.7] 12 (Z)			[0.244₁] 11					[2.078]	B' → A V	13451.9₅ 13 Z
	↳Narasimham, 1964; Narasimham and Apparao, 1966; missing citation
	z+ (14295)				[0.243₅] 11						B' → A V	13320.6₄ 13 Z
	↳Narasimham, 1964; Narasimham and Apparao, 1966; missing citation
											B' → A' V
	↳Meakin and Barrow, 1962; Narasimham, 1964; Narasimham and Apparao, 1966; missing citation
											B' → A' V	14144.3₇ Z
	↳Meakin and Barrow, 1962; Narasimham, 1964; Narasimham and Apparao, 1966; missing citation
											B' → A' V	14318.0₇ Z
	↳Meakin and Barrow, 1962; Narasimham, 1964; Narasimham and Apparao, 1966; missing citation
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
B ³Σ_u^-	31835	434.0 14	2.75 14		0.2239 14 15 16	0.0023 14		[2.4E-7] 14		2.170	B ↔ X 17 18 R	31689 19
B ³Σ_u^-	↳Olsson, 1938; Ikenoue, 1960; Barrow and du Parcq, 1965
A ³Σ_u⁺(0_u^-)	z+ 1078 20	482.7₅ Z	2.5₈		0.230₁	0.0021				2.141
A ³Σ_u⁺(1_u)	z+1000.4₉	482.1₅ Z	2.5₆		0.225₉ 21	0.0014				2.161
A' ³Δ_u _,i
A' ³Δ_u,i	z+ 383	488.1₆ Z	2.5₁		0.228₅	0.001₄				2.148
A' ³Δ_u,i	z 22	488.2₅ Z	2.5₂		0.228₅	0.001₅
State	T_e	ω_e	ω_ex_e	ω_ey_e	B_e	α_e	γ_e	D_e	β_e	r_e	Trans.	ν₀₀
b ¹Σ_g⁺	y	(699.7) 23	(3.4) 23
a ¹Δ_g	x 24	702.35 Z	3.09		0.29262	0.00173		(2.01E-7)		1.8983
X ³Σ_g^-	0 25	725.65 Z	2.844		0.2954₇ 26	0.001570 27	-1.8₂E-6	[1.9₀E-7]		1.8892 28
	↳Yee, Barrow, et al., 1972; Freedman and Jones, 1975
	EPR and
	↳Wayne, Davies, et al., 1974
	mol. Beam rf sp.
	↳Channappa, Pendlebury, et al., 1967

Notes

Measurements of Mahajan, Lakshminarayana, et al., 1976; assignments of higher members of the two progressions appear uncertain.

The two states E and F are believed to be members of two Rydberg series, one converging to X ²Π_1/2 of S₂⁺ (C,E,...), the other to X ²Π_3/2 (F...). The apparent doublet structure of the bands is tentatively attributed to (Ω_Oc, w) coupling Donovan, Husain, et al., 1970.

Only v=0 observed.

The lower state(s) of the three systems could be either a or b; see Barrow and du Parcq, 1965, Barrow and Du Parcq, 1968. Bands originating from the j level have double heads, all others single heads. No absorption corresponding to these transitions has been reported, although strong absorption from a ¹Δ_g (g←a, f←a) has been seen in the flash photolysis of S₂Cl₂ Donovan, Husain, et al., 1968, Donovan, Husain, et al., 1970 and COS Carleer and Colin, 1970. Tanaka and Ogawa, 1962 use c and c' instead of h and i, respectively.

Called d →x by Tanaka and Ogawa, 1962. Observed in absorption in the flash photolysis of S₂Cl₂ Donovan, Husain, et al., 1970.

v=0 only; system e-X of Tanaka and Ogawa, 1962.

Spin splitting constants λ₀ = -11.6₁, γ₀ = +0.033.

missing note

Breaking-off in emission above v'= 10 Asundi, 1965, Narasimham and Gopal, 1965. In absorption Carleer and Colin, 1970 bands with v'=11 and 12 have been observed, the rotational lines being only very slightly broadened. Predissociation probably into ³Δ_u from ³P + ¹D.

First observed by Rosen and Desirant, 1935, Haranath, 1963. Vibrational numbering established by isotope investigations Narasimham and Brody, 1964, Narasimham and Bhagvat, 1965.

The last observed levels in emission are J'=33 and 15 in ³Π₂ and ³Π₁, respectively; higher levels, and presumably all levels of the unobserved ³Π₀ component, are predissociated.

Fragments of two V shaded emission bands at v₀ = 13451.9 and 13985.5 cm^-1 have been observed by Meakin and Barrow, 1962 and assigned Barrow and du Parcq, 1965 to a ¹Π_g → ¹Σ_u^- transition later called e →c Barrow and Du Parcq, 1968. The first band (B' ~ 0.24₄, B"~ 0.22₉, predissociated except for low J) is undoubtedly the 0-0 band of the B' ³Π_gl → A ³Σ_u⁺(0_u-⁾ transition, the second presumably the corresponding 1-0 band since the ΔG(1/2) value agrees fairly well with w_e ~ 500 as estimated from isotope shift studies Narasimham and Apparao, 1966. However, no emission from levels having v'> 0 was reported by other investigators.

Origins of the ³Π_2g → ³Σ_u⁺(1_u) and ³Π_1g → ³Σ_u⁺(0_u^-) transitions.

Vibrational constants from Olsson, 1938, rotational constants from Ikenoue, 1960. Barrow and du Parcq, 1965 give B₀ = 0.2235, α_e = 0.0018, (i.e. B_e = 0.2244) without mentioning whether this is based on a revised analysis. This state is heavily perturbed by a ³Π_u state Barrow and du Parcq, 1965; as a result none of the constants are very meaningful.

Spin splitting constant λ ~ -4.7 for v=0,2,4 (v=6,7 are also inverted) but +9.5 for v=1,3,5 Meyer and Crosley, 1973; see 14. Barrow and du Parcq, 1965 give γ=0.05 for v=0,1,4.

Breaking-off in emission (at low pressures) above J=61 in v = 8, and J=36 in v=9 (F₁ component) Ricks and Barrow, 1969, 2. J=58 in v = 8, and J=37 in v=9 (F₂ component) Ricks and Barrow, 1969, 2. J=59 in v = 8, and J=35 in v=9 (F₃ component) Ricks and Barrow, 1969, 2. These together with similar breaking-off points in ³⁴S₂ and ³²S³⁴S yield a predissociation limit at 35636.3 cm^-1 above X ³Σ_g^- (v=0,J=0) of ³²S₂. Bands with v'≥10 are absent in emission [except at high pressure Asundi, 1931, Asundi, 1934, Sugden and Demerdache, 1962] and broadened in absorption. Above v'=18 there is strongly increased diffuseness indicating a second predissociation Herzberg and Mundie, 1940. Pressure effects on the intensity distribution of the absorption bands Kondratjew and Olsson, 1936, Herman and Felenbok, 1963.

Lifetime τ(v=0...3) = 17 ns Smith, 1969 [phase shift method Smith, 1969]; τ(v=3,4) = 19.₅ ns Meyer and Crosley, 1973, 2 [Hanle effect Meyer and Crosley, 1973, 2]. The most recent measurements [single-photon time correlation McGee and Weston, 1977] give τ = 45.0 ns McGee and Weston, 1977.

Secondary heads on the short-wavelength side of the bands are formed by the forbidden ^T(R₃₁) branches [ Meakin and Barrow, 1962, see also Tatum and Watson, 1971]. Experimental Franck-Condon factors (v"=0...25) from resonance fluorescence series with v'=3,4 Meyer and Crosley, 1973, 3, see also Yee, Barrow, et al., 1972. Theoretical Franck-Condon factors Herman and Felenbok, 1963, Smith and Liszt, 1971 [see, however, 14] ³²S₂/³⁴S₂ isotope shifts Chaudhry, Upadhya, et al., 1970. Absorption in inert gas matrices at low temperature Brewer, Brabson, et al., 1965.

The observed position of v'=0 relative to X ³Σ_g^-(v"=0) is at 31659 cm^-1; strong vibrational perturbation.

Λ = -39.0 (and γ = +0.008) derived fron the observed F₁(N) - F₂(N) splittings Narasimham, Apparao, et al., 1976.

B+(F₂) - B^-(F₁) = +0.0021.

z ~ 22000 cm^-1, very rough estimate based on the fact that the upper state of B'→ A' is predissociated and, therefore, cannot lie below the dissociation limit ³P+ ³P. A similar value is obtained by extrapolation of the vibrational levels in A' and X to their common limit ³P + ³P.

Assuming that b is the lower state of the three singlet systems originating from h, i, j.

Carleer and Colin, 1970 estimate x ~ 4700 cm^-1.

Refers to the F₂ component.

Spin splitting constants λ_v= +11.82+0.05(v+1/2) + 0.0024(v+1/2)², γ_v= - 0.00659-0.000126(v+1/2), v≤27, from Barrow and Yee, 1974 who give also data for ³⁴S₂; see also Barrow and Ketteringham, 1963, Barrow and du Parcq, 1965, Wayne, Davies, et al., 1974. From the pure rotational Raman spectrum Freedman and Jones, 1975 obtain B₀ = 0.29443.

missing note

Raman sp. 1

From the predissociation limit in B ³Σ_u^- assuming dissociation at this limit into ³P₂ + ³P₁ Ricks and Barrow, 1969, 2. The value given here (35240.2 cm^-1) is relative to the lowest existing level in X ³Σ_g^-(v=0), i.e. J=0, in accordance with the definition of D₀⁰ but at variance with the value given by Ricks and Barrow, 1969, 2 which refers to a hypothetical level (N=0) of the F₂ component at 23.1 cm^-1 above J=0. D₀⁰=4.38 eV by photoionization mass-spectrometry Berkowitz and Chupka, 1969, D₀⁰= 4.4₁ eV from thermal measurements Budininkas, Edwards, et al., 1968. See also Drowart and Goldfinger, 1966.

By photoionization mass-spectrometry Berkowitz and Lifshitz, 1968, Berkowitz and Chupka, 1969.

This number, given or implied by Barrow and du Parcq, 1965, Barrow, duParcq, et al., 1969 refers presumably to the F₂ levels in both upper and lower state.

Raman spectra in solid matrices Barletta, Claassen, et al., 1971, Hopkins and Brown, 1975 yield ΔG = 717 Barletta, Claassen, et al., 1971, Hopkins and Brown, 1975.

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Constants of diatomic molecules, Notes

Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984
Cox, J.D.; Wagman, D.D.; Medvedev, V.A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984, 1. [all data]

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

Entfellner and Boesl, 2009
Entfellner, M.; Boesl, U., Photodetachment-photoelectron spectroscopy of disulfanide: the ground and first excited electronic state of HS2 and DS2, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2009, 11, 15, 2657-2662, https://doi.org/10.1039/b820174a . [all data]

Moran and Ellison, 1988
Moran, S.; Ellison, G.B., Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Sulfur Ions, J. Phys. Chem., 1988, 92, 7, 1794, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100318a021 . [all data]

Nimlos and Ellison, 1986
Nimlos, M.R.; Ellison, G.B., Photoelectron spectroscopy of SO₂^-, S₃^-, and S₂O^-, J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 2574. [all data]

Schroeder, Kretzschmar, et al., 2003
Schroeder, D.; Kretzschmar, I.; Schwarz; Armentrout, P.B., Structure, Thermochemistry, and Reactivityof MSn+ Cations (M=V,Mo; n=1-3) in the Gas Phase, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 2003, 228, 2-3, 439, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-3806(03)00137-4 . [all data]

Mahajan, Lakshminarayana, et al., 1976
Mahajan, C.G.; Lakshminarayana, G.; Narasimham, N.A., Rydberg transitions of S₂, Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1976, 14, 488. [all data]

Donovan, Husain, et al., 1970
Donovan, R.J.; Husain, D.; Stevenson, C.D., Vacuum ultra-violet spectra of transient molecules and radicals. Part 1. CS and S₂, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1970, 66, 1. [all data]

Tanaka and Ogawa, 1962
Tanaka, Y.; Ogawa, M., Emission spectrum of S₂ in the vacuum ultraviolet region, J. Chem. Phys., 1962, 36, 726. [all data]

Ricks and Barrow, 1969
Ricks, J.M.; Barrow, R.F., The D³Π state of S₂, J. Phys. B:, 1969, 2, 906. [all data]

Barrow and Du Parcq, 1968
Barrow, R.F.; Du Parcq, R.P., ¹Δ_u-¹Δ_g transitions in gaseous S₂, J. Phys. B:, 1968, 1, 283. [all data]

Wieland, Wehrli, et al., 1934
Wieland, K.; Wehrli, M.; Miescher, E., Ein neues absorptionsspektrum von zweiatomarem schwefeldampf im Schumanngebiet, Helv. Phys. Acta, 1934, 7, 843. [all data]

Carleer and Colin, 1970
Carleer, M.; Colin, R., The f¹Δ_u-a¹Δ_g band system of S₂ in absorption, J. Phys. B:, 1970, 3, 1715. [all data]

Narasimham, 1964
Narasimham, N.A., The emission spectrum of S₂ molecule, Curr. Sci., 1964, 33, 261. [all data]

Narasimham and Apparao, 1966
Narasimham, N.A.; Apparao, K.V.S.R., Isotope shifts in the near infra-red bands of diatomic sulphur, Nature (London), 1966, 210, 1034. [all data]

Meakin and Barrow, 1962
Meakin, J.E.; Barrow, R.F., The electronic spectrum of S₂, Can. J. Phys., 1962, 40, 377. [all data]

Olsson, 1938
Olsson, Dissertation, Stockholm, 1938, 0. [all data]

Ikenoue, 1960
Ikenoue, K., Rotational structure of the band spectrum of S₂ molecule. Part II., Sci. Light (Tokyo), 1960, 9, 79. [all data]

Barrow and du Parcq, 1965
Barrow, R.F.; du Parcq, R.P., Electronic spectrum and electronic states of S₂ in Elemental Sulphur, Meyer, ed(s)., Interscience, New York, 1965, 251-263. [all data]

Yee, Barrow, et al., 1972
Yee, K.K.; Barrow, R.F.; Rogstad, A., Resonance fluorescence and Raman spectra of gaseous sulphur, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1972, 68, 1808. [all data]

Freedman and Jones, 1975
Freedman, P.A.; Jones, W.J., Rotational Raman spectrum of sulphur dimer, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1975, 71, 286. [all data]

Wayne, Davies, et al., 1974
Wayne, F.D.; Davies, P.B.; Thrush, B.A., The gas-phase E.P.R. spectrum of diatomic sulphur molecules, Mol. Phys., 1974, 28, 989. [all data]

Channappa, Pendlebury, et al., 1967
Channappa, K.H.; Pendlebury, J.M.; Smith, K.F., Atomic beam radiofrequency spectroscopy of S³² S³² molecules in La structure hyperfine magnetique des atomes et des molecules, Moser and Lefebvre, ed(s)., Paris, 1967, 73-81. [all data]

Donovan, Husain, et al., 1968
Donovan, R.J.; Husain, D.; Jackson, P.T., Transient species in the photolysis of sulphur monochloride, including S2(a 1? g )., Trans. Faraday Soc., 1968, 64, 1798, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9686401798 . [all data]

Asundi, 1965
Asundi, R.K., Quantum characterization of electronic levels in molecules, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 43, 24. [all data]

Narasimham and Gopal, 1965
Narasimham, N.A.; Gopal, K.S., On Rosen-Desirant ultra-violet bands of sulphur, Curr. Sci., 1965, 34, 454. [all data]

Rosen and Desirant, 1935
Rosen, B.; Desirant, M., Note au sujet de quelques nouveaux systemes de bandes observes dans les vapeurs de soufre et de selenium, Bull. Soc. R. Sci. Liege, 1935, 4, 233. [all data]

Haranath, 1963
Haranath, P.B.V., A new emission band spectrum of sulphur, Z. Phys., 1963, 173, 428. [all data]

Narasimham and Brody, 1964
Narasimham, N.A.; Brody, J.K., On the fine structure of the ultraviolet bands of S₂, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Sect. A, 1964, 59, 345. [all data]

Narasimham and Bhagvat, 1965
Narasimham, N.A.; Bhagvat, K.M.N., Vibrational analysis of 2620 Å and 2760 Å bands of ³²S³⁴S, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Sect. A, 1965, 61, 75. [all data]

Meyer and Crosley, 1973
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Ricks and Barrow, 1969, 2
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Asundi, 1931
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Asundi, 1934
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Sugden and Demerdache, 1962
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Herzberg and Mundie, 1940
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Kondratjew and Olsson, 1936
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Herman and Felenbok, 1963
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Smith, 1969
Smith, W.H., Absolute transition probabilities for some electronic states of CS, SO and S₂, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1969, 9, 1191. [all data]

Meyer and Crosley, 1973, 2
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McGee and Weston, 1977
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Tatum and Watson, 1971
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Meyer and Crosley, 1973, 3
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Smith and Liszt, 1971
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Chaudhry, Upadhya, et al., 1970
Chaudhry, A.K.; Upadhya, K.N.; Nair, K.P.R., Isotope shift in the bands of B³Σ_u - X³Σ_g system of S₂ molecule, Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1970, 8, 52. [all data]

Brewer, Brabson, et al., 1965
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Narasimham, Apparao, et al., 1976
Narasimham, N.A.; Apparao, K.V.S.R.; Balasubramanian, T.K., Near-infrared bands of S₂: ³Π_gi-³Σ_u⁺ system, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1976, 59, 244. [all data]

Barrow and Yee, 1974
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Barrow and Ketteringham, 1963
Barrow, R.F.; Ketteringham, J.M., Triplet splitting in the ground state, X³Σ_g^-, of S₂, Can. J. Phys., 1963, 41, 419. [all data]

Berkowitz and Chupka, 1969
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Budininkas, Edwards, et al., 1968
Budininkas, P.; Edwards, R.K.; Wahlbeck, P.G., Dissociation energies of group VIa gaseous homonuclear diatomic molecules. I. Sulfur, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 48, 2859. [all data]

Drowart and Goldfinger, 1966
Drowart, J.; Goldfinger, P., The dissociation energies of the group VIA diatomic molecules, Q. Rev. Chem. Soc., 1966, 20, 545. [all data]

Berkowitz and Lifshitz, 1968
Berkowitz, J.; Lifshitz, C., Photoionization of high temperature vapors. II. Sulfur molecular species, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 48, 4346. [all data]

Barrow, duParcq, et al., 1969
Barrow, R.F.; duParcq, R.P.; Ricks, J.M., Rotational analysis of the C 3Σ_u--X 3g- system of ³²S₂, J. Phys. B:, 1969, 2, 413. [all data]

Barletta, Claassen, et al., 1971
Barletta, R.E.; Claassen, H.H.; McBeth, R.L., Raman spectrum of S₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 55, 5409. [all data]

Hopkins and Brown, 1975
Hopkins, A.G.; Brown, C.W., Additional evidence for the Raman band of S₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 62, 1598. [all data]

Notes

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Symbols used in this document:

S°_{gas,1 bar} Entropy of gas at standard conditions (1 bar)

Δ_fH°_gas Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions

Δ_rH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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S°_{gas,1 bar}	Entropy of gas at standard conditions (1 bar)
Δ_fH°_gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
Δ_rH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions