Formamide

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas-186.kJ/molEqkBauder and Gunthard, 1958 

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfliquid-251.kJ/molEqkBauder and Gunthard, 1958ALS

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Cp,liquid (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
107.61298.15DeWit, DeKruif, et al., 1983T = 90 to 290 K. Cp = 89.88 + 0.05947 (T/K) J/mol*K (275 to 300 K).; DH
107.9298.15De Visser, Heuvelsland, et al., 1978DH
108.11298.15Vorob'ev, Privalova, et al., 1977DH
107.298.15Bonner and Cerutti, 1976DH
107.62298.15Skold, Suurkuusk, et al., 1976DH
108.11298.15de Visser and Somsen, 1974DH
105.2293.Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967T = 293 to 373 K.; DH
107.6298.Somsen and Coops, 1965One temperature; DH

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tfus275.7KN/ATimmermans and Hennaut-Roland, 1935Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.1 K; TRC
Tfus275.KN/ATimmermans, 1935Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 1.5 K; TRC
Tfus275.7KN/AJoukovsky, 1934Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 1.5 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Ttriple275.60KN/ADe Wit, De Kruif, et al., 1983Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; TRC
Ttriple275.72KN/ASomsen and Coops, 1965Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δvap60.15kJ/molN/AMajer and Svoboda, 1985 
Δvap60.2kJ/molABarone, Castronuovo, et al., 1985See also Majer and Svoboda, 1985, 2.; AC
Δvap64.978kJ/molVBauder and Gunthard, 1958ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δsub71.7kJ/molN/ADe Wit, Van Miltenburg, et al., 1983AC

Enthalpy of vaporization

ΔvapH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
70.8308.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 293. to 377. K.; AC
61.2430.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 415. to 466. K.; AC
64.0358.N/AStull, 1947Based on data from 343. to 483. K.; AC

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
343.7 to 483.77.58523881.30527.655Stull, 1947Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of sublimation

ΔsubH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
72.4264.TE,MEDe Wit, Van Miltenburg, et al., 1983Based on data from 251. to 273. K.; AC
71.7276.N/ADaamen, van der Poel, et al., 1979AC

Enthalpy of fusion

ΔfusH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
8.667275.60DeWit, DeKruif, et al., 1983DH
7.980275.72Somsen and Coops, 1965DH
7.98275.7Domalski and Hearing, 1996AC
8.67275.6De Wit, De Kruif, et al., 1983, 2AC

Entropy of fusion

ΔfusS (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
31.448275.60DeWit, DeKruif, et al., 1983DH
28.94275.72Somsen and Coops, 1965DH

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:


Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

CH2NO- + Hydrogen cation = Formamide

By formula: CH2NO- + H+ = CH3NO

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1505. ± 8.8kJ/molG+TSTaft, 1987gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1476. ± 8.4kJ/molIMRETaft, 1987gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B

CH6N+ + Formamide = (CH6N+ • Formamide)

By formula: CH6N+ + CH3NO = (CH6N+ • CH3NO)

Bond type: Hydrogen bonds of the type NH+-O between organics

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr126.kJ/molPHPMSMeot-Ner, 1984gas phase; M
Δr126.kJ/molPHPMSMeot-Ner, 1984, 2gas phase; M

Lithium ion (1+) + Formamide = (Lithium ion (1+) • Formamide)

By formula: Li+ + CH3NO = (Li+ • CH3NO)

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
157.373.CIDCHerreros, Gal, et al., 1999RCD

Formamide = Carbon monoxide + Ammonia

By formula: CH3NO = CO + H3N

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr29.4kJ/molEqkBauder and Gunthard, 1958gas phase; ALS

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to CH3NO+ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)10.16 ± 0.06eVN/AN/AL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Proton affinity (review)822.2kJ/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Gas basicity791.2kJ/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV) Reference Comment
0.0167Desfrancois, Periquet, et al., 1999B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
10.15PEKimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981LLK
10.0PEAsbrink, Svensson, et al., 1981LLK
10.50 ± 0.05EIBaldwin, Loudon, et al., 1977LLK
10.13PEBrundle, Turner, et al., 1969RDSH
10.25 ± 0.02PIWatanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962RDSH
10.16 ± 0.03PIVilesov, 1960RDSH
10.24SHunt and Simpson, 1953RDSH
9.95PEBallard, Jones, et al., 1987Vertical value; LBLHLM
10.15PEKimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981Vertical value; LLK
10.3PEHenriksen, Isaksson, et al., 1981Vertical value; LLK
10.4PEAsbrink, Svensson, et al., 1981Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion AE (eV) Other Products MethodReferenceComment
CHO+13.70?EILoudon and Webb, 1977LLK
CH2NO+12.00?EILoudon and Webb, 1977LLK

De-protonation reactions

CH2NO- + Hydrogen cation = Formamide

By formula: CH2NO- + H+ = CH3NO

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1505. ± 8.8kJ/molG+TSTaft, 1987gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1476. ± 8.4kJ/molIMRETaft, 1987gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

CH6N+ + Formamide = (CH6N+ • Formamide)

By formula: CH6N+ + CH3NO = (CH6N+ • CH3NO)

Bond type: Hydrogen bonds of the type NH+-O between organics

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr126.kJ/molPHPMSMeot-Ner, 1984gas phase; M
Δr126.kJ/molPHPMSMeot-Ner, 1984, 2gas phase; M

Lithium ion (1+) + Formamide = (Lithium ion (1+) • Formamide)

By formula: Li+ + CH3NO = (Li+ • CH3NO)

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
157.373.CIDCHerreros, Gal, et al., 1999RCD

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Mass spectrum
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Additional Data

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Owner NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin Japan AIST/NIMC Database- Spectrum MS-NW- 540
NIST MS number 228023

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References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Bauder and Gunthard, 1958
Bauder, A.; Gunthard, Hs.H., Thermodynamische Eigenschaften von Formamid, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1958, 41, 670-673. [all data]

DeWit, DeKruif, et al., 1983
DeWit, H.G.M.; DeKruif, C.G.; Van Miltenburg, J.C., Thermodynamic properties of molecular organic crystals containing organic crystals containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. II. Molar heat capacities of eight compounds by adiabatic calorimetry, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1983, 15, 891-902. [all data]

De Visser, Heuvelsland, et al., 1978
De Visser, C.; Heuvelsland, W.J.M.; Dunn, L.A.; Somsen, G., Some properties of binary aqueous liquid mixtures, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans.1, 1978, 74, 1159-1169. [all data]

Vorob'ev, Privalova, et al., 1977
Vorob'ev, A.F.; Privalova, N.M.; Rekharskii, M.V., Hermetically sealed calorimeter with automatic adiabatic enclosure for determining the specific heats of liquids, Zhur. Fiz. Khim., 1977, 51, 1843-1846. [all data]

Bonner and Cerutti, 1976
Bonner, O.D.; Cerutti, P.J., The partial molar heat capacities of some solutes in water and deuterium oxide, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 105-111. [all data]

Skold, Suurkuusk, et al., 1976
Skold, R.; Suurkuusk, J.; Wadso, I., Thermochemistry of solutions of biochemical model compounds. 7. Aqueous solutions of some amides, t-butanol, and pentanol, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 1075-1080. [all data]

de Visser and Somsen, 1974
de Visser, C.; Somsen, G., Molar heat capacities of binary mixtures of water and some amides at 298.15 K, Z. Physik. Chem. [N.F.], 1974, 92, 159-162. [all data]

Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967
Rastorguev, Yu.L.; Ganiev, Yu.A., Study of the heat capacity of selected solvents, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Neft Gaz. 10, 1967, No.1, 79-82. [all data]

Somsen and Coops, 1965
Somsen, G.; Coops, J., Enthalpies of solvation of alkali halides in formamide. I. The enthalpies of solution of alkali halides in formamide, Rec. Trav. chim., 1965, 84, 985-1002. [all data]

Timmermans and Hennaut-Roland, 1935
Timmermans, J.; Hennaut-Roland, M., Physical constants of 20 organic compounds. VII., J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol., 1935, 32, 501. [all data]

Timmermans, 1935
Timmermans, J., Researches in Stoichiometry. I. The Heat of Fusion of Organic Compounds., Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1935, 44, 17-40. [all data]

Joukovsky, 1934
Joukovsky, N.I., Experimental Study of the Theory of Concentrated Solutions. XI. Thermodynamic Properties of Concentrated Solutions of Aliphatic Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen., Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1934, 43, 397. [all data]

De Wit, De Kruif, et al., 1983
De Wit, H.G.M.; De Kruif, C.G.; Van Miltenburg, J.C., Thermodynamic properties of molecular organic crystals containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur II. Molar heat capacities of eight compounds by adiabatic calorimetry, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1983, 15, 9, 891, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(83)90095-2 . [all data]

Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]

Barone, Castronuovo, et al., 1985
Barone, G.; Castronuovo, G.; Della Gatta, G.; Elia, V.; Iannone, A., Enthalpies of vaporization of seven alkylamides, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1985, 21, 1-2, 157-164, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(85)90066-4 . [all data]

Majer and Svoboda, 1985, 2
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]

De Wit, Van Miltenburg, et al., 1983
De Wit, H.G.M.; Van Miltenburg, J.C.; De Kruif, C.G., Thermodynamic properties of molecular organic crystals containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur 1. Vapour pressures and enthalpies of sublimation, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1983, 15, 7, 651-663, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(83)90079-4 . [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Stull, 1947
Stull, Daniel R., Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 . [all data]

Daamen, van der Poel, et al., 1979
Daamen, H.; van der Poel, H.; Stufkens, D.J.; Oskam, A., The thermochemistry of M(CO)6-xLx (M = Cr, Mo, W; L = piperidine, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrazole, thiazole; x = 1, 2, 3), Thermochimica Acta, 1979, 34, 1, 69-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(79)80026-X . [all data]

Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 . [all data]

De Wit, De Kruif, et al., 1983, 2
De Wit, H.G.M.; De Kruif, C.G.; Van Miltenburg, J.C., Thermodynamic properties of molecular organic crystals containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur II. Molar heat capacities of eight compounds by adiabatic calorimetry, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1983, 15, 9, 891-902, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(83)90095-2 . [all data]

Taft, 1987
Taft, R.W., The Nature and Analysis of Substitutent Electronic Effects, Personal communication. See also Prog. Phys. Org. Chem., 1987, 16, 1. [all data]

Meot-Ner, 1984
Meot-Ner, (Mautner)M., The Ionic Hydrogen Bond and Ion Solvation. 1. -NH+ O-, -NH+ N- and -OH+ O- Bonds. Correlations with Proton Affinity. Deviations Due to Structural Effects, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 5, 1257, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00317a015 . [all data]

Meot-Ner, 1984, 2
Meot-Ner, (Mautner), The Ionic Hydrogen Bond. 4. Intramolecular and Multiple Bonds. Proton Affinities, Hydration and Complexes of Amides and Amino Acid Derivatives, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 2, 278, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00314a003 . [all data]

Herreros, Gal, et al., 1999
Herreros, M.; Gal, J.-F.; Maria, P.-C.; Decouzon, M., Gas-Phase Basicity of Simple Amides Toward Proton and Lithium Cation: An Experimental and Theoretical Study, Eur. J. Mass Spectrom., 1999, 5, 1, 259, https://doi.org/10.1255/ejms.282 . [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Desfrancois, Periquet, et al., 1999
Desfrancois, C.; Periquet, V.; Carles, S.; Schermann, J.P.; Smith, D.M.A.; Adamowicz, L., Experimental and ab initio theoretical studies of electron binding to formamide, N-methylformamide, and N,N-dimethylformamide., J. Chem. Phys., 1999, 110, 9, 4309-4314, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.478353 . [all data]

Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Achiba, Y.; Yamazaki, T.; Iwata, S., Ionization energies, Ab initio assignments, and valence electronic structure for 200 molecules in Handbook of HeI Photoelectron Spectra of Fundamental Organic Compounds, Japan Scientific Soc. Press, Tokyo, 1981. [all data]

Asbrink, Svensson, et al., 1981
Asbrink, L.; Svensson, A.; Von Niessen, W.; Bieri, G., 30.4 nm He(II) photoelectron spectra of organic molecules, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1981, 24, 293. [all data]

Baldwin, Loudon, et al., 1977
Baldwin, M.A.; Loudon, A.G.; Webb, K.S.; Cardnell, P.C., Charge location and fragmentation under electron impact. V-The ionization potentials of (methylated) phosphoramides, guanidines, formamides, acetamides, ureas and thioureas, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1977, 12, 279. [all data]

Brundle, Turner, et al., 1969
Brundle, C.R.; Turner, D.W.; Robin, M.B.; Basch, H., Photoelectron spectroscopy of simple amides and carboxylic acids, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1969, 3, 292. [all data]

Watanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962
Watanabe, K.; Nakayama, T.; Mottl, J., Ionization potentials of some molecules, J. Quant. Spectry. Radiative Transfer, 1962, 2, 369. [all data]

Vilesov, 1960
Vilesov, F.I., The photoionization of vapors of compounds whose molecules contain carbonyl groups, Dokl. Phys. Chem., 1960, 132, 521, In original 1332. [all data]

Hunt and Simpson, 1953
Hunt, H.D.; Simpson, W.T., Spectra of simple amides in the vacuum ultraviolet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1953, 75, 4540. [all data]

Ballard, Jones, et al., 1987
Ballard, R.E.; Jones, J.; Read, D.; Inchley, A.; Cranmer, M., He(I) photoelectron studies of liquids and gases, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1987, 137, 125. [all data]

Henriksen, Isaksson, et al., 1981
Henriksen, L.; Isaksson, R.; Liljefors, T.; Sandstrom, J., Ultraviolet absorption and photoelectron spectra of some cyclic and open-chain mono- and dithiooxamides, Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. B, 1981, 35, 489. [all data]

Loudon and Webb, 1977
Loudon, A.G.; Webb, K.S., The nature of the [C2H6N]+ and [CH4N]+ ions formed by electron impact on methylated formamides, acetamides, ureas, thioureas and hexamethylphosphoramide, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1977, 12, 283. [all data]


Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References