Furfural

• Formula: C₅H₄O₂
• Molecular weight: 96.0841
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C5H4O2/c6-4-5-2-1-3-7-5/h1-4H Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 98-01-1
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Species with the same structure:
  • 2-Furancarbaldehyde
• Other names: 2-Furancarboxaldehyde; 2-Furaldehyde; α-Furole; Artificial ant oil; Fural; Furaldehyde; Furale; Furancarbonal; Furfuraldehyde; Furfurole; Furfurylaldehyde; Furole; Pyromucic aldehyde; 2-Formylfuran; 2-Furanaldehyde; 2-Furancarbonal; 2-Furfural; 2-Furfuraldehyde; 2-Furylaldehyde; Furol; 2-Furylmethanal; Artificial oil of ants; Furfurale; Furfurol; NCI-C56177; 2-Furil-metanale; 2-Furankarbaldehyd; Rcra waste number U125; 2-Furylcarboxaldehyde; Qo furfural; Furan-2-aldehyde; Furan-2-carbaldehyde; NSC 8841; 2-furancarboxyaldehyde; furfural (2-furancarboxaldehyde); 2-Furancarboxaldehyde (furfural); furancarboxaldehyde (furfural)
• Information on this page:
  • Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • UV/Visible spectrum
  • Gas Chromatography
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
• Options:
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Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

Go To: Top, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

References

Go To: Top, Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Wanakhachornkrai and Lertsiri, 9999
Wanakhachornkrai, P.; Lertsiri, S., Comparison of determination method for volatile compounds in Thai soy sauce, Analytical, Nutritional and Clinical Methods, 9999, 1-11. [all data]

Puvipirom and Chaisei, 2012
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Budryn, Nebesny, et al., 2011
Budryn, G.; Nebesny, E.; Kula, J.; Majda, T.; Krysiak, W., HS-SPME/GC/MS Profiles of convectively and microwave roasted Ivory Coast Robusta coffee brews, Czech. J. Food Sci., 2011, 29, 2, 151-160. [all data]

Kiss, Csoka, et al., 2011
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Piyachaiseth, Jirapakkul, et al., 2011
Piyachaiseth, T.; Jirapakkul, W.; Chaiseri, S., Aroma compounds of flash-fried rice, Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.), 2011, 45, 717-729. [all data]

Duarte, Dias, et al., 2010
Duarte, W.F.; Dias, D.R.; Oliveira, J.M.; Teixeira, J.A.; de Almeida e Silva, J.B.; Schwan, R.F., Characterization of different fruit wines made from cacao,cupuassu, gabiroba, jaboticaba and umbu, Food Sci. Technol., 2010, 43, 1564-1572. [all data]

Moon and Shibamoto, 2010
Moon, J.-K.; Shibamoto, T., Formation of volatile chemicals from thermal degradation of less volatile cofee components: quinic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010, 58, 9, 5465-5470, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1005148 . [all data]

Mo, Fan, et al., 2009
Mo, X.; Fan, W.; Xu, Y., Changes in volatile compounds of Chinese rice wine wheat qu during fermentation and storage, J. of the Institute of Brewing, 2009, 115, 4, 300-307, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.2009.tb00385.x . [all data]

Moon and Shibamoto, 2009
Moon, J.-K.; Shibamoto, T., Role of roasting conditions in the profile of volatile flavor chemicals formed from coffee beans, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2009, 57, 13, 5823-5831, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf901136e . [all data]

Zhao, Xu, et al., 2009
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Guo, Wu, et al., 2008
Guo, L.; Wu, J.-Z.; Han, T.; Cao, T.; Rahman, K.; Qin, L.-P., Chemical composition, antifungal and antitumor properties of ether extracts of Scapania verrucosa Heeg. and its endophytic fungus Chaetomium fusiforme, Molecules, 2008, 13, 9, 2114-2125, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules13092114 . [all data]

Guzman-Geronimo, Lopez, et al., 2008
Guzman-Geronimo, R.; Lopez, M.G.; Dorantes-Alvarez, L., Microwave processing of avocado: volatile flavor profiling and olfactometry, Innvative Food Sci. Eng. Technol., 2008, 9, 501-506. [all data]

Kaypak and Avsar, 2008
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Marin, Pozrl, et al., 2008
Marin, K.; Pozrl, T.; Zlatic, E.; Plestenjak, A., A new aroma index to determine the aroma quality of roasted and ground coffee during storage, Food Technol. Biotechnol., 2008, 46, 4, 442-447. [all data]

Soria, Sanz, et al., 2008
Soria, A.C.; Sanz, J.; Martinez-Castro, I., SPME followed by GC-MS: a powerful technique for qualitative analysis of honey volatiles, Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2008, 1-12. [all data]

Kafkas and Paydas, 2007
Kafkas, E.; Paydas, S., Evaluation and identification of volatile compounds of some promising strawberry genotypes using HS-SPME technique by GC-MS, World J. Agric. Sci., 2007, 3, 2, 191-195. [all data]

Nebesny, Budryn, et al., 2007
Nebesny, E.; Budryn, G.; Kula, J.; Majda, T., The effect of roasting method on headspace composition of robusta coffee bean aroma, Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2007, 225, 1, 9-19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-006-0375-0 . [all data]

Berlinet, Brat, et al., 2006
Berlinet, C.; Brat, P.; Brillouet, J.-M.; Ducruet, V., Ascorbic acid, aroma compounds and browning of orange juices related to PET packaging materials and pH, J. of the Sci., Food and Agriculture, 2006, 86, 13, 2206-2212, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2597 . [all data]

Fan and Qian, 2006
Fan, W.; Qian, M.C., Characterization of Aroma Compounds of Chinese Wuliangye and Jiannanchun Liquors by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54, 7, 2695-2704, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf052635t . [all data]

Fan and Qian, 2006, 2
Fan, W.; Qian, M.C., Identification of aroma compounds in Chinese 'Yanghe Daqu' liquor by normal phase chromatography fractionation followed by gas chromatography/olfactometry, Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 2, 333-342, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1621 . [all data]

Fujioka and Shibamoto, 2006
Fujioka, K.; Shibamoto, T., Quantitation of volatiles and nonvolatile acids in an extract from coffee beverages: correlation with antioxidant activity, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54, 16, 6054-6058, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf060460x . [all data]

Perestrelo, Fernandes, et al., 2006
Perestrelo, R.; Fernandes, A.; Albuquerque, F.F.; Marques, J.C.; Camara, J.S., Analytical characterization of the aroma of Tinta Negra Mole red wine: Identification of the main odorants compounds, Anal. Chim. Acta., 2006, 563, 1-2, 154-164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.10.023 . [all data]

Schirack, Drake, et al., 2006
Schirack, A.V.; Drake, M.A.; Sander, T.H.; Sandeep, K.P., Characterization of aroma-active compounds in microwave blanched peanuts, J. Food Sci., 2006, 71, 9, c513-c520, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00173.x . [all data]

Tigrine-Kordiani, Meklati, et al., 2006
Tigrine-Kordiani, N.; Meklati, B.Y.; Chemat, F., Abalysis by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry of the essential oil of Zygophyllum album L., an aromatic and medicinal plant growing in Algeria, Int. J. Aromatherapy, 2006, 16, 3-4, 187-191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijat.2006.09.008 . [all data]

Fan and Qian, 2005
Fan, W.; Qian, M.C., Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry Dilution Analysis of Young and Aged Chinese Yanghe Daqu Liquors, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 20, 7931-7938, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051011k . [all data]

de la Fuente, Martinez-Castro, et al., 2005
de la Fuente, E.; Martinez-Castro, I.; Sanz, J., Characterization of Spanish unifloral honeys by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Sep. Sci., 2005, 28, 9-10, 1093-1100, https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200500018 . [all data]

Isogai, Utsunomiya, et al., 2005
Isogai, A.; Utsunomiya, H.; Kanda, R.; Iwata, H., Changes in the Aroma Compounds of Sake during Aging, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 10, 4118-4123, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf047933p . [all data]

Ka, Choi, et al., 2005
Ka, M.-H.; Choi, E.H.; Chun, H.-S.; Lee, K.-G., Antioxidative Activity of Volatile Extracts Isolated from Angelica tenuissimae Roots, Peppermint Leaves, Pine Needles, and Sweet Flag Leaves, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 10, 4124-4129, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf047932x . [all data]

Yao, Guo, et al., 2005
Yao, S.-S.; Guo, W.-F.; Lu, Y.; Jiang, Y.-X., Flavor Characteristics of Lapsang Souchong and Smoked Lapsang Souchong, a Special Chinese Black Tea with Pine Smoking Process, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 22, 8688-8693, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf058059i . [all data]

Chida, Sone, et al., 2004
Chida, M.; Sone, Y.; Tamura, H., Aroma characteristics of stored tobacco cut leaves analyzed by a high vacuum distillation and canister system, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 26, 7918-7924, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049223p . [all data]

Culleré, Escudero, et al., 2004
Culleré, L.; Escudero, A.; Cacho, J.; Ferreira, V., Gas chromatography-olfactometry and chemical quantitative study of the aroma of six premium auality Spanish aged red wines, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 6, 1653-1660, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0350820 . [all data]

Ishikawa, Ito, et al., 2004
Ishikawa, M.; Ito, O.; Ishizaki, S.; Kurobayashi, Y.; Fujita, A., Solid-phase aroma concentrate extraction (SPACE ): a new headspace technique for more sensitive analysis of volatiles, Flavour Fragr. J., 2004, 19, 3, 183-187, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1322 . [all data]

López, Ezpeleta, et al., 2004
López, R.; Ezpeleta, E.; Sánchez, I.; Cacho, J.; Ferreira, V., Analysis of the aroma intensities of volatile compounds released from mild acid hydrolysates of odourless precursors extracted from Tempranillo and Grenache grapes using gas chromatography-olfactometry, Food Chem., 2004, 88, 1, 95-103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.025 . [all data]

López, Guzmán, et al., 2004
López, M.G.; Guzmán, G.R.; Dorantes, A.L., Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of volatile compounds from avocado puree after microwave processing, J. Chromatogr. A, 2004, 1036, 1, 87-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.020 . [all data]

Narain, Almeida, et al., 2004
Narain, N.; Almeida, J.N.; Galvão, M.S.; Madruga, M.S.; de Brito, E.S., Volatile compounds in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis forma Flavicarpa) and yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.) fruits obtained by dynamic headspace technique, Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment. Campinas, 2004, 24, 2, 212-216, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612004000200009 . [all data]

Soria, Gonzalez, et al., 2004
Soria, A.C.; Gonzalez, M.; de Lorenzo, C.; Martinez-Castro, I.; Sanza, J., Characterization of artisanal honeys from Madrid (Central Spain) on the basis of their melissopalynological, physicochemical and volatile composition data, Food Chem., 2004, 85, 1, 121-130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.06.012 . [all data]

Yanagimoto, Ochi, et al., 2004
Yanagimoto, K.; Ochi, H.; Lee, K.-G.; Shibamoto, T., Antioxidative activities of fractions obtained from brewed coffee, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 3, 592-596, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030317t . [all data]

Lee and Noble, 2003
Lee, S.-J.; Noble, A.C., Characterization of odor-active compounds in Californian Chardonnay wines using GC-olfactometry and GC-mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 27, 8036-8044, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034747v . [all data]

Lin, Cai, et al., 2003
Lin, P.; Cai, J.; Li, J.; Sang, W.; Su, Q., Constituents of the essential oil of Hemerocallis flava day lily, Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 6, 539-541, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1264 . [all data]

Miyazawa and Okuno, 2003
Miyazawa, M.; Okuno, Y., Volatile components from the roots of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 5, 398-400, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1232 . [all data]

Miyazawa, Yamafuji, et al., 2003
Miyazawa, M.; Yamafuji, C.; Kurose, K.; Ishikawa, Y., Volatile components of the rhizomes of Cirsium japonicum DC, Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 1, 15-17, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1135 . [all data]

Saura, LAencina, et al., 2003
Saura, D.; LAencina, J.; Perez-Lopez, A.J.; Lizama, V.; Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A., Aroma of canned peach halves acidified with clarified lemon juice, J. Food Sci., 2003, 68, 3, 1080-1085, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb08292.x . [all data]

Soria, Martinez-Castro, et al., 2003
Soria, A.C.; Martinez-Castro, I.; Sanz, J., Analysis of volatile composition of honey by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatographymass spectrometry, J. Sep. Sci., 2003, 26, 9-10, 793-801, https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200301368 . [all data]

Wanakhachornkrai and Lertsiri, 2003
Wanakhachornkrai, P.; Lertsiri, S., Analytical, nutritional, and clinical methods. Comparison of determination method for volatile compounds in Thai soy sauce, Food Chem., 2003, 83, 4, 619-629, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00256-5 . [all data]

Miyazawa, Maehara, et al., 2002
Miyazawa, M.; Maehara, T.; Kurose, K., Composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Eruca sativa, Flavour Fragr. J., 2002, 17, 3, 187-190, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1079 . [all data]

Sanz, Maeztu, et al., 2002
Sanz, C.; Maeztu, L.; Zapelena, M.J.; Bello, J.; Cid, C., Profiles of volatile compounds and sensory analysis of three blends of coffee: influence of different proportions of Arabica and Robusta and influence of roasting coffee with sugar, J. Sci. Food Agric., 2002, 82, 8, 840-847, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1110 . [all data]

Aznar, López, et al., 2001
Aznar, M.; López, R.; Cacho, J.F.; Ferreira, V., Identification and quantification of impact odorants of aged red wines from Rioja. GC-olfactometry, quantitative GC-MS, and odor evaluation of HPLC fractions, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49, 6, 2924-2929, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf001372u . [all data]

Ducruet, Fournier, et al., 2001
Ducruet, V.; Fournier, N.; Saillard, P.; Feigenbaum, A.; Guichard, E., Influence of packaging on the aroma stability of strawberry syrup during shelf life, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49, 5, 2290-2297, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0012796 . [all data]

Ferreira, Aznar, et al., 2001
Ferreira, V.; Aznar, M.; López, R.; Cacho, J., Quantitative gas chromatography-olfactometry carried out at different dilutions of an extract. Differences in the odor profiles of four high-quality spanish aged red wines, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49, 10, 4818-4824, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010283u . [all data]

Maeztu, Sanz, et al., 2001
Maeztu, L.; Sanz, C.; Andueza, S.; de Peña, M.P.; Bello, J.; Cid, C., Characterization of espresso coffee aroma by static headspace GC-MS and sensory flavor profile, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49, 11, 5437-5444, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0107959 . [all data]

Sanz, Ansorena, et al., 2001
Sanz, C.; Ansorena, D.; Bello, J.; Cid, C., Optimizing headspace temperature and time sampling for identification of volatile compounds in ground roasted Arabica coffee, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49, 3, 1364-1369, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf001100r . [all data]

Wei, Mura, et al., 2001
Wei, A.; Mura, K.; Shibamoto, T., Antioxidative activity of volatile chemicals extracted from beer, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49, 8, 4097-4101, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010325e . [all data]

Ebeler, Terrien, et al., 2000
Ebeler, S.E.; Terrien, M.B.; Butzke, C.E., Analysis of brandy aroma by solid-phase microextraction and liquid-liquid extraction, J. Sci. Food Agric., 2000, 80, 5, 625-630, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(200004)80:5<625::AID-JSFA584>3.0.CO;2-5 . [all data]

Escudero, Cacho, et al., 2000
Escudero, A.; Cacho, J.; Ferreira, V., Isolation and identification of odorants generated in wine during its oxidation: a gas chromatography-olfactometric study, Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2000, 211, 2, 105-110, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002179900128 . [all data]

Tamura, Boonbumrung, et al., 2000
Tamura, H.; Boonbumrung, S.; Yoshizawa, T.; Varanyanond, W., Volatile components of the essential oil in the pulp of four yellow mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) in Thailand, Food Sci. Technol. Res., 2000, 6, 1, 68-73, https://doi.org/10.3136/fstr.6.68 . [all data]

Buttery, Orts, et al., 1999
Buttery, R.G.; Orts, W.J.; Takeoka, G.R.; Nam, Y., Volatile flavor components of rice cakes, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1999, 47, 10, 4353-4356, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990140w . [all data]

Iwatsuki, Mizota, et al., 1999
Iwatsuki, K.; Mizota, Y.; Kubota, T.; Nishimura, O.; Masuda, H.; Sotoyama, K.; Tomita, M., Aroma extract dilution analysis. Evluation of aroma of pasteurized and UHT processed milk by aroma extract dilution analysis, Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi, 1999, 46, 9, 587-597, https://doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.46.587 . [all data]

Lopez, Ferreira, et al., 1999
Lopez, R.; Ferreira, V.; Hernandez, P.; Cacho, J.F., Identification of impact odorants of young red wines made with Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache grape varieties: a comparative study, J. Sci. Food Agric., 1999, 79, 11, 1461-1467, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199908)79:11<1461::AID-JSFA388>3.0.CO;2-K . [all data]

Buttery and Ling, 1998
Buttery, R.G.; Ling, L.C., Additional studies on flavor components of corn tortilla chips, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1998, 46, 7, 2764-2769, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf980125b . [all data]

Chatonnet and Dubourdieu, 1998
Chatonnet, P.; Dubourdieu, D., Identification of Substances Responsible for the sundust Aroma in Oak Wood, J. Sci. Food Agric., 1998, 76, 2, 179-188, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199802)76:2<179::AID-JSFA924>3.0.CO;2-6 . [all data]

Ferreira, Ardanuy, et al., 1998
Ferreira, V.; Ardanuy, M.; López, R.; Cacho, J.F., Relationship between flavor dilution values and odor unit values in hydroalcoholic solutions: role of volatility and a practical rule for its estimation, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1998, 46, 10, 4341-4346, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf980144l . [all data]

Ferreira, Lopez, et al., 1998
Ferreira, V.; Lopez, R.; Escudero, A.; Cacho, J.F., The Aroma of Red Wine: Hierarchy Grenache and Nature of its Main Odorants, J. Sci. Food Agric., 1998, 77, 2, 259-267, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199806)77:2<259::AID-JSFA36>3.0.CO;2-Q . [all data]

Ong, Acree, et al., 1998
Ong, P.K.C.; Acree, T.E.; Lavin, E.H., Characterization of volatiles in rambutan fruit (Nephelium lappaceum L.), J. Agric. Food Chem., 1998, 46, 2, 611-615, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf970665t . [all data]

Chyau, Lin, et al., 1997
Chyau, C.-C.; Lin, Y.-C.; Mau, J.-L., Storage stability of deep-fried shallot flavoring, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1997, 45, 8, 3211-3215, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf970109z . [all data]

Sekiwa, Kubota, et al., 1997
Sekiwa, Y.; Kubota, K.; Kobayashi, A., Characteristic flavor components in the brew of cooked clam (Meretrix lusoria) and the effect of storage on flavor formation, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1997, 45, 3, 826-830, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf960433e . [all data]

Wada and Shibamoto, 1997
Wada, K.; Shibamoto, T., Isolation and identification of volatile compounds from a wine using solid phase extraction, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1997, 45, 11, 4362-4366, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf970157j . [all data]

Shuichi, Masazumi, et al., 1996
Shuichi, H.; Masazumi, N.; Hiromu, K.; Kiyoshi, F., Comparison of volatile compounds berween the crude drugs, Onji-tsutsu and Onji-niki, Nippon nogei kagaku kaishi, 1996, 70, 2, 151-160. [all data]

Togari, Kobayashi, et al., 1995
Togari, N.; Kobayashi, A.; Aishima, T., Pattern recognition applied to gas chromatographic profiles of volatile components in three tea categories, Food Res. Int., 1995, 28, 5, 495-502, https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(95)00029-1 . [all data]

Umano, Hagi, et al., 1995
Umano, K.; Hagi, Y.; Nakahara, K.; Shyoji, A.; Shibamoto, T., Volatile chemicals formed in the headspace of a heated D-glucose/L-cysteine Maillard model system, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1995, 43, 8, 2212-2218, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00056a046 . [all data]

Sagrero-Nieves, Bartley, et al., 1994
Sagrero-Nieves, L.; Bartley, J.P.; Provis-Schwede, A., Supercritical Fluid Extraction of the Volatile Constituents from Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), J. Essent. Oil Res., 1994, 6, 5, 547-548, https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1994.9698449 . [all data]

Steullet and Guerin, 1994
Steullet, P.; Guerin, P.M., Identification of vertebrate volatiles stimulating olfactory receptors on tarsus I of the tick Amblyomma variegatum fabricus (Ixodidae). I. Receptors within the Haller's organ capsule, J. Comp. Physiol. A, 1994, 174, 1, 27-38, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00192003 . [all data]

Egolf and Jurs, 1993
Egolf, L.M.; Jurs, P.C., Quantitative structure-retention and structure-odor intensity relationships for a diverse group of odor-active compounds, Anal. Chem., 1993, 65, 21, 3119-3126, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00069a027 . [all data]

Kawakami, Kobayashi, et al., 1993
Kawakami, M.; Kobayashi, A.; Kator, K., Volatile constituents of Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) as affected by extraction process, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1993, 41, 4, 633-636, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00028a023 . [all data]

Shimoda, Shiratsuchi, et al., 1993
Shimoda, M.; Shiratsuchi, H.; Minegishi, Y.; Osajima, Y., Flavor deterioration of nonfermented coarse-cut sausage during storage. Flavor as a factor of quality for nonfermented sausage. 2, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1993, 41, 6, 946-950, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00030a021 . [all data]

Hatsuko, Kazuko, et al., 1992
Hatsuko, S.; Kazuko, H.; Masayoshi, K.; Yoshiaki, I., Improvement of quality of likorine extract by heat treatment, J. Food Sci. Technol., 1992, 39, 11, 976-983, https://doi.org/10.3136/nskkk1962.39.976 . [all data]

Kawakami and Kobayashi, 1991
Kawakami, M.; Kobayashi, A., Volatitle constituents of greem mate and roasted mate, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1991, 39, 7, 1275-1279, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00007a016 . [all data]

Pfannhauser, 1990
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Binder and Flath, 1989
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Engel, Flath, et al., 1988
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Vernin, Metzger, et al., 1988
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Wu, Liou, et al., 1987
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MacLeod and Snyder, 1985
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Buttery, Ling, et al., 1983
Buttery, R.G.; Ling, L.C.; Teranishi, R.; Mon, T.R., Insect attractants: volatiles of hydrolizyed protein insect baits, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1983, 31, 4, 689-692, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00118a003 . [all data]

Engel and Tressl, 1983
Engel, K.-H.; Tressl, R., Formation of aroma components from nonvolatile precursors in passion fruit, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1983, 31, 5, 998-1002, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00119a019 . [all data]

Schieberle and Grosch, 1983
Schieberle, P.; Grosch, W., Identifizierung von Aromastoffen aus der Kruste von Roggenbrot, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 1983, 177, 3, 173-180, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01146791 . [all data]

Labropoulos, Palmer, et al., 1982
Labropoulos, A.E.; Palmer, J.K.; Tao, P., Flavor evaluation and characterization of yogurt as affected by ultra-high temperature and vat processes, J. Dairy Sci., 1982, 65, 2, 191-196, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82176-0 . [all data]

Buttery, Parker, et al., 1981
Buttery, R.G.; Parker, F.D.; Teranishi, R.; Mon, T.R.; Ling, L.C., Volatile components of alfalfa leaf-cutter bee cells, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1981, 29, 5, 955-958, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00107a017 . [all data]

Shibamoto and Russell, 1977
Shibamoto, T.; Russell, G.F., A study of the volatiles isolated from a D-glucose-hydrogen sulfide-ammonia model system, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1977, 25, 1, 109-112, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60209a054 . [all data]

Shibamoto and Russell, 1976
Shibamoto, T.; Russell, G.F., Study of meat volatiles associated with aroma generated in a D-glucose-hydrogen sulfide-ammonia model system, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1976, 24, 4, 843-846, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60206a047 . [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  Tend	Final temperature
  Tstart	Initial temperature

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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