Indene
- Formula: C9H8
- Molecular weight: 116.1598
- IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C9H8/c1-2-5-9-7-3-6-8(9)4-1/h1-6H,7H2
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 95-13-6
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: 1H-Indene
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Gas phase thermochemistry data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔfH°gas | 38.53 ± 0.55 | kcal/mol | Review | Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008 | There are sufficient literature values to make a qualified recommendation where the suggested value is in good agreement with values predicted using thermochemical cycles or from reliable estimates. In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (2 to 4) kJ/mol.; DRB |
Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
| Cp,gas (cal/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24.106 | 250. | Klots T.D., 1995 | Recommended S(T) and Cp(T) values are based on experimental assignment of vibrational spectra and they agree within 1.2 J/mol*K with values calculated using statistical mechanics and the vibrational frequencies estimated from force field approximation for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [ Dorofeeva O.V., 1986].; GT |
| 29.431 | 298.15 | ||
| 29.630 | 300. | ||
| 35.074 | 350. | ||
| 40.182 | 400. | ||
| 44.871 | 450. | ||
| 49.065 | 500. | ||
| 52.839 | 550. | ||
| 56.197 | 600. | ||
| 59.218 | 650. | ||
| 61.922 | 700. |
Reaction thermochemistry data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.
Individual Reactions
+
=
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | 354.3 ± 2.5 | kcal/mol | TDEq | Meot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988 | gas phase; anchored to 88MEO scale, not the "87 acidity scale". The Kiefer, Zhang, et al., 1997 BDE is for ortho.; B |
| ΔrH° | 351.9 ± 2.1 | kcal/mol | G+TS | Taft and Bordwell, 1988 | gas phase; B |
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
| ΔrG° | 346.7 ± 2.0 | kcal/mol | TDEq | Meot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988 | gas phase; anchored to 88MEO scale, not the "87 acidity scale". The Kiefer, Zhang, et al., 1997 BDE is for ortho.; B |
| ΔrG° | 344.6 ± 2.0 | kcal/mol | IMRE | Taft and Bordwell, 1988 | gas phase; B |
+
=
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | -23.63 ± 0.33 | kcal/mol | Chyd | Hill, Morton, et al., 1980 | liquid phase; ALS |
| ΔrH° | -23. | kcal/mol | Eqk | Frye and Weitkamp, 1969 | gas phase; ALS |
| ΔrH° | -21.63 ± 0.14 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Naidus and Mueller, 1950 | gas phase; At 375-525 K; ALS |
8 + 2
=
+
By formula: 8H2 + 2C9H8 = C9H16 + C9H16
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | -139.9 ± 1.0 | kcal/mol | Chyd | Dolliver, Gresham, et al., 1937 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -140.4 ± 1.0 kcal/mol; At 355 °K; ALS |
Gas phase ion energetics data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
View reactions leading to C9H8+ (ion structure unspecified)
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IE (evaluated) | 8.14 ± 0.01 | eV | N/A | N/A | L |
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
| Proton affinity (review) | 202.9 | kcal/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
| Gas basicity | 195.9 | kcal/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Electron affinity determinations
| EA (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| <0.173 ± 0.026 | ECD | Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981 | EA is an upper limit: Chen and Wentworth, 1989; G3MP2B3 calculations indicate an EA of ca. -0.6 eV, unbound anion.; B |
Proton affinity at 298K
| Proton affinity (kcal/mol) | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 202.8 | Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000 | Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM |
Gas basicity at 298K
| Gas basicity (review) (kcal/mol) | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 195.8 | Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000 | Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM |
Ionization energy determinations
| IE (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8.33 ± 0.01 | EI | Rakita, Hoffman, et al., 1973 | LLK |
| 8.14 ± 0.01 | PE | Dewar, Haselbach, et al., 1970 | RDSH |
| 8.62 | EI | Occolowitz and White, 1968 | RDSH |
| 8.13 ± 0.05 | PE | Eland and Danby, 1968 | RDSH |
| 8.15 ± 0.015 | PE | Gusten, Klasinc, et al., 1976 | Vertical value; LLK |
Appearance energy determinations
| Ion | AE (eV) | Other Products | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9H7+ | 12.62 ± 0.05 | H | EI | Schwarz and Bohlmann, 1973 | LLK |
| C9H7+ | 12.53 | H | EI | Occolowitz and White, 1968 | RDSH |
De-protonation reactions
+
=
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | 354.3 ± 2.5 | kcal/mol | TDEq | Meot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988 | gas phase; anchored to 88MEO scale, not the "87 acidity scale". The Kiefer, Zhang, et al., 1997 BDE is for ortho.; B |
| ΔrH° | 351.9 ± 2.1 | kcal/mol | G+TS | Taft and Bordwell, 1988 | gas phase; B |
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
| ΔrG° | 346.7 ± 2.0 | kcal/mol | TDEq | Meot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988 | gas phase; anchored to 88MEO scale, not the "87 acidity scale". The Kiefer, Zhang, et al., 1997 BDE is for ortho.; B |
| ΔrG° | 344.6 ± 2.0 | kcal/mol | IMRE | Taft and Bordwell, 1988 | gas phase; B |
Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Spectrum
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Additional Data
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Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.
| Owner | NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
|---|---|
| Origin | Japan AIST/NIMC Database- Spectrum MS-NW- 50 |
| NIST MS number | 228349 |
UV/Visible spectrum
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Eugeny B. Stern, Antonina A. Goncharova, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina
Spectrum
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Additional Data
View image of digitized spectrum (can be printed in landscape orientation).
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Download spectrum in JCAMP-DX format.
| Source | Rambart-Lucas and Grumes, 1950 |
|---|---|
| Owner | INEP CP RAS, NIST OSRD Collection (C) 2007 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
| Origin | INSTITUTE OF ENERGY PROBLEMS OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, RAS |
| Source reference | RAS UV No. 477 |
| Instrument | n.i.g. |
| Melting point | -1.8 |
| Boiling point | 182 |
References
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008
Roux, M.V.; Temprado, M.; Chickos, J.S.; Nagano, Y.,
Critically Evaluated Thermochemical Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2008, 37, 4, 1855-1996. [all data]
Klots T.D., 1995
Klots T.D.,
Vibrational spectra of indene. Part 4. Calibration, assignment, and ideal gas thermodynamics,
Spectrochim. Acta, 1995, A51, 2307-2324. [all data]
Dorofeeva O.V., 1986
Dorofeeva O.V.,
Thermodynamic properties of twenty-one monocyclic hydrocarbons,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1986, 15, 437-464. [all data]
Meot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988
Meot-ner, M.; Liebman, J.F.; Kafafi, S.A.,
Ionic Probes of Aromaticity in Annelated Rings,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 18, 5937, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00226a001
. [all data]
Kiefer, Zhang, et al., 1997
Kiefer, J.H.; Zhang, Q.; Kern, R.D.; Yao, J.; Jursic, B.,
Pyrolysis of Aromatic Azines: Pyrazine, Pyrimidine, and Pyridine,
J. Phys. Chem. A, 1997, 101, 38, 7061, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp970211z
. [all data]
Taft and Bordwell, 1988
Taft, R.W.; Bordwell, F.G.,
Structural and Solvent Effects Evaluated from Acidities Measured in Dimethyl Sulfoxide and in the Gas Phase,
Acc. Chem. Res., 1988, 21, 12, 463, https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00156a005
. [all data]
Hill, Morton, et al., 1980
Hill, R.K.; Morton, G.H.; Rogers, D.W.; Choi, L.S.,
Rearrangement of 1,1'-spirobiindene and thermochemical evidence for its spiroconjugative destabilization,
J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 5163-5166. [all data]
Frye and Weitkamp, 1969
Frye, C.G.; Weitkamp, A.W.,
Equilibrium hydrogenations of multi-ring aromatics,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1969, 14, 372-376. [all data]
Naidus and Mueller, 1950
Naidus, E.S.; Mueller, M.B.,
Equilibrium studies on the hydrindene-indene-hydrogen system,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1950, 72, 1829-1831. [all data]
Dolliver, Gresham, et al., 1937
Dolliver, M.a.; Gresham, T.L.; Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Vaughan, W.E.,
Heats of organic reactions. V. Heats of hydrogenation of various hydrocarbons,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1937, 59, 831-841. [all data]
Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G.,
Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]
Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G.,
Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018
. [all data]
Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981
Wojnarovits, L.; Foldiak, G.,
Electron capture detection of aromatic hydrocarbons,
J. Chromatogr. Sci., 1981, 206, 511. [all data]
Chen and Wentworth, 1989
Chen, E.C.M.; Wentworth, W.E.,
Experimental Determination of Electron Affinities of Organic Molecules,
Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1989, 171, 271. [all data]
Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000
Aue, D.H.; Guidoni, M.; Betowski, L.D.,
Ab initio calculated gas-phase basicities of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 2000, 201, 283. [all data]
Rakita, Hoffman, et al., 1973
Rakita, P.E.; Hoffman, M.K.; Andrews, M.N.; Bursey, M.M.,
σ-π Conjugation in group IVA compounds of indene and indane,
J. Organomet. Chem., 1973, 49, 213. [all data]
Dewar, Haselbach, et al., 1970
Dewar, M.J.S.; Haselbach, E.; Worley, S.D.,
Calculated and observed ionization potentials of unsaturated polycyclic hydrocarbons; calculated heats of formation by several semiempirical s.c.f. m.o. methods,
Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 1970, A315, 431. [all data]
Occolowitz and White, 1968
Occolowitz, J.L.; White, G.L.,
Energetic considerations in the assignment of some fragment ion structures,
Australian J. Chem., 1968, 21, 997. [all data]
Eland and Danby, 1968
Eland, J.H.D.; Danby, C.J.,
Inner ionization potentials of aromatic compounds,
Z. Naturforsch., 1968, 23a, 355. [all data]
Gusten, Klasinc, et al., 1976
Gusten, H.; Klasinc, L.; Ruscic, B.,
Photoelectron spectroscopy of J. Heterocycl. Chem.. Indene analogs,
Z. Naturforsch. A:, 1976, 31, 1051. [all data]
Schwarz and Bohlmann, 1973
Schwarz, H.; Bohlmann, F.,
Elektronenstossinduzierte fragmentierung von acetylenverbindungen. VI. Struktur und bildungsenthalpie der ionen [C11H9]+ und [C9H7]+,
Org. Mass Spectrom., 1973, 7, 395. [all data]
Rambart-Lucas and Grumes, 1950
Rambart-Lucas, M.; Grumes, M.,
Sur la deformation des orbites electroniques du carbone et de l'azote dans les combinaisons heterocycliques,
Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1950, 17, 317-322. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, References
- Symbols used in this document:
AE Appearance energy Cp,gas Constant pressure heat capacity of gas EA Electron affinity IE (evaluated) Recommended ionization energy ΔfH°gas Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions ΔrG° Free energy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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