1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, benzoate

Data at NIST subscription sites:

NIST subscription sites provide data under the NIST Standard Reference Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated with the development of data collections included in such sites. Your institution may already be a subscriber. Follow the links above to find out more about the data in these sites and their terms of usage.


Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tboil535.5KN/ALecat, 1927Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.5 K; TRC
Tboil535.15KN/AKahlbaum, 1884Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 2. K; TRC

Enthalpy of vaporization

ΔvapH (kcal/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
12.3360.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 345. to 535. K. See also Stull, 1947.; AC
13.4419.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 404. to 489. K.; AC

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (atm)
    T = temperature (K)

View plot Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser.

Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
345. to 535.5.855223383.72542.538Stull, 1947Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:


Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Phase change data, IR Spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi

Appearance energy determinations

Ion AE (eV) Other Products MethodReferenceComment
C6H5+15.2 ± 0.10?EITajima, Azami, et al., 1977 

IR Spectrum

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director


Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
CapillarySE-30150.1418.Tudor and Moldovan, 1999 
CapillarySE-30100.1418.2Tudor, 199740. m/0.35 mm/0.35 μm
CapillarySE-30140.1419.Korhonen, 1986N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm
CapillarySE-30160.1414.Korhonen, 1986N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm
CapillarySE-30180.1428.Korhonen, 1986N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm
CapillarySE-30140.1417.Korhonen and Lind, 1985N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
CapillarySE-30160.1425.Korhonen and Lind, 1985N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
CapillarySE-30180.1434.Korhonen and Lind, 1985N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm

Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
CapillaryCarbowax 20M150.1929.Tudor, Moldovan, et al., 1999Phase thickness: 0.45 μm
CapillaryOV-351180.1911.Korhonen, 1986N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm
CapillaryOV-351140.1913.Korhonen and Lind, 1985N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
CapillaryOV-351160.1925.Korhonen and Lind, 1985N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
CapillaryOV-351180.1944.Korhonen and Lind, 1985N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
Capillary5 % Phenyl methyl siloxane1455.Zaikin, 201030. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 15. K/min, 270. C @ 15. min; Tstart: 60. C
Capillary5 % Phenyl methyl siloxane1463.Zaikin, 200930. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 15. K/min, 270. C @ 15. min; Tstart: 60. C
CapillaryDB-51441.Flamini, Cioni, et al., 200730. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 60. C; Tend: 240. C
CapillarySPB-51430.Pino, Marbot, et al., 200430. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min
CapillaryDB-11411.Flath, Light, et al., 199050. C @ 0.1 min, 4. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Tend: 250. C
CapillarySE-301424.Korhonen and Lind, 1985N2, 10. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Tstart: 100. C; Tend: 300. C
CapillarySE-301412.Korhonen and Lind, 1985N2, 2. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Tstart: 100. C; Tend: 300. C
CapillarySE-301419.Korhonen and Lind, 1985N2, 6. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Tstart: 100. C; Tend: 300. C
CapillarySE-301421.Korhonen, 1985N2, 6. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.33 mm; Tstart: 100. C
PackedSE-301425.van den Dool and Kratz, 1963Celite; Tstart: 75. C; Tend: 228. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryOV-3511895.Bonvehí, 200550. m/0.32 mm/0.2 μm, He, 5. K/min; Tstart: 60. C; Tend: 220. C
CapillaryOV-3511891.Korhonen, 1986N2, 6. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm; Tstart: 100. C; Tend: 220. C
CapillaryOV-3511938.Korhonen and Lind, 1985N2, 10. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Tstart: 100. C; Tend: 230. C
CapillaryOV-3511904.Korhonen and Lind, 1985N2, 2. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Tstart: 100. C; Tend: 230. C
CapillaryOV-3511924.Korhonen and Lind, 1985N2, 6. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Tstart: 100. C; Tend: 230. C
CapillaryOV-3511914.Korhonen, 1985N2, 6. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Tstart: 100. C
PackedCarbowax 20M1921.van den Dool and Kratz, 1963Celite 545, 4.6 K/min; Tstart: 75. C; Tend: 228. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryCP-Wax 52CB1916.Romeo, Ziino, et al., 200760. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 45C(5min) => 10C/min => 80C => 2C/min => 240C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillarySLB-5 MS1438.Lo Presti, Sciarrone, et al., 200830. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 50. C @ 2. min, 3. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min
CapillaryHP-11409.Castel, Fernandez, et al., 200650. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm, He, 2. K/min, 250. C @ 120. min; Tstart: 60. C
CapillaryMethyl Silicone1436.Chalchat and Özcan, 2005He, 3. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 240. C
CapillaryHP-51441.8Leffingwell and Alford, 200560. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 30. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min
CapillaryHP-5MS1430.Tesevic, Nikicevic, et al., 200530. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 4.3 K/min; Tstart: 60. C; Tend: 285. C
CapillaryHP-11415.Fernandez, Lizzani-Cuvelier, et al., 200350. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm, He, 2. K/min, 220. C @ 45. min; Tstart: 60. C
CapillaryDB-51437.Schwob, Bessière, et al., 2002He, 3. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; Tstart: 60. C; Tend: 220. C
CapillaryUltra-11402.Okumura, 199125. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 80. C; Tend: 260. C
CapillarySE-301413.Korhonen, 1986N2, 6. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm; Tstart: 100. C
CapillaryOV-11414.Schreyen, Dirinck, et al., 1979N2, 1. K/min; Column length: 183. m; Column diameter: 0.762 mm; Tstart: 0. C; Tend: 230. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryRTX-51441.Leela, Vipin, et al., 200930. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Nitrogen; Program: 60 0C 95 min) 110 0C 3 0C/min -> 200 0C 5 0C/min -> 220 0C 95 min)
CapillarySqualane1429.Chen, 2008Program: not specified
CapillarySLB-5 MS1439.Lo Presti, Sciarrone, et al., 200830. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
CapillaryCP Sil 8 CB1439.Meekijjaroenroj, Bessière, et al., 200730. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 50C(3min) => 3C/min => 100C => 2.7C/min => 140C => 2.4C/min => 180C => 6C/min => 250C
CapillaryPolydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups1430.Pino, Marbot, et al., 2005Program: not specified
CapillarySE-301421.Vinogradov, 2004Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.1425.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified

Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-Wax1928.Christoph, 200160. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 45. C; Tend: 240. C

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryInnowax FSC1930.Iscan, Kirimer, et al., 200660. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2; Program: 60C(10min) => 4C/min => 220C(10min) => 1C/min => 240C
CapillaryHP-Innowax FSC1932.Kivcak, Akay, et al., 200460. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C(10min) => 4C/min => 220C(10min) => 1C/min => 240C
CapillaryCarbowax 20M1894.Vinogradov, 2004Program: not specified
CapillaryHP-Innowax FSC1937.Tabanca, Kirimer, et al., 200160. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 60C(10min) => 4C/min => 220C(10min) => 1C/min => 240C
CapillaryInnowax FSC1937.Kirimer, Tabanca, et al., 199960. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 60 0C (10 min) 4 0C/min -> 220 0C (10 min) 1 0C/min -> 240 0C
CapillaryCarbowax 400, Carbowax 20M, Carbowax 1540, Carbowax 4000, Superox 06, PEG 20M, etc.1921.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified

References

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Gas Chromatography, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Lecat, 1927
Lecat, M., New binary azeotropes: 6th list, Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, Ser. B, 1927, 47, 63-71. [all data]

Kahlbaum, 1884
Kahlbaum, G.W.A., The dependence of Boiling Temperature on Air Pressure, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges., 1884, 17, 1245. [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Stull, 1947
Stull, Daniel R., Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 . [all data]

Tajima, Azami, et al., 1977
Tajima, S.; Azami, T.; Tsuchiya, T., An investigation of the decomposition of the common intermediate ions produced by electron impact, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1977, 12, 24. [all data]

Tudor and Moldovan, 1999
Tudor, E.; Moldovan, D., Temperature Dependence of the Retention Index for Perfumery Compounds on a Se-30 Glass Capillary Column. II. The Hyperbolic Equation, J. Chromatogr., 1999, 848, 1-2, 215-227, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00412-4 . [all data]

Tudor, 1997
Tudor, E., Temperature dependence of the retention index for perfumery compounds on a SE-30 glass capillary column. I. Linear equations, J. Chromatogr. A, 1997, 779, 1-2, 287-297, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00453-6 . [all data]

Korhonen, 1986
Korhonen, I.O.O., Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Analyses. XLVII. Retention Increments of Some Lower Saturated Branched-Chain, Unsaturated and Chlorinated Esters of Benzoic, 4-Nitrobenzoic and 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic Acids on SE-30 and OV-351 Capillary Columns, J. Chromatogr., 1986, 360, 63-78, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)91652-2 . [all data]

Korhonen and Lind, 1985
Korhonen, I.O.O.; Lind, M.A., Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses. XXXVII. Capillary column studies of benzoyl and monochlorobenzoyl esters of lower saturated branched-chain alcohols, J. Chromatogr., 1985, 323, 2, 331-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90395-4 . [all data]

Tudor, Moldovan, et al., 1999
Tudor, E.; Moldovan, D.; Zârna, N., Temperature dependence of the retention index for perfumery compounds on two carbowax-20M glass capillary columns with different film thickness. 2, Rev. Roum. Chim., 1999, 44, 7, 665-675. [all data]

Zaikin, 2010
Zaikin, V.G., Personal communication: Retention indices measured during 2010, 2010. [all data]

Zaikin, 2009
Zaikin, V.G., Personal Communication: Retention indices measured during the period 2008 to 2009, 2009. [all data]

Flamini, Cioni, et al., 2007
Flamini, G.; Cioni, P.L.; Morelli, I.; Bader, A., Essential oils of the aerial parts of three Salvia species from Jordan: Salvia lanigera, S. spinosa and S. syriaca, Food Chem., 2007, 100, 2, 732-735, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.032 . [all data]

Pino, Marbot, et al., 2004
Pino, J.A.; Marbot, R.; Rosado, A.; Vázquez, C., Volatile constituents of Malay rose apple [Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. Perry], Flavour Fragr. J., 2004, 19, 1, 32-35, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1269 . [all data]

Flath, Light, et al., 1990
Flath, R.A.; Light, D.M.; Jang, E.B.; Mon, T.R.; John, J.O., Headspace Examination of Volatile Emissions from Ripening Papaya (Carica papaya L., Solo Variety), J. Agric. Food Chem., 1990, 38, 4, 1060-1063, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00094a032 . [all data]

Korhonen, 1985
Korhonen, I.O.O., Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses. XLIV. Benzoyl and pentafluorobenzoyl esters of lower saturated branched-chain and unsaturated alcohols on SE-30 and OV-351 capillary columns, J. Chromatogr., 1985, 329, 359-369, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)81942-7 . [all data]

van den Dool and Kratz, 1963
van den Dool, H.; Kratz, P. Dec., A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 1963, 11, 463-471, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)80947-X . [all data]

Bonvehí, 2005
Bonvehí, J.S., Investigation of aromatic compounds in roasted cocoa powder, Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2005, 221, 1-2, 19-29, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-005-1147-y . [all data]

Romeo, Ziino, et al., 2007
Romeo, V.; Ziino, M.; Giuffrrida, D.; Condurso, C.; Verzera, A., Flavour profile of capers (Capparis spinosa L.) from the Eolian Archipelago by HS-SPME/GC?MS, Food Chem., 2007, 101, 3, 1272-1278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.12.029 . [all data]

Lo Presti, Sciarrone, et al., 2008
Lo Presti, M.; Sciarrone, D.; Crupi, M.C.; Costa, R.; Ragusa, S.; Dugo, G.; Mondello, L., Evaliation of the volatile and chiral composition in Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil, Flavour Fragr. J., 2008, 23, 4, 249-257, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1878 . [all data]

Castel, Fernandez, et al., 2006
Castel, C.; Fernandez, X.; Lizzani-Cuvelier, L.; Perichet, C.; Lavoine, S., Characterization of the Chemical Composition of a Byproduct from Siam Benzoin Gum, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54, 23, 8848-8854, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf061193y . [all data]

Chalchat and Özcan, 2005
Chalchat, J.-C.; Özcan, M., Constituents of the essential oil of Sideritis erythantha Boiss. Heldr. Var. erythrantha, Gen. Appl. Plant Physiology, 2005, 31, 1-2, 65-70. [all data]

Leffingwell and Alford, 2005
Leffingwell, J.C.; Alford, E.D., Volatile constituents of Perique tobacco, Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 4, 2, 899-915. [all data]

Tesevic, Nikicevic, et al., 2005
Tesevic, V.; Nikicevic, N.; Jovanovic, A.; Djokovic, D.; Vujisic, L.; Vuckovic, I.; Bonic, M., Volatile components from old plum brandies, Food Technol. Biotechnol., 2005, 43, 4, 367-372. [all data]

Fernandez, Lizzani-Cuvelier, et al., 2003
Fernandez, X.; Lizzani-Cuvelier, L.; Loiseau, A.-M.; Périchet, C.; Delbecque, C., Volatile constituents of benzoin gums: Siam and Sumatra. Part 1., Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 4, 328-333, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1230 . [all data]

Schwob, Bessière, et al., 2002
Schwob, I.; Bessière, J.-M.; Viano, J., Composition of the essential oils of Hypericum perforatum L. from southeastern France, C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. 3:, 2002, 325, 781-785. [all data]

Okumura, 1991
Okumura, T., retention indices of environmental chemicals on methyl silicone capillary column, Journal of Environmental Chemistry (Japan), 1991, 1, 2, 333-358, https://doi.org/10.5985/jec.1.333 . [all data]

Schreyen, Dirinck, et al., 1979
Schreyen, L.; Dirinck, P.; Sandra, P.; Schamp, N., Flavor analysis of quince, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1979, 27, 4, 872-876, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60224a058 . [all data]

Leela, Vipin, et al., 2009
Leela, N.K.; Vipin, T.M.; Shafeekh, K.M.; Priyanka, V.; Rema, J., Chemical composition of essential oils from aerial parts of Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burman f.) Bercht Presl., Flavor Fragr. J., 2009, 24, 1, 13-16, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1910 . [all data]

Chen, 2008
Chen, H.-F., Quantitative prediction of gas chromatography retention indices with support vector machines, radial basis neutral networks and multiple linear regression, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2008, 609, 1, 24-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.003 . [all data]

Meekijjaroenroj, Bessière, et al., 2007
Meekijjaroenroj, A.; Bessière, J.-M.; Anstett, M.-C., Chemistry of floral scents in four Licuala species (Arecaceae), Flavour Fragr. J., 2007, 22, 4, 300-310, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1797 . [all data]

Pino, Marbot, et al., 2005
Pino, J.A.; Marbot, R.; Rosado, A.; Vázquez, C., Volatile constituents of Malay rose apple [Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. Perry], Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 98-100. [all data]

Vinogradov, 2004
Vinogradov, B.A., Production, composition, properties and application of essential oils, 2004, retrieved from http://viness.narod.ru. [all data]

Waggott and Davies, 1984
Waggott, A.; Davies, I.W., Identification of organic pollutants using linear temperature programmed retention indices (LTPRIs) - Part II, 1984, retrieved from http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/research/completed-research/reports/dwi0383.pdf. [all data]

Christoph, 2001
Christoph, F., Chemische Zuzammensetzung und antimikrobielle Eigenschaften der ätherischen Öle von Leptospermum scoparium J. R. et G. Forst. und anderer Teebaumöle der Gattungen Kunzea, Leptospermum und Melaleuca unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Handelsölen, Dissertation, University of Hamburg, Germany, 2001, 196. [all data]

Iscan, Kirimer, et al., 2006
Iscan, G.; Kirimer, N.; Kurkcuoglu, M.; Arabaci, T.; Kupeli, E.; Baser, K.H.C., Biological Activity and Composition of the Essential Oils of Achillea schischkinii Sosn. and Achillea aleppica DC. subsp. aleppica, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54, 1, 170-173, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051644z . [all data]

Kivcak, Akay, et al., 2004
Kivcak, B.; Akay, S.; Demirci, B.; Baser, K.H.C., Chemical composition of essential oils from leaves and twigs of Pistacia lentiscus, Pistacia lentiscus var. chia, and Pistacia terebinthus from Turkey, Pharm. Biol, 2004, 42, 4-5, 360-366, https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200490519677 . [all data]

Tabanca, Kirimer, et al., 2001
Tabanca, N.; Kirimer, N.; Can Baser, K.H., The composition of essential oils from two varieties of Sideritis erythrantha var. erythrantha and var. cedretorum, Turk. J. Chem., 2001, 25, 201-208. [all data]

Kirimer, Tabanca, et al., 1999
Kirimer, N.; Tabanca, N.; Ozek, T.; Basher, K.H.C.; Tumen, G., Composition of essential oils from two endemic Sideritis species of Turkey, Chem. Natural Comp., 1999, 35, 1, 61-64, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02238211 . [all data]


Notes

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References