Thiophene, 2-ethyl-
- Formula: C6H8S
- Molecular weight: 112.193
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: JCCCMAAJYSNBPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 872-55-9
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: 2-Ethylthiophene; 2-Ethylthiophenol
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Phase change data
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tboil | 407.2 | K | N/A | Weast and Grasselli, 1989 | BS |
Tboil | 406.15 | K | N/A | Levi and Nicholls, 1958 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 2. K; TRC |
Tboil | 407. | K | N/A | Wender, Greenfield, et al., 1951 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 4. K; TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔvapH° | 9.5 ± 0.2 | kcal/mol | C | Ribeiro da Silva and Santos, 2007 | AC |
Enthalpy of vaporization
ΔvapH (kcal/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
9.49 | 348. | IA | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 333. to 374. K. See also Eon, Pommier, et al., 1971 and Dykyj, Svoboda, et al., 1999.; AC |
Antoine Equation Parameters
log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
P = vapor pressure (atm)
T = temperature (K)
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Temperature (K) | A | B | C | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
333.4 to 373.5 | 5.34485 | 2248.151 | 15.596 | Eon, Pommier, et al., 1971 | Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data. |
Gas phase ion energetics data
Go To: Top, Phase change data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
Ionization energy determinations
IE (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
8.57 | CTS | Aloisi and Pignataro, 1973 | LLK |
8.67 ± 0.05 | EI | Linda, Marino, et al., 1971 | LLK |
8.8 ± 0.2 | EI | Khvostenko, 1962 | RDSH |
Appearance energy determinations
Ion | AE (eV) | Other Products | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C4H4S+ | 11.5 ± 0.2 | ? | EI | Khvostenko, 1962 | RDSH |
C5H5S+ | 11.4 ± 0.2 | CH3 | EI | Khvostenko, 1962 | RDSH |
IR Spectrum
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Gas Phase Spectrum
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Notice: Concentration information is not available for this spectrum and, therefore, molar absorptivity values cannot be derived.
Additional Data
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Download spectrum in JCAMP-DX format.
Owner | NIST Standard Reference Data Program Collection (C) 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
---|---|
Origin | NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center |
State | gas |
Instrument | HP-GC/MS/IRD |
Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Spectrum
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Additional Data
View image of digitized spectrum (can be printed in landscape orientation).
Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.
Owner | NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
---|---|
Origin | NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, 1990. |
NIST MS number | 118609 |
UV/Visible spectrum
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Eugeny B. Stern, Antonina A. Goncharova, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina
Spectrum
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Additional Data
View image of digitized spectrum (can be printed in landscape orientation).
View spectrum image in SVG format.
Download spectrum in JCAMP-DX format.
Source | Gol'dfarb, Litvinov, et al., 1963 |
---|---|
Owner | INEP CP RAS, NIST OSRD Collection (C) 2007 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
Origin | INSTITUTE OF ENERGY PROBLEMS OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, RAS |
Source reference | RAS UV No. 188 |
Instrument | n.i.g. |
Boiling point | 134 |
Gas Chromatography
Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal
Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Apiezon L | 120. | 905. | Agr, Tesaric, et al., 1973 | |
Capillary | Squalane | 120. | 850. | Agr, Tesaric, et al., 1973 | |
Capillary | Squalane | 86. | 845. | Agr, Tesaric, et al., 1973 | |
Capillary | Squalane | 120. | 850. | Agrawal, Tesarík, et al., 1972 | N2, Celite 545; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm |
Capillary | Squalane | 86. | 845. | Agrawal, Tesarík, et al., 1972 | N2, Celite 545; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm |
Capillary | Apiezon L | 120. | 905. | Agrawal, Tesarík, et al., 1972 | N2; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-5 | 871. | Methven L., Tsoukka M., et al., 2007 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 260. C @ 10. min |
Capillary | DB-1 | 846. | Rochat S., de Saint Laumer J.Y., et al., 2007 | 20. m/0.18 mm/0.18 μm, 60. C @ 3. min, 8. K/min, 220. C @ 5. min |
Capillary | DB-1 | 847. | Rochat S., de Saint Laumer J.Y., et al., 2007 | 20. m/0.18 mm/0.18 μm, 60. C @ 3. min, 8. K/min, 220. C @ 5. min |
Capillary | Mega 5MS | 871. | Condurso, Verzera, et al., 2006 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 60. C; Tend: 240. C |
Capillary | BPX-5 | 880. | Bredie, Mottram, et al., 2002 | 50. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, 60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min |
Capillary | CP Sil 8 CB | 870. | Elmore, Campo, et al., 2002 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 280. C |
Capillary | CP Sil 8 CB | 870. | Elmore, Campo, et al., 2002 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 280. C |
Capillary | BPX-5 | 872. | Ames, Guy, et al., 2001 | 50. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min |
Capillary | BPX-5 | 872. | Ames, Guy, et al., 2001 | 50. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min |
Capillary | CP Sil 8 CB | 868. | Elmore and Mottram, 2000 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 60. C @ 2. min, 15. K/min; Tend: 280. C |
Capillary | DB-5 | 871. | Madruga and Mottram, 1998 | 30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min |
Capillary | OV-101 | 861. | Misharina, Golovnya, et al., 1993 | 50. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 4. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 200. C |
Capillary | DB-1 | 844. | Izzo and Ho, 1991 | 50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm, He, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 40. min; Tstart: 40. C |
Capillary | DB-1 | 844. | Zhang and Ho, 1991 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min, 220. C @ 10. min; Tstart: 40. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | CP-Sil 8CB-MS | 869. | Elmore, Mottram, et al., 2000 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 0C(5min) => 40C/min => 40C (2min) => 4C/min => 280C |
Capillary | BPX-5 | 874. | Elmore, Mottram, et al., 1999 | 50. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He; Program: 0C(5min) => 40C/min => 40C(2min) => 4C/min => 280C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | CP-Wax 52CB | 1172. | Mahadevan and Farmer, 2006 | 60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1177. | Chung, Yung, et al., 2002 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 195. C @ 90. min |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1177. | Chung, Yung, et al., 2001 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 195. C @ 90. min |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1167. | Chung, Eiserich, et al., 1994 | He, 60. C @ 4. min, 3. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm |
Capillary | CP-WAX 57CB | 1161. | Whitfield, Mottram, et al., 1988 | He, 60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm |
Capillary | CP-WAX 57CB | 1162. | Whitfield, Mottram, et al., 1988 | He, 60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | CP-Wax 52CB | 1179. | Romeo, Ziino, et al., 2007 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 45C(5min) => 10C/min => 80C => 2C/min => 240C |
Capillary | CP-Wax 52CB | 1170. | Condurso, Verzera, et al., 2006 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 45C(5min) => 10C/min => 80C => 2C/min => 240C |
Capillary | CP-Wax 52CB | 1170. | Madruga and Mottram, 1998 | 50. m/0.32 mm/0.21 μm; Program: 0C(5min) => fast => 60C(5min) => 4C/min => 220C(20min) |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | CP Sil 5 CB | 837. | Rohloff and Bones, 2005 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 1. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 220. C |
Capillary | PONA | 850. | Yang, Wang, et al., 2004 | 50. m/0.20 mm/0.50 μm, N2, 2. K/min; Tstart: 35. C; Tend: 170. C |
Capillary | PONA | 847. | Yang, Yang, et al., 2003 | 50. m/0.20 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 2. K/min; Tstart: 30. C; Tend: 170. C |
Capillary | DB-5 | 874. | Macku and Shibamoto, 1991 | He, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tend: 160. C |
Capillary | CP-Sil 5 | 845. | Damste, van Dalen, et al., 1988 | 25. m/0.32 mm/0.45 μm, Helium, 0. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 300. C |
Capillary | CP-Sil 5 | 846. | Damste, van Dalen, et al., 1988 | 25. m/0.32 mm/0.45 μm, Helium, 0. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 300. C |
Capillary | CP Sil 5 CB | 845. | Damste, Kock-van Dalen, et al., 1988 | 25. m/0.32 mm/0.45 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 300. C |
Capillary | CP Sil 5 CB | 846. | Damste, Kock-van Dalen, et al., 1988 | 25. m/0.32 mm/0.45 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 300. C |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Polydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups | 868. | Robinson, Adams, et al., 2012 | Program: not specified |
Capillary | Polydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups | 871. | Robinson, Adams, et al., 2012 | Program: not specified |
Capillary | SE-30 | 861. | Vinogradov, 2004 | Program: not specified |
Capillary | OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc. | 851. | Waggott and Davies, 1984 | Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | ZB-Wax | 1191. | Wierda R.L., Fletcher G., et al., 2006 | 60. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 3. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min |
Capillary | HP-Wax | 1185. | Sanz, Ansorena, et al., 2001 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 6. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 190. C |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1183. | Girard and Durance, 2000 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 10. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1162. | Horiuchi, Umano, et al., 1998 | 60. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 40. min; Tstart: 50. C |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1173. | Umano, Hagi, et al., 1995 | He, 40. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tend: 200. C |
Capillary | Carbowax 20M | 1180. | Shibamoto and Russell, 1977 | 1. K/min; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tstart: 70. C; Tend: 170. C |
Capillary | Carbowax 20M | 1182. | Shibamoto and Russell, 1977 | 1. K/min; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tstart: 70. C; Tend: 170. C |
Capillary | Carbowax 20M | 1180. | Shibamoto and Russell, 1976 | N2, 1. K/min; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tstart: 70. C; Tend: 170. C |
Capillary | Carbowax 20M | 1182. | Shibamoto and Russell, 1976 | N2, 1. K/min; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tstart: 70. C; Tend: 170. C |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Carbowax 20M | 1179. | Vinogradov, 2004 | Program: not specified |
References
Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Weast and Grasselli, 1989
CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 2nd Editon, Weast,R.C and Grasselli, J.G., ed(s)., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1989, 1. [all data]
Levi and Nicholls, 1958
Levi, L.; Nicholls, R.V.V.,
Formation of Styrene by Pyrolysis of Aromatic Heterocyclic Aldehyde- Aliphatic Acid Anhydride Mixtures on Morden Bentonite,
Ind. Eng. Chem., 1958, 50, 1005. [all data]
Wender, Greenfield, et al., 1951
Wender, I.; Greenfield, H.; Orchin, M.,
Chemistry of Oxo and Related Reactions IV. Reductions in the Aromatic Series,
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Ribeiro da Silva and Santos, 2007
Ribeiro da Silva, M.A.V.; Santos, Ana Filipa L.O.M.,
Thermochemical study of 2- and 3-alkyl substituted thiophenes,
J Therm Anal Calorim, 2007, 88, 1, 7-17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-006-8326-3
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Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw,
Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2
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Eon, Pommier, et al., 1971
Eon, C.; Pommier, C.; Guiochon, G.,
Vapor pressures and second virial coefficients of some five-membered heterocyclic derivatives,
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Dykyj, Svoboda, et al., 1999
Dykyj, J.; Svoboda, J.; Wilhoit, R.C.; Frenkel, M.L.; Hall, K.R.,
Vapor Pressure of Chemicals: Part A. Vapor Pressure and Antoine Constants for Hydrocarbons and Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium and Hydrogen Containing Organic Compounds, Springer, Berlin, 1999, 373. [all data]
Aloisi and Pignataro, 1973
Aloisi, G.G.; Pignataro, S.,
Molecular complexes of substituted thiophens with σ and π acceptors,
J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 1973, 69, 534. [all data]
Linda, Marino, et al., 1971
Linda, P.; Marino, G.; Pignataro, S.,
A comparison of sensitivities to substituent effects of five- membered heteroaromatic rings in gas phase ionization,
J. Chem. Soc. B, 1971, 1585. [all data]
Khvostenko, 1962
Khvostenko, V.I.,
Ionisation of thiophen and some of its derivatives by electron impact,
Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1962, 36, 384, In original 197. [all data]
Gol'dfarb, Litvinov, et al., 1963
Gol'dfarb, Y.L.; Litvinov, V.P.; Petukhov, v.A.; Yakovlev, I.P.,
Study in the series of thiphene. Communication 4. On the quantative product distribution obtained during cyclization of 5-ethyl-2-acetonylmercaptothiophene in th epressure of aluminum chloride,
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 1963, 1627-1631. [all data]
Agr, Tesaric, et al., 1973
Agr, X.X.; Tesaric, K.; Janak, J.,
Will be entered later,
J. Chromatogr., 1973, 95, 207-215. [all data]
Agrawal, Tesarík, et al., 1972
Agrawal, B.B.; Tesarík, K.; Janák, J.,
Gas chromatographic characterization of sulphur compounds in the 93-162° gasoline cut from Romashkino crude oil using Kováts retention indices,
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Methven L., Tsoukka M., et al., 2007
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Rochat S., de Saint Laumer J.Y., et al., 2007
Rochat S.; de Saint Laumer J.Y.; Chaintreau A.,
Analysis of sulfur compounds from the in-oven roast beef aroma by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography,
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Condurso, Verzera, et al., 2006
Condurso, C.; Verzera, A.; Romeo, V.; Ziino, M.; Trozzi, A.; Ragusa, S.,
The leaf volatile constituents of Isatis tinctoria by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,
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Bredie, Mottram, et al., 2002
Bredie, W.L.P.; Mottram, D.S.; Guy, R.C.E.,
Effect of temperature and pH on the generation of flavor volatiles in extrusion cooking of wheat flour,
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Elmore, Campo, et al., 2002
Elmore, J.S.; Campo, M.M.; Enser, M.; Mottram, D.S.,
Effect of lipid composition on meat-like model systems containing cysteine, ribose, and polyunsaturated fatty acids,
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Ames, Guy, et al., 2001
Ames, J.M.; Guy, R.C.E.; Kipping, G.J.,
Effect of pH and temperature on the formation of volatile compounds in cysteine/reducing sugar/starch mixtures during extrusion cooking,
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Elmore and Mottram, 2000
Elmore, J.S.; Mottram, D.S.,
Formation of 2-alkyl-(2H)-thiapyrans and 2-Alkylthiophenes in cooked beef and lamb,
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Madruga and Mottram, 1998
Madruga, M.S.; Mottram, D.S.,
The effect of pH on the formation of volatile compounds produced by heating a model system containing 5'-imp and cysteine,
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Misharina, Golovnya, et al., 1993
Misharina, T.A.; Golovnya, R.V.; Beletsky, I.V.,
Sorption properties of heterocyclic compounds differing by heteroatom in capillary gas chromatography,
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Izzo and Ho, 1991
Izzo, H.V.; Ho, C.-T.,
Isolation and identification of the volatile components of an extruded autolyzed yeast extract,
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Zhang and Ho, 1991
Zhang, Y.; Ho, C.-T.,
Comparison of the volatile compounds formed from the thermal reaction of glucose with cysteine and glutathione,
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Elmore, Mottram, et al., 2000
Elmore, J.S.; Mottram, D.S.; Enser, M.; Wood, J.D.,
The effects of diet and breed on the volatile compounds of cooked lamb,
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Elmore, Mottram, et al., 1999
Elmore, J.S.; Mottram, D.S.; Enser, M.; Wood, J.D.,
Effect of the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of beef muscle on the profile of aroma volatiles,
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Mahadevan and Farmer, 2006
Mahadevan, K.; Farmer, L.,
Key Odor Impact Compounds in Three Yeast Extract Pastes,
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Chung, Yung, et al., 2002
Chung, H.-Y.; Yung, I.K.S.; Ma, W.C.J.; Kim, J.-S.,
Analysis of volatile components in frozen and dried scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,
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Notes
Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References
- Symbols used in this document:
AE Appearance energy Tboil Boiling point ΔvapH Enthalpy of vaporization ΔvapH° Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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