Hydrogen chloride
- Formula: ClH
- Molecular weight: 36.461
- IUPAC Standard InChI:
- InChI=1S/ClH/h1H
- Download the identifier in a file.
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 7647-01-0
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Isotopologues:
- Other names: Hydrochloric ccid; Anhydrous hydrochloric acid; Chlorohydric acid; Hydrochloric acid gas; Hydrochloride; Muriatic acid; Salzsaeure; HCl; Hydrochloric acid, anhydrous; Hydrogen-chloride-anhydrous-; Acide chlorhydrique; Acido cloridrico; Chloorwaterstof; Chlorowodor; Chlorwasserstoff; NA 1789; Spirits of salt; UN 1050; UN 1789; UN 2186; Anhydrous hydrogen chloride; Hydrogen chloride (acid); Marine acid; Soldering acid; Spirit of salt; Spirits of salts; Hydrogen chloride (HCl); NSC 77365; Hydrochloric acid
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Reaction thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
MS - José A. Martinho Simões
Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.
Reactions 1 to 50
By formula: Cl- + HCl = (Cl- HCl)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 124. ± 4.2 | kJ/mol | N/A | Metz, Kitsopoulos, et al., 1988 | gas phase; Affinity: shift in apparent EA from lesser-solvated ion. Ignores any neutral-neutral bond.; B |
![]() | 99.6 ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | TDEq | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; B,M |
![]() | 96.7 ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | IMRE | Larson and McMahon, 1984 | gas phase; B,M |
![]() | 99.16 ± 0.84 | kJ/mol | TDAs | Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974 | gas phase; B,M |
![]() | 85.4 | kJ/mol | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; From thermochemical cycle(Cl-)H2O/HCl, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Keesee and Castleman, 1980; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 93.3 | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; switching reaction(Cl-)SO2; M |
![]() | 98.3 | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974 | gas phase; M |
![]() | 98.3 | J/mol*K | N/A | Larson and McMahon, 1984, 2 | gas phase; switching reaction(Cl-)t-C4H9OH, Entropy change calculated or estimated; French, Ikuta, et al., 1982; M |
![]() | 95.4 | J/mol*K | N/A | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; From thermochemical cycle(Cl-)H2O/HCl, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Keesee and Castleman, 1980; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 68.2 ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | IMRE | Larson and McMahon, 1987 | gas phase; K = 0.60 for HCl..Cl- + DCL <=> DCl..Cl- + HCl, anchored to Larson and McMahon, 1984, 32; B |
![]() | 72. ± 11. | kJ/mol | TDEq | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; B |
![]() | 66.9 ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | IMRE | Larson and McMahon, 1984 | gas phase; B,M |
![]() | 69.9 ± 1.3 | kJ/mol | TDAs | Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974 | gas phase; B |
![]() | 56.9 | kJ/mol | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; From thermochemical cycle(Cl-)H2O/HCl, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Keesee and Castleman, 1980; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 1394.9 | kJ/mol | N/A | Martin and Hepburn, 1998 | gas phase; Given: «DELTA»Hacid(0K)=116288.7±0.6 cm-1, or 332.486±0.002 kcal/mol; B |
![]() | 1396. ± 8.8 | kJ/mol | G+TS | Fujio, McIver, et al., 1981 | gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B |
![]() | 1377.0 | kJ/mol | N/A | Check, Faust, et al., 2001 | gas phase; FeCC-(q); ; «DELTA»S(EA)=5.0; B |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 1372.8 ± 0.42 | kJ/mol | H-TS | Martin and Hepburn, 1998 | gas phase; Given: «DELTA»Hacid(0K)=116288.7±0.6 cm-1, or 332.486±0.002 kcal/mol; B |
![]() | 1374. ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | IMRE | Fujio, McIver, et al., 1981 | gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B |
![]() | 1354.4 | kJ/mol | N/A | Check, Faust, et al., 2001 | gas phase; FeCC-(q); ; «DELTA»S(EA)=5.0; B |
By formula: (Cl- HCl) + HCl = (Cl-
2HCl)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 63.60 ± 0.84 | kJ/mol | TDAs | Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974 | gas phase; B,M |
![]() | 58.6 | kJ/mol | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; switching reaction(Cl- HCl)SO2; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 85.4 | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; switching reaction(Cl- HCl)SO2; M |
![]() | 102. | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974 | gas phase; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 33.1 ± 0.84 | kJ/mol | TDAs | Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974 | gas phase; B |
By formula: I- + HCl = (I- HCl)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 61.9 ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | TDAs | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; B,M |
![]() | 59.4 | kJ/mol | HPMS | Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980 | gas phase; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 83.7 | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; M |
![]() | 95.0 | J/mol*K | HPMS | Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980 | gas phase; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 37. ± 11. | kJ/mol | TDAs | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; B |
By formula: HO4S- + HCl = (HO4S- HCl)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 65.7 ± 4.2 | kJ/mol | TDEq | Bohringer, Fahey, et al., 1984 | gas phase; Relative to HOH..HSO4-, Bohringer, Fahey, et al., 1984; B,M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 63.2 | J/mol*K | N/A | Bohringer, Fahey, et al., 1984 | gas phase; switching reaction(HSO4-)H2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 46.9 ± 4.2 | kJ/mol | TDEq | Bohringer, Fahey, et al., 1984 | gas phase; Relative to HOH..HSO4-, Bohringer, Fahey, et al., 1984; B,M |
By formula: (Cl- HCl
H2O) + HCl = (Cl-
2HCl
H2O)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 51.5 | kJ/mol | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; From thermochemical cycle,switching reaction(Cl- H2O) HCl, deuterated; Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 87.4 | J/mol*K | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; From thermochemical cycle,switching reaction(Cl- H2O) HCl, deuterated; Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974; M |
By formula: (Cl- 2H2O) + HCl = (Cl-
HCl
2H2O)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 54.4 | kJ/mol | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; From thermochemical cycle(Cl- 2H2O)H2O, deuterated; Keesee and Castleman, 1980; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 90.8 | J/mol*K | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; From thermochemical cycle(Cl- 2H2O)H2O, deuterated; Keesee and Castleman, 1980; M |
By formula: (Br- O2S) + HCl = (Br-
HCl
O2S)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 93.7 | kJ/mol | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; From thermochemical cycle,switching reaction(Br-)SO2; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 77.8 | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; From thermochemical cycle,switching reaction(Br-)SO2; M |
By formula: Br- + HCl = (Br- HCl)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 82.0 ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | TDEq | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; B,M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 92.0 | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; switching reaction(Br-)SO2; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 54. ± 11. | kJ/mol | TDEq | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; B |
By formula: (Cl- 2HCl) + HCl = (Cl-
3HCl)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 49.0 ± 1.3 | kJ/mol | TDAs | Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974 | gas phase; B,M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 97.9 | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974 | gas phase; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 19.7 ± 1.3 | kJ/mol | TDAs | Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974 | gas phase; B |
By formula: (Cl- 3HCl) + HCl = (Cl-
4HCl)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 43.1 ± 2.9 | kJ/mol | TDAs | Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974 | gas phase; B,M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 112. | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974 | gas phase; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 9.6 ± 4.2 | kJ/mol | TDAs | Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974 | gas phase; B |
By formula: (Cl- 2HCl) + H2O = (Cl-
H2O
2HCl)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 32. | kJ/mol | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; deuterated, quoted in Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 63.6 | J/mol*K | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; deuterated, quoted in Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M |
By formula: (Cl- HCl) + H2O = (Cl-
H2O
HCl)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 43.9 | kJ/mol | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; deuterated, quoted in Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 78.2 | J/mol*K | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; deuterated, quoted in Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M |
By formula: C2H3ClO + H2O = C2H4O2 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -94.47 | kJ/mol | Cm | Devore and O'Neal, 1969 | liquid phase; Heat of hydrolysis; ALS |
![]() | -92.30 | kJ/mol | Cm | Pritchard and Skinner, 1950 | liquid phase; Heat of hydrolysis at 298 K, see Carson and Skinner, 1949; ALS |
![]() | -92.42 | kJ/mol | Cm | Carson and Skinner, 1949 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: (Cl- H2O
HCl) + H2O = (Cl-
2H2O
HCl)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 40. | kJ/mol | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; deuterated, quoted in 86 KEE/CAS; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 85.4 | J/mol*K | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; deuterated, quoted in 86 KEE/CAS; M |
By formula: (Cl- O2S) + HCl = (Cl-
HCl
O2S)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 58.2 | kJ/mol | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 80.3 | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; M |
By formula: C2H4Cl2 = C2H3Cl + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 50.6 ± 4.2 | kJ/mol | Cm | Buravtsev, Grigor'ev, et al., 1992 | gas phase; ALS |
![]() | 82.0 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | liquid phase; ALS |
![]() | 68.2 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | gas phase; ALS |
![]() | 67.95 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Ghosh and Guha, 1951 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: (Br- HCl) + HCl = (Br-
2HCl)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 52.3 | kJ/mol | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; switching reaction(Br-)SO2; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 77.0 | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; switching reaction(Br-)SO2; M |
By formula: C2H5Cl = C2H4 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 92.0 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | liquid phase; ALS |
![]() | 71.5 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | gas phase; ALS |
![]() | 72.6 ± 2.1 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Howlett, 1955 | gas phase; ALS |
![]() | 71.5 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Lane, Linnett, et al., 1953 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: C2H3Cl3 = C2H2Cl2 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 56.9 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | liquid phase; ALS |
![]() | 49.0 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | gas phase; ALS |
![]() | 56.9 ± 2.1 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Treger, et al., 1975 | liquid phase; solvent: Nitrobenzene; Flow reactor at 50°C; ALS |
By formula: H2O + C7H5ClO = C7H6O2 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -34.04 ± 0.21 | kJ/mol | Cm | Moselhy and Pritchard, 1975 | liquid phase; solvent: Diphenyl-ether; see Carson, Pritchard, et al., 1950 and Davies, Dunning, et al., 1972; ALS |
![]() | -101.9 | kJ/mol | Cm | Carson, Pritchard, et al., 1950 | liquid phase; Heat of hydrolysis; ALS |
By formula: C3H7Cl = C3H6 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 72.4 ± 0.8 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Noren and Sunner, 1970 | gas phase; ALS |
![]() | 73.72 ± 0.63 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Kabo and Andreevskii, 1963 | gas phase; At 415.5 K; ALS |
![]() | 73.0 ± 2.1 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Howlett, 1955 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: C4H9Cl = C4H8 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 74. ± 2. | kJ/mol | Eqk | Howlett, 1955 | gas phase; ALS |
![]() | 74.06 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Howlett, 1951 | gas phase; Hf-gas-(390) -44.4 kcal/mol; ALS |
![]() | 72. ± 2. | kJ/mol | Eqk | Kistiakowsky and Stauffer, 1937 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: HCl + C9H10 = C9H11Cl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -36.8 ± 1.9 | kJ/mol | Cm | Arnett and Pienta, 1980 | liquid phase; solvent: Methylene chloride; Hydrochlorination; ALS |
![]() | -51.9 ± 4.6 | kJ/mol | Cm | Nesterova, Kovzel, et al., 1977 | liquid phase; Hydrochlorination; ALS |
By formula: (Cl- H2O) + HCl = (Cl-
HCl
H2O)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 66.9 | kJ/mol | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 91.2 | J/mol*K | HPMS | Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986 | gas phase; M |
By formula: CH3+ + HCl = (CH3+ HCl)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 216. | kJ/mol | PHPMS | McMahon, Heinis, et al., 1988 | gas phase; switching reaction(CH3+)N2, Entropy change calculated or estimated, uses MCA(N2) = 202. kJ/mol; Foster, Williamson, et al., 1974; M |
By formula: C3H6Cl2 = C3H5Cl + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 65.1 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Rodova, et al., 1983 | liquid phase; Flow reactor; ALS |
![]() | 59.8 ± 0.8 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Shevtsova, Rozhnov, et al., 1970 | gas phase; Heat of Dehydrochlorination at 392 K; ALS |
By formula: C2H4Cl2 + 2H2 = C2H6 + 2HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -143.0 ± 0.96 | kJ/mol | Chyd | Lacher, Amador, et al., 1967 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -147.77 ± 0.50 kJ/mol; At 250 C; ALS |
By formula: 2H2 + C3H6Cl2 = C3H8 + 2HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -126.5 ± 1.1 | kJ/mol | Chyd | Lacher, Amador, et al., 1967 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -130.60 ± 0.54 kJ/mol; At 250 C; ALS |
By formula: 2H2 + CH2Cl2 = CH4 + 2HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -163.4 ± 1.3 | kJ/mol | Chyd | Lacher, Amador, et al., 1967 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -167.7 ± 1.3 kJ/mol; At 250 C; ALS |
By formula: 2H2 + C2H4Cl2 = C2H6 + 2HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -140.8 ± 1.0 | kJ/mol | Chyd | Lacher, Amador, et al., 1967 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -145.0 ± 0.50 kJ/mol; At 250C; ALS |
By formula: C4H8Cl2 = C4H7Cl + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -8.79 ± 0.08 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Rozhnov, et al., 1972 | gas phase; At 568 K; ALS |
![]() | 55.2 ± 0.3 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Rozhnov, et al., 1972 | gas phase; At 404.5 K; ALS |
By formula: C4H8Cl2 = C4H7Cl + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -14. ± 0.08 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Rozhnov, et al., 1972 | gas phase; At 568 K; ALS |
![]() | 5.0 ± 0.3 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Rozhnov, et al., 1972 | gas phase; At 404.5 K; ALS |
By formula: 2H2 + C2ClF3 = C2H3F3 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -267.7 ± 2.1 | kJ/mol | Chyd | Lacher, Kianpour, et al., 1956 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -271.6 kJ/mol; At 410 K; ALS |
By formula: (Cl- HCl) + O2S = (Cl-
O2S
HCl)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 51.5 | kJ/mol | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 77.4 | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; M |
By formula: (Br- HCl) + O2S = (Br-
O2S
HCl)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 50.6 | kJ/mol | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 77.8 | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985 | gas phase; M |
By formula: C4H8Cl2 = C4H7Cl + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 69.0 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Rodova, et al., 1974 | gas phase; ALS |
![]() | 66.53 ± 0.92 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Rodova, Levanova, et al., 1973 | gas phase; At 454 K; ALS |
By formula: C4H9ClO = C4H8O + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 68.2 ± 2.1 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Failes and Stimson, 1967 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = 69.0 kJ/mol; At 450 K; ALS |
By formula: C2H2Cl4 = HCl + C2HCl3
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 43.9 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | gas phase; ALS |
![]() | 45.40 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1976 | liquid phase; At 333 K; ALS |
By formula: C2HCl5 = C2Cl4 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 45.1 ± 4.5 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | liquid phase; GC; ALS |
![]() | 39. | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | gas phase; ALS |
2 (g) +
(l) = AlCl3 (cr) + 2
(g)
By formula: 2HCl (g) + C4H10AlCl (l) = AlCl3 (cr) + 2C2H6 (g)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -265.0 ± 3.3 | kJ/mol | RSC | Shaulov and Shmyreva, 1968 | The reaction enthalpy was derived from data in Shaulov and Shmyreva, 1968.; MS |
By formula: C5H10Cl2 = C5H9Cl + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 68. ± 1. | kJ/mol | Eqk | Meged, Levanova, et al., 1980 | gas phase; ALS |
![]() | 68.2 ± 4.2 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Meged, Levanova, et al., 1980 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: F- + HCl = (F- HCl)
Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 250. ± 8. | kJ/mol | ICR | Larson and McMahon, 1985 | gas phase; bracketing; M |
By formula: C4H8Cl2 = C4H7Cl + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 61.1 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Rodova, et al., 1974 | gas phase; ALS |
![]() | 61.1 ± 0.4 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Rodova, Shevtsova, et al., 1974 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: Na+ + HCl = (Na+ HCl)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 51.0 | kJ/mol | FA | Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980 | gas phase; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
![]() | 85.4 | J/mol*K | FA | Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980 | gas phase; M |
By formula: C2H4Cl2 = C2H3Cl + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 74.5 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | liquid phase; ALS |
![]() | 61.9 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: C2H3Cl3 = C2H2Cl2 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 51.5 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | gas phase; ALS |
![]() | 65.3 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: C2H2Cl4 = HCl + C2HCl3
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 55.2 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | liquid phase; ALS |
![]() | 44.8 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979 | gas phase; ALS |
C30H28Fe2Ti (cr) + 2(
4.40
) (solution) = 2
(cr) +
(cr)
By formula: C30H28Fe2Ti (cr) + 2(HCl 4.40H2O) (solution) = 2C10H10Fe (cr) + C10H10Cl2Ti (cr)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -253.5 ± 4.5 | kJ/mol | RSC | Dias, Salema, et al., 1982 | Please also see Calhorda, Dias, et al., 1987.; MS |
By formula: C7H4Cl2O + H2O = C7H5ClO2 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | -39.8 ± 0.3 | kJ/mol | Cm | Moselhy and Pritchard, 1975 | liquid phase; solvent: Diphenyl-ether; Heat of hydrolysis; ALS |
References
Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Metz, Kitsopoulos, et al., 1988
Metz, R.B.; Kitsopoulos, T.; Weaver, A.; Neumark, D.M.,
Study of the Transition State Region in the Cl+HCl Reaction by Photoelectron Spectroscopy of ClHCl-,
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Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985
Caldwell, G.; Kebarle, P.,
The hydrogen bond energies of the bihalide ions XHX- and YHX-,
Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 1399. [all data]
Larson and McMahon, 1984
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B.,
Hydrogen bonding in gas phase anions. An experimental investigation of the interaction between chloride ion and bronsted acids from ICR chloride exchange equilibria,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 517. [all data]
Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974
Yamdagni, R.; Kebarle, P.,
The hydrogen bond energies in ClHCl- and Cl-(HCl)n,
Can. J. Chem., 1974, 52, 2449. [all data]
Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986
Upschulte, B.L.; Evans, D.H.; Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W.,
Unpublished results, referred to in Keesee and Castleman, 1986, 1986. [all data]
Keesee and Castleman, 1980
Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Jr.,
Gas phase studies of hydration complexes of Cl- and I- and comparison to electrostatic calculations in the gas phase,
Chem. Phys. Lett., 1980, 74, 139. [all data]
Larson and McMahon, 1984, 2
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B.,
Gas phase negative ion chemistry of alkylchloroformates,
Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 675. [all data]
French, Ikuta, et al., 1982
French, M.A.; Ikuta, S.; Kebarle, P.,
Hydrogen bonding of O-H and C-H hydrogen donors to Cl-. Results from mass spectrometric measurement of the ion-molecule equilibria RH + Cl- = RHCl-,
Can. J. Chem., 1982, 60, 1907. [all data]
Larson and McMahon, 1987
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B.,
Isotope Effects in Proton Transfer Reactions. An Ion Cyclotron Resonance Determination of the Equilibrium Deuterium Isotope Effect in the Bichloride Ion,
J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 3, 554, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100287a013
. [all data]
Larson and McMahon, 1984, 3
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B.,
Fluoride and chloride affinities of main group oxides, fluorides, oxofluorides, and alkyls. Quantitative scales of lewis acidities from ion cyclotron resonance halide-exchange equilibria,
J. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, 1083. [all data]
Martin and Hepburn, 1998
Martin, J.D.D.; Hepburn, J.W.,
Determination of bond dissociation energies by threshold ion-pair production spectroscopy: An improved D-0(HCl),
J. Chem. Phys., 1998, 109, 19, 8139-8142, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.477476
. [all data]
Fujio, McIver, et al., 1981
Fujio, M.; McIver, R.T., Jr.; Taft, R.W.,
Effects on the acidities of phenols from specific substituent-solvent interactions. Inherent substituent parameters from gas phase acidities,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 4017. [all data]
Check, Faust, et al., 2001
Check, C.E.; Faust, T.O.; Bailey, J.M.; Wright, B.J.; Gilbert, T.M.; Sunderlin, L.S.,
Addition of Polarization and Diffuse Functions to the LANL2DZ Basis Set for P-Block Elements,
J. Phys. Chem. A,, 2001, 105, 34, 8111, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp011945l
. [all data]
Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980
Keesee, R.G.; Lee, N.; Castleman, A.W., Jr.,
Properties of clusters in the gas phase: V. Complexes of neutral molecules onto negative ions,
J. Chem. Phys., 1980, 73, 2195. [all data]
Bohringer, Fahey, et al., 1984
Bohringer, H.; Fahey, D.W.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Ferguson, E.E.,
Bond energies of the molecules H2O, SO2, H2O2, and HCl to various atmospheric negative ions,
J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 81, 2805. [all data]
Keesee and Castleman, 1986
Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Jr.,
Thermochemical data on Ggs-phase ion-molecule association and clustering reactions,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1986, 15, 1011. [all data]
Devore and O'Neal, 1969
Devore, J.A.; O'Neal, H.E.,
Heats of formation of the acetyl halides and of the acetyl radical,
J. Phys. Chem., 1969, 73, 2644-2648. [all data]
Pritchard and Skinner, 1950
Pritchard, H.O.; Skinner, H.A.,
The heats of hydrolysis of the chloro-substituted acetyl chlorides,
J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 272-276. [all data]
Carson and Skinner, 1949
Carson, A.S.; Skinner, H.A.,
201. Carbon-halogen bond energies in the acetyl halides,
J. Chem. Soc., 1949, 936-939. [all data]
Buravtsev, Grigor'ev, et al., 1992
Buravtsev, N.N.; Grigor'ev, A.S.; Zaidman, O.A.; Kolbanovskii, Yu.A.; Markelov, M.YU.; Sadogurskii, M.N.; Treger, Yu.A.,
Dehydrochlorination of chloroalkanes under rigid homogeneous conditions. II. Effect of small additions of oxygen to the kinetics of high-temperature decomposition of 1,2-dichloroethane under adiabatic compression,
Khim. Fiz., 1992, 11, 218-226. [all data]
Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979
Levanova, s.V.; Bushneva, I.I.; Rodova, R.M.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Treger, Yu.A.; Aprelkin, A.S.,
Thermodynamic stability of chloroethanes in dehydrochlorination reactions,
J. Appl. Chem. USSR, 1979, 52, 1439-1442. [all data]
Ghosh and Guha, 1951
Ghosh, J.C.; Guha, S.R.D.,
Catalytic dehydrochlorination of ethylene dichloride,
Petroleum (London), 1951, 14, 261-264. [all data]
Howlett, 1955
Howlett, K.E.,
The use of equilibrium constants to calculate thermodynamic quantities. Part II,
J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 1784-17. [all data]
Lane, Linnett, et al., 1953
Lane, M.R.; Linnett, J.W.; Oswin, H.G.,
A study of the C2H4+HCl=C2H5Cl and C2H4+Hbr=C2H5Br equilibria,
Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, 1953, 216, 361-374. [all data]
Levanova, Treger, et al., 1975
Levanova, S.V.; Treger, Yu.A.; Velichko, S.M.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Bshneva, L.I.; Talanov, A.I.,
Equilibrium of the vinylidene chloride-methylchloroform system,
Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Leningrad), 1975, 42, 480-481. [all data]
Moselhy and Pritchard, 1975
Moselhy, G.M.; Pritchard, H.O.,
The thermochemistry of the chloro-benzoyl chlorides,
J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1975, 7, 977-982. [all data]
Carson, Pritchard, et al., 1950
Carson, A.S.; Pritchard, H.O.; Skinner, H.A.,
The heats of hydrolysis of the benzoyl halides,
J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 656-659. [all data]
Davies, Dunning, et al., 1972
Davies, J.V.; Dunning, B.K.; Pritchard, H.O.,
The enthalpy of formation of benzoyl chloride,
J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1972, 4, 731-737. [all data]
Noren and Sunner, 1970
Noren, I.; Sunner, S.,
The enthalpy of formation of 2-chloropropane from equilibrium studies,
J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1970, 2, 597-602. [all data]
Kabo and Andreevskii, 1963
Kabo, G.Ya.; Andreevskii, D.N.,
Equilibrium of 2-chloropropane dehydrochlorination,
Neftekhimiya, 1963, 3, 764-770. [all data]
Howlett, 1951
Howlett, K.E.,
The use of equilibrium constants to calculate thermodynamic quantities. Part I. Equilibria in the system tert.-butyl chloride, isobutene, hydrogen chloride,
J. Chem. Soc., 1951, 1409-1412. [all data]
Kistiakowsky and Stauffer, 1937
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Stauffer, C.H.,
The kinetics of gaseous addition of halogen acids to isobutene, 1937, 165-170. [all data]
Arnett and Pienta, 1980
Arnett, E.M.; Pienta, N.J.,
Stabilities of carbonium ions in solution. 12. Heats of formation of alkyl chlorides as an entree to heats of solvation of aliphatic carbonium ions,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 3329-3334. [all data]
Nesterova, Kovzel, et al., 1977
Nesterova, T.N.; Kovzel, E.N.; Karaseva, S.Ya.; Rozhnov, A.M.,
Heats of reaction of the hydrohalogenation of styrene and «alpha»-methylstyrene,
Vses. Konf. Kalorim. Rasshir. Tezisy Dokl. 7th, 1977, 1, 132. [all data]
McMahon, Heinis, et al., 1988
McMahon, T.; Heinis, T.; Nicol, G.; Hovey, J.K.; Kebarle, P.,
Methyl Cation Affinities,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 23, 7591, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00231a002
. [all data]
Foster, Williamson, et al., 1974
Foster, M.S.; Williamson, A.D.; Beauchamp, J.L.,
Photoionization mass spectrometry of trans-azomethane,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1974, 15, 429. [all data]
Levanova, Rodova, et al., 1983
Levanova, S.V.; Rodova, R.M.; Tereshkina, T.P.; Zabrodina, T.I.,
Thermocatalytic reactions of bromochloropropanes,
Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1983, 57, 1142-1146. [all data]
Shevtsova, Rozhnov, et al., 1970
Shevtsova, L.A.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Andreevskii, D.N.,
Equilibrium Dehydrochlorination of 2,2-dichloropropane,
Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1970, 44, 852-855. [all data]
Lacher, Amador, et al., 1967
Lacher, J.R.; Amador, A.; Park, J.D.,
Reaction heats of organic compounds. Part 5.-Heats of hydrogenation of dichloromethane, 1,1- and 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dichloropropane,
Trans. Faraday Soc., 1967, 63, 1608-1611. [all data]
Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G.,
Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]
Levanova, Rozhnov, et al., 1972
Levanova, S.V.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Bortnik, O.K.,
Isomerization of dibromoethylenes,
Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 1972, 15, 1821-1823. [all data]
Lacher, Kianpour, et al., 1956
Lacher, J.R.; Kianpour, A.; Oetting, F.; Park, J.D.,
Reaction calorimetry. The hydrogenation of organic fluorides and chlorides,
Trans. Faraday Soc., 1956, 52, 1500-1508. [all data]
Levanova, Rodova, et al., 1974
Levanova, S.V.; Rodova, R.M.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Shevtsova, L.A.,
Thermodynamic calculation of the equilibrium composition of chlorobutene mixtures,
Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1974, 48, 1113-1114. [all data]
Rodova, Levanova, et al., 1973
Rodova, R.M.; Levanova, S.V.; Shevtsova, L.A.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Porfir'eva, E.I.,
Reversible reactions of 2,3-dichlorobutane,
Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1973, 47, 607. [all data]
Failes and Stimson, 1967
Failes, R.L.; Stimson, V.R.,
The thermal decomposition of 1-ethoxyethyl chloride and the reverse combination,
Aust. J. Chem., 1967, 20, 1553-1560. [all data]
Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1976
Levanova, S.V.; Bushneva, L.I.; Rodova, R.M.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Treger, Yu.A.,
Liquid-phase dehydrochlorination of asymmetric tetrachloroethane,
Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1976, 50, 2701-2702. [all data]
Shaulov and Shmyreva, 1968
Shaulov, Yu.Kh.; Shmyreva, G.O.,
Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1968, 42, 1008. [all data]
Meged, Levanova, et al., 1980
Meged, V.M.; Levanova, S.V.; Rozhnov, A.M.,
Dehydrohalogenation of dihalomethylbutanes. 2.,
Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 1980, 23, 149-151. [all data]
Larson and McMahon, 1985
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B.,
Fluoride and chloride affinities of the main group oxides, fluorides, oxofluorides, and alkyls. Quantitative scales of lewis acidities from ICR halide exchange equilibria,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107, 766. [all data]
Rodova, Shevtsova, et al., 1974
Rodova, R.M.; Shevtsova, L.A.; Levanova, S.V.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Garkushin, I.K.,
Dehydrochlorination of 1,1-dichlorobutane and isomerization of chlorobutenes,
Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 1974, 17, 379-381. [all data]
Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980
Perry, R.A.; Rowe, B.R.; Viggiano, A.A.; Albritton, D.L.; Ferguson, E.E.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.,
Laboratory Measurements of Stratospheric Sodium Ion Measurements,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 1980, 7, 9, 693, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL007i009p00693
. [all data]
Dias, Salema, et al., 1982
Dias, A.R.; Salema, M.S.; Martinho Simões, J.A.,
Organometallics, 1982, 1, 971. [all data]
Calhorda, Dias, et al., 1987
Calhorda, M.J.; Dias, A.R.; Minas da Piedade M.E.; Salema, M.S.; Martinho Simões J.A.,
Organometallics, 1987, 6, 734. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, References
- Symbols used in this document:
rG°
Free energy of reaction at standard conditions rH°
Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions rS°
Entropy of reaction at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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