Hydrogen chloride

• Formula: ClH
• Molecular weight: 36.461
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/ClH/h1H Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 7647-01-0
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Isotopologues:
  • Hydrochloric acid-d
• Other names: Hydrochloric ccid; Anhydrous hydrochloric acid; Chlorohydric acid; Hydrochloric acid gas; Hydrochloride; Muriatic acid; Salzsaeure; HCl; Hydrochloric acid, anhydrous; Hydrogen-chloride-anhydrous-; Acide chlorhydrique; Acido cloridrico; Chloorwaterstof; Chlorowodor; Chlorwasserstoff; NA 1789; Spirits of salt; UN 1050; UN 1789; UN 2186; Anhydrous hydrogen chloride; Hydrogen chloride (acid); Marine acid; Soldering acid; Spirit of salt; Spirits of salts; Hydrogen chloride (HCl); NSC 77365; Hydrochloric acid
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Reaction thermochemistry data (reactions 1 to 50)
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data: reactions 51 to 100, reactions 101 to 150, reactions 151 to 158
  • Henry's Law data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • Constants of diatomic molecules
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Microwave spectra (on physics lab web site)
  • Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
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Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
MS - José A. Martinho Simões

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Reactions 1 to 50

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cl^- + HCl = (Cl^- • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  =

By formula: Cl^- + H⁺ = HCl

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • HCl) + HCl = (Cl^- • 2HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: I^- + HCl = (I^- • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

HO₄S^- +  = (HO₄S^- • )

By formula: HO₄S^- + HCl = (HO₄S^- • HCl)

( •  • ) +  = ( • 2 • )

By formula: (Cl^- • HCl • H₂O) + HCl = (Cl^- • 2HCl • H₂O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • 2) +  = ( •  • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2H₂O) + HCl = (Cl^- • HCl • 2H₂O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Br^- • O₂S) + HCl = (Br^- • HCl • O₂S)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + HCl = (Br^- • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • 2) +  = ( • 3)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2HCl) + HCl = (Cl^- • 3HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • 3) +  = ( • 4)

By formula: (Cl^- • 3HCl) + HCl = (Cl^- • 4HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • 2) +  = ( •  • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2HCl) + H₂O = (Cl^- • H₂O • 2HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Cl^- • HCl) + H₂O = (Cl^- • H₂O • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₂H₃ClO + H₂O = C₂H₄O₂ + HCl

( •  • ) +  = ( • 2 • )

By formula: (Cl^- • H₂O • HCl) + H₂O = (Cl^- • 2H₂O • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Cl^- • O₂S) + HCl = (Cl^- • HCl • O₂S)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₄Cl₂ = C₂H₃Cl + HCl

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Br^- • HCl) + HCl = (Br^- • 2HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₅Cl = C₂H₄ + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₃Cl₃ = C₂H₂Cl₂ + HCl

 +  =  + 

By formula: H₂O + C₇H₅ClO = C₇H₆O₂ + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₃H₇Cl = C₃H₆ + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₄H₉Cl = C₄H₈ + HCl

 +  =

By formula: HCl + C₉H₁₀ = C₉H₁₁Cl

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Cl^- • H₂O) + HCl = (Cl^- • HCl • H₂O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: CH₃⁺ + HCl = (CH₃⁺ • HCl)

=  + 

By formula: C₃H₆Cl₂ = C₃H₅Cl + HCl

 + 2 =  + 2

By formula: C₂H₄Cl₂ + 2H₂ = C₂H₆ + 2HCl

2 +  =  + 2

By formula: 2H₂ + C₃H₆Cl₂ = C₃H₈ + 2HCl

2 +  =  + 2

By formula: 2H₂ + CH₂Cl₂ = CH₄ + 2HCl

2 +  =  + 2

By formula: 2H₂ + C₂H₄Cl₂ = C₂H₆ + 2HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₄H₈Cl₂ = C₄H₇Cl + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₄H₈Cl₂ = C₄H₇Cl + HCl

2 +  =  + 

By formula: 2H₂ + C₂ClF₃ = C₂H₃F₃ + HCl

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Cl^- • HCl) + O₂S = (Cl^- • O₂S • HCl)

( • ) +  = ( •  • )

By formula: (Br^- • HCl) + O₂S = (Br^- • O₂S • HCl)

=  + 

By formula: C₄H₈Cl₂ = C₄H₇Cl + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₄H₉ClO = C₄H₈O + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₂Cl₄ = HCl + C₂HCl₃

=  + 

By formula: C₂HCl₅ = C₂Cl₄ + HCl

2 (g) +  (l) = AlCl₃ (cr) + 2 (g)

By formula: 2HCl (g) + C₄H₁₀AlCl (l) = AlCl₃ (cr) + 2C₂H₆ (g)

=  + 

By formula: C₅H₁₀Cl₂ = C₅H₉Cl + HCl

 +  = ( • )

By formula: F^- + HCl = (F^- • HCl)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (negative ion to hydride)

=  + 

By formula: C₄H₈Cl₂ = C₄H₇Cl + HCl

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + HCl = (Na⁺ • HCl)

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₄Cl₂ = C₂H₃Cl + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₃Cl₃ = C₂H₂Cl₂ + HCl

=  + 

By formula: C₂H₂Cl₄ = HCl + C₂HCl₃

C₃₀H₂₈Fe₂Ti (cr) + 2( • 4.40) (solution) = 2 (cr) +  (cr)

By formula: C₃₀H₂₈Fe₂Ti (cr) + 2(HCl • 4.40H₂O) (solution) = 2C₁₀H₁₀Fe (cr) + C₁₀H₁₀Cl₂Ti (cr)

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₇H₄Cl₂O + H₂O = C₇H₅ClO₂ + HCl

References

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Metz, Kitsopoulos, et al., 1988
Metz, R.B.; Kitsopoulos, T.; Weaver, A.; Neumark, D.M., Study of the Transition State Region in the Cl+HCl Reaction by Photoelectron Spectroscopy of ClHCl-, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 88, 2, 1463, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.454218 . [all data]

Caldwell and Kebarle, 1985
Caldwell, G.; Kebarle, P., The hydrogen bond energies of the bihalide ions XHX- and YHX-, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 1399. [all data]

Larson and McMahon, 1984
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Hydrogen bonding in gas phase anions. An experimental investigation of the interaction between chloride ion and bronsted acids from ICR chloride exchange equilibria, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 517. [all data]

Yamdagni and Kebarle, 1974
Yamdagni, R.; Kebarle, P., The hydrogen bond energies in ClHCl- and Cl-(HCl)n, Can. J. Chem., 1974, 52, 2449. [all data]

Upschulte, Evans, et al., 1986
Upschulte, B.L.; Evans, D.H.; Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Unpublished results, referred to in Keesee and Castleman, 1986, 1986. [all data]

Keesee and Castleman, 1980
Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Gas phase studies of hydration complexes of Cl- and I- and comparison to electrostatic calculations in the gas phase, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1980, 74, 139. [all data]

Larson and McMahon, 1984, 2
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Gas phase negative ion chemistry of alkylchloroformates, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 675. [all data]

French, Ikuta, et al., 1982
French, M.A.; Ikuta, S.; Kebarle, P., Hydrogen bonding of O-H and C-H hydrogen donors to Cl^-. Results from mass spectrometric measurement of the ion-molecule equilibria RH + Cl^- = RHCl^-, Can. J. Chem., 1982, 60, 1907. [all data]

Larson and McMahon, 1987
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Isotope Effects in Proton Transfer Reactions. An Ion Cyclotron Resonance Determination of the Equilibrium Deuterium Isotope Effect in the Bichloride Ion, J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 3, 554, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100287a013 . [all data]

Larson and McMahon, 1984, 3
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Fluoride and chloride affinities of main group oxides, fluorides, oxofluorides, and alkyls. Quantitative scales of lewis acidities from ion cyclotron resonance halide-exchange equilibria, J. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, 1083. [all data]

Martin and Hepburn, 1998
Martin, J.D.D.; Hepburn, J.W., Determination of bond dissociation energies by threshold ion-pair production spectroscopy: An improved D-0(HCl), J. Chem. Phys., 1998, 109, 19, 8139-8142, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.477476 . [all data]

Fujio, McIver, et al., 1981
Fujio, M.; McIver, R.T., Jr.; Taft, R.W., Effects on the acidities of phenols from specific substituent-solvent interactions. Inherent substituent parameters from gas phase acidities, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 4017. [all data]

Check, Faust, et al., 2001
Check, C.E.; Faust, T.O.; Bailey, J.M.; Wright, B.J.; Gilbert, T.M.; Sunderlin, L.S., Addition of Polarization and Diffuse Functions to the LANL2DZ Basis Set for P-Block Elements, J. Phys. Chem. A,, 2001, 105, 34, 8111, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp011945l . [all data]

Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980
Keesee, R.G.; Lee, N.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Properties of clusters in the gas phase: V. Complexes of neutral molecules onto negative ions, J. Chem. Phys., 1980, 73, 2195. [all data]

Bohringer, Fahey, et al., 1984
Bohringer, H.; Fahey, D.W.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Ferguson, E.E., Bond energies of the molecules H₂O, SO₂, H₂O₂, and HCl to various atmospheric negative ions, J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 81, 2805. [all data]

Keesee and Castleman, 1986
Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Thermochemical data on Ggs-phase ion-molecule association and clustering reactions, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1986, 15, 1011. [all data]

Devore and O'Neal, 1969
Devore, J.A.; O'Neal, H.E., Heats of formation of the acetyl halides and of the acetyl radical, J. Phys. Chem., 1969, 73, 2644-2648. [all data]

Pritchard and Skinner, 1950
Pritchard, H.O.; Skinner, H.A., The heats of hydrolysis of the chloro-substituted acetyl chlorides, J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 272-276. [all data]

Carson and Skinner, 1949
Carson, A.S.; Skinner, H.A., 201. Carbon-halogen bond energies in the acetyl halides, J. Chem. Soc., 1949, 936-939. [all data]

Buravtsev, Grigor'ev, et al., 1992
Buravtsev, N.N.; Grigor'ev, A.S.; Zaidman, O.A.; Kolbanovskii, Yu.A.; Markelov, M.YU.; Sadogurskii, M.N.; Treger, Yu.A., Dehydrochlorination of chloroalkanes under rigid homogeneous conditions. II. Effect of small additions of oxygen to the kinetics of high-temperature decomposition of 1,2-dichloroethane under adiabatic compression, Khim. Fiz., 1992, 11, 218-226. [all data]

Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979
Levanova, s.V.; Bushneva, I.I.; Rodova, R.M.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Treger, Yu.A.; Aprelkin, A.S., Thermodynamic stability of chloroethanes in dehydrochlorination reactions, J. Appl. Chem. USSR, 1979, 52, 1439-1442. [all data]

Ghosh and Guha, 1951
Ghosh, J.C.; Guha, S.R.D., Catalytic dehydrochlorination of ethylene dichloride, Petroleum (London), 1951, 14, 261-264. [all data]

Howlett, 1955
Howlett, K.E., The use of equilibrium constants to calculate thermodynamic quantities. Part II, J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 1784-17. [all data]

Lane, Linnett, et al., 1953
Lane, M.R.; Linnett, J.W.; Oswin, H.G., A study of the C₂H₄+HCl=C₂H₅Cl and C2H4+Hbr=C2H5Br equilibria, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, 1953, 216, 361-374. [all data]

Levanova, Treger, et al., 1975
Levanova, S.V.; Treger, Yu.A.; Velichko, S.M.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Bshneva, L.I.; Talanov, A.I., Equilibrium of the vinylidene chloride-methylchloroform system, Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Leningrad), 1975, 42, 480-481. [all data]

Moselhy and Pritchard, 1975
Moselhy, G.M.; Pritchard, H.O., The thermochemistry of the chloro-benzoyl chlorides, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1975, 7, 977-982. [all data]

Carson, Pritchard, et al., 1950
Carson, A.S.; Pritchard, H.O.; Skinner, H.A., The heats of hydrolysis of the benzoyl halides, J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 656-659. [all data]

Davies, Dunning, et al., 1972
Davies, J.V.; Dunning, B.K.; Pritchard, H.O., The enthalpy of formation of benzoyl chloride, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1972, 4, 731-737. [all data]

Noren and Sunner, 1970
Noren, I.; Sunner, S., The enthalpy of formation of 2-chloropropane from equilibrium studies, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1970, 2, 597-602. [all data]

Kabo and Andreevskii, 1963
Kabo, G.Ya.; Andreevskii, D.N., Equilibrium of 2-chloropropane dehydrochlorination, Neftekhimiya, 1963, 3, 764-770. [all data]

Howlett, 1951
Howlett, K.E., The use of equilibrium constants to calculate thermodynamic quantities. Part I. Equilibria in the system tert.-butyl chloride, isobutene, hydrogen chloride, J. Chem. Soc., 1951, 1409-1412. [all data]

Kistiakowsky and Stauffer, 1937
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Stauffer, C.H., The kinetics of gaseous addition of halogen acids to isobutene, 1937, 165-170. [all data]

Arnett and Pienta, 1980
Arnett, E.M.; Pienta, N.J., Stabilities of carbonium ions in solution. 12. Heats of formation of alkyl chlorides as an entree to heats of solvation of aliphatic carbonium ions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 3329-3334. [all data]

Nesterova, Kovzel, et al., 1977
Nesterova, T.N.; Kovzel, E.N.; Karaseva, S.Ya.; Rozhnov, A.M., Heats of reaction of the hydrohalogenation of styrene and α-methylstyrene, Vses. Konf. Kalorim. Rasshir. Tezisy Dokl. 7th, 1977, 1, 132. [all data]

McMahon, Heinis, et al., 1988
McMahon, T.; Heinis, T.; Nicol, G.; Hovey, J.K.; Kebarle, P., Methyl Cation Affinities, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 23, 7591, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00231a002 . [all data]

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Foster, M.S.; Williamson, A.D.; Beauchamp, J.L., Photoionization mass spectrometry of trans-azomethane, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1974, 15, 429. [all data]

Levanova, Rodova, et al., 1983
Levanova, S.V.; Rodova, R.M.; Tereshkina, T.P.; Zabrodina, T.I., Thermocatalytic reactions of bromochloropropanes, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1983, 57, 1142-1146. [all data]

Shevtsova, Rozhnov, et al., 1970
Shevtsova, L.A.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Andreevskii, D.N., Equilibrium Dehydrochlorination of 2,2-dichloropropane, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1970, 44, 852-855. [all data]

Lacher, Amador, et al., 1967
Lacher, J.R.; Amador, A.; Park, J.D., Reaction heats of organic compounds. Part 5.-Heats of hydrogenation of dichloromethane, 1,1- and 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dichloropropane, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1967, 63, 1608-1611. [all data]

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Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Levanova, Rozhnov, et al., 1972
Levanova, S.V.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Bortnik, O.K., Isomerization of dibromoethylenes, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 1972, 15, 1821-1823. [all data]

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Lacher, J.R.; Kianpour, A.; Oetting, F.; Park, J.D., Reaction calorimetry. The hydrogenation of organic fluorides and chlorides, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1956, 52, 1500-1508. [all data]

Levanova, Rodova, et al., 1974
Levanova, S.V.; Rodova, R.M.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Shevtsova, L.A., Thermodynamic calculation of the equilibrium composition of chlorobutene mixtures, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1974, 48, 1113-1114. [all data]

Rodova, Levanova, et al., 1973
Rodova, R.M.; Levanova, S.V.; Shevtsova, L.A.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Porfir'eva, E.I., Reversible reactions of 2,3-dichlorobutane, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1973, 47, 607. [all data]

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Failes, R.L.; Stimson, V.R., The thermal decomposition of 1-ethoxyethyl chloride and the reverse combination, Aust. J. Chem., 1967, 20, 1553-1560. [all data]

Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1976
Levanova, S.V.; Bushneva, L.I.; Rodova, R.M.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Treger, Yu.A., Liquid-phase dehydrochlorination of asymmetric tetrachloroethane, Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1976, 50, 2701-2702. [all data]

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Shaulov, Yu.Kh.; Shmyreva, G.O., Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1968, 42, 1008. [all data]

Meged, Levanova, et al., 1980
Meged, V.M.; Levanova, S.V.; Rozhnov, A.M., Dehydrohalogenation of dihalomethylbutanes. 2., Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 1980, 23, 149-151. [all data]

Larson and McMahon, 1985
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Fluoride and chloride affinities of the main group oxides, fluorides, oxofluorides, and alkyls. Quantitative scales of lewis acidities from ICR halide exchange equilibria, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107, 766. [all data]

Rodova, Shevtsova, et al., 1974
Rodova, R.M.; Shevtsova, L.A.; Levanova, S.V.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Garkushin, I.K., Dehydrochlorination of 1,1-dichlorobutane and isomerization of chlorobutenes, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 1974, 17, 379-381. [all data]

Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980
Perry, R.A.; Rowe, B.R.; Viggiano, A.A.; Albritton, D.L.; Ferguson, E.E.; Fehsenfeld, F.C., Laboratory Measurements of Stratospheric Sodium Ion Measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1980, 7, 9, 693, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL007i009p00693 . [all data]

Dias, Salema, et al., 1982
Dias, A.R.; Salema, M.S.; Martinho Simões, J.A., Organometallics, 1982, 1, 971. [all data]

Calhorda, Dias, et al., 1987
Calhorda, M.J.; Dias, A.R.; Minas da Piedade M.E.; Salema, M.S.; Martinho Simões J.A., Organometallics, 1987, 6, 734. [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions

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