chromium


Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas397.48kJ/molReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in June, 1973
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
gas,1 bar174.31J/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in June, 1973

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H° − H°298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
    Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Temperature (K) 2952.078 to 6000.
A 11.54642
B 13.70754
C -3.418429
D 0.393574
E -16.71479
F 382.7327
G 182.8898
H 397.4804
ReferenceChase, 1998
Comment Data last reviewed in June, 1973

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfliquid26.07kJ/molReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in June, 1973
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
liquid,1 bar36.20J/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in June, 1973
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
solid23.62J/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in June, 1973

Liquid Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H° − H°298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
    Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Temperature (K) 2130. to 2952.078
A 39.33006
B 0.000000
C 0.000000
D 0.000000
E 0.000000
F 4.784948
G 67.71093
H 26.06804
ReferenceChase, 1998
Comment Data last reviewed in June, 1973

Solid Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H° − H°298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
    Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Temperature (K) 298. to 600.600. to 2130.
A 7.48973718.46508
B 71.504985.477986
C -91.675627.904329
D 46.04450-1.147848
E 0.1381571.265791
F -4.228643-2.676941
G 15.8091248.09341
H 0.0000000.000000
ReferenceChase, 1998Chase, 1998
Comment Data last reviewed in June, 1973 Data last reviewed in June, 1973

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
1889. to 2755.6.0237116064.989-83.86Stull, 1947Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
B - John E. Bartmess
MS - José A. Martinho Simões

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

Chromium ion (1+) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • chromium)

By formula: Cr+ + Cr = (Cr+ • Cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr150. ± 20.kJ/molICRCDHouriet and Vulpius, 1989gas phase; M
Δr180.kJ/molEIHilpert and Ruthardt, 1987gas phase; from IP(Cr2) by EI and D(Cr2) by Knudsen cell, and IP(Cr); M
Δr180. ± 20.kJ/molKC-MSHilpert and Ruthardt, 1987gas phase; data as evaluated by Houriet and Vulpius, 1989; M

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
125. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(CAS Reg. No. 136056-49-0 • 4294967295chromium) + chromium = CAS Reg. No. 136056-49-0

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 136056-49-0 • 4294967295Cr) + Cr = CAS Reg. No. 136056-49-0

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr370. ± 38.kJ/molTDEqBoltalina, Borshchevskii, et al., 1991gas phase; Data at 0 K. See also Pramann and Rademann, 1999; value altered from reference due to conversion from electron convention to ion convention; B

Chromium hexacarbonyl (cr) = 6Carbon monoxide (g) + chromium (cr)

By formula: C6CrO6 (cr) = 6CO (g) + Cr (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr266. ± 4.kJ/molTD-HFCAl-Takhin, Connor, et al., 1984MS
Δr314.9 ± 0.9kJ/molTD-HZCPittam, Pilcher, et al., 1975Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977 and Tel'noi and Rabinovich, 1977.; MS
Δr269.4 ± 4.7kJ/molTD-HFCConnor, Skinner, et al., 1972MS

(CAS Reg. No. 135774-12-8 • 4294967295chromium) + chromium = CAS Reg. No. 135774-12-8

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 135774-12-8 • 4294967295Cr) + Cr = CAS Reg. No. 135774-12-8

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr123. ± 6.7kJ/molN/ACasey, Villata, et al., 1991gas phase; See also Casey and Leopold, 1993 for more analysis.; B

C14H10CrN2O4 (cr) = 21,3-Diazine (g) + 4Carbon monoxide (g) + chromium (cr)

By formula: C14H10CrN2O4 (cr) = 2C4H4N2 (g) + 4CO (g) + Cr (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr>199.kJ/molTD-HFCAdedeji, Connor, et al., 1978The reaction enthalpy is a low limit Adedeji, Connor, et al., 1978.; MS

(Chromium ion (1+) • 10chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 11chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 10Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 11Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
258. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 11chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 12chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 11Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 12Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
289. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 12chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 13chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 12Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 13Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
294. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 13chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 14chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 13Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 14Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
267. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 14chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 15chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 14Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 15Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
282. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 15chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 16chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 15Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 16Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
273. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 16chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 17chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 16Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 17Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
208. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 17chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 18chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 17Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 18Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
233. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 18chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 19chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 18Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 19Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
289. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 19chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 20chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 19Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 20Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
253. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 9chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 10chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 9Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 10Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
248. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 2chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 3chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 2Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 3Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
100. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 3chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 4chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 3Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 4Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
215. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 4chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 5chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 4Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 5Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
171. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 5chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 6chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 5Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 6Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
246. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 6chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 7chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 6Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 7Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
217. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 7chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 8chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 7Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 8Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
249. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • 8chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 9chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • 8Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 9Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
232. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Chromium ion (1+) • chromium) + chromium = (Chromium ion (1+) • 2chromium)

By formula: (Cr+ • Cr) + Cr = (Cr+ • 2Cr)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
194. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(CAS Reg. No. 64911-49-5 • 4294967295chromium) + chromium = CAS Reg. No. 64911-49-5

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 64911-49-5 • 4294967295Cr) + Cr = CAS Reg. No. 64911-49-5

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr405. ± 29.kJ/molN/AWenthold, Gunion, et al., 1996gas phase; B

CrF18P6 (cr) = chromium (cr) + 6Phosphorus trifluoride (g)

By formula: CrF18P6 (cr) = Cr (cr) + 6F3P (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr305. ± 13.kJ/molHAL-HFCBrown and Connor, 1974MS

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

View reactions leading to Cr+ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)6.76664 ± 0.00004eVN/AN/AL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Proton affinity (review)791.3kJ/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Gas basicity768.4kJ/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV) Method Reference Comment
0.67583 ± 0.00013N/ABilodeau, Scheer, et al., 1998B
0.6750 ± 0.0040LPESBengali, Casey, et al., 1992B
0.667 ± 0.010LPESFeigerle, Corderman, et al., 1981B
0.680 ± 0.050PDFeldmann, Rackwitx, et al., 1977B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
6.76664EVALLide, 1992LL
6.76664 ± 0.00004SSugar and Corliss, 1985LBLHLM
7.0 ± 0.5EIBalducci, Gigli, et al., 1981LLK
6.76PEDyke, Fayad, et al., 1979LLK
6.7658SMoore, 1970RDSH

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

Stull, 1947
Stull, Daniel R., Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 . [all data]

Houriet and Vulpius, 1989
Houriet, R.; Vulpius, T., Formation of Metal Cluster Ions by Gas - Phase Ion - Molecule Reactions: the Bond Energies of Cr2+ and Mn2+, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 154, 5, 454, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(89)87130-1 . [all data]

Hilpert and Ruthardt, 1987
Hilpert, K.; Ruthardt, K., Determination of the dissociation energy of the Cr2 molecule, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 724. [all data]

Armentrout and Kickel, 1994
Armentrout, P.B.; Kickel, B.L., Gas Phase Thermochemistry of Transition Metal Ligand Systems: Reassessment of Values and Periodic Trends, in Organometallic Ion Chemistry, B. S. Freiser, ed, 1994. [all data]

Boltalina, Borshchevskii, et al., 1991
Boltalina, O.V.; Borshchevskii, A.Y.; Sidorov, L.N., Thermochemistry of Chromium Gaseous Fluorides and Their Negative Ions, Zh. Fiz. Khim. SSSR, 1991, 65, 884. [all data]

Pramann and Rademann, 1999
Pramann, A.; Rademann, K., Mass-spectrometric study of formation and stability of manganese and manganese oxide cluster anions, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 1999, 187, 673-683, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-3806(98)14197-0 . [all data]

Al-Takhin, Connor, et al., 1984
Al-Takhin, G.; Connor, J.A.; Skinner, H.A.; Zaharani-Moettar, M.T., J. Organomet. Chem., 1984, 260, 189. [all data]

Pittam, Pilcher, et al., 1975
Pittam, D.A.; Pilcher, G.; Barnes, D.S.; Skinner, H.A.; Todd, D., J. Less-Common Met., 1975, 42, 217. [all data]

Pedley and Rylance, 1977
Pedley, J.B.; Rylance, J., Computer Analysed Thermochemical Data: Organic and Organometallic Compounds, University of Sussex, Brigton, 1977. [all data]

Tel'noi and Rabinovich, 1977
Tel'noi, V.I.; Rabinovich, I.B., Russ. Chem. Rev., 1977, 46, 689. [all data]

Connor, Skinner, et al., 1972
Connor, J.A.; Skinner, H.A.; Virmani, Y., Microcalorimetric studies. Thermal decomposition and iodination of metal carbonyls, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1972, 68, 0, 1754, https://doi.org/10.1039/f19726801754 . [all data]

Casey, Villata, et al., 1991
Casey, S.M.; Villata, P.W.; Bengali, A.A.; Cheng, C.-L.; Dick, J.P.; Fenn, P.T.; Leopold, D.G., A Study of Cr2 by Negative ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 17, 6688, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00017a058 . [all data]

Casey and Leopold, 1993
Casey, S.M.; Leopold, D.G., Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Cr2, J. Phys. Chem., 1993, 97, 4, 816, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100106a005 . [all data]

Adedeji, Connor, et al., 1978
Adedeji, F.A.; Connor, J.A.; Demain, C.P.; Martinho Simões, J.A.; Skinner, H.A.; Zafarani- Moattar, M.T., J. Organometal. Chem., 1978, 149, 333. [all data]

Wenthold, Gunion, et al., 1996
Wenthold, P.G.; Gunion, R.F.; Lineberger, W.C., Ultraviolet Negative-ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the Chromium Oxide Negative Ion, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1996, 258, 1-2, 101, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(96)00611-2 . [all data]

Brown and Connor, 1974
Brown, D.L.S.; Connor, J.A., Skinner, H. A. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I, 1974, 70, 1649. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Bilodeau, Scheer, et al., 1998
Bilodeau, R.C.; Scheer, M.; Haugen, H.K., Infrared Laser Photodetachment of Transition Metal Negative Ions: Studies on Cr-, Mo-, Cu-, and Ag-, J. Phys. B: Atom. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1998, 31, 17, 3885-3891, https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/31/17/013 . [all data]

Bengali, Casey, et al., 1992
Bengali, A.A.; Casey, S.M.; Cheng, C.-L.; Dick, J.P.; Fenn, T.; Villaalta, P.W.; Leopold, D.G., Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Coordinatively Unsaturated Group VI Metal Carbonyls: Cr(CO)3, Mo(CO)3, and W(CO)3, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 13, 5257, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00039a043 . [all data]

Feigerle, Corderman, et al., 1981
Feigerle, C.S.; Corderman, R.R.; Bobashev, S.V.; Lineberger, W.C., Binding Energies and Structure of Transition Metal Negative Ions, J. Chem. Phys., 1981, 74, 3, 1580, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.441289 . [all data]

Feldmann, Rackwitx, et al., 1977
Feldmann, D.; Rackwitx, R.; Heinicke, E.; Kaiser, H.J., Photodetachment of Some Atomic Negative Ions: P-, As-, Sb-, Te-, Cr-, Ni-, Z. Physik A., 1977, 282, 2, 143-148, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01408156 . [all data]

Lide, 1992
Lide, D.R. (Editor), Ionization potentials of atoms and atomic ions in Handbook of Chem. and Phys., 1992, 10-211. [all data]

Sugar and Corliss, 1985
Sugar, J.; Corliss, C., Atomic energy levels of the iron period elements: Potassium through nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1985, 14. [all data]

Balducci, Gigli, et al., 1981
Balducci, G.; Gigli, G.; Guido, M., Dissociation energies of the molecules CrPO2(g) and CoO(g) by high-temperature mass spectrometry, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1981, 77, 1107. [all data]

Dyke, Fayad, et al., 1979
Dyke, J.M.; Fayad, N.K.; Morris, A.; Trickle, I.R., Gas-phase He I photoelectron spectra of some transition metals: Cu, Ag, Au, Cr and Mn, J. Phys. B:, 1979, 12, 2985. [all data]

Moore, 1970
Moore, C.E., Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., (U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand.), 1970, 34, 1. [all data]


Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References