nickel


Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas430.12kJ/molReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in December, 1976
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
gas,1 bar182.19J/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in December, 1976

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H° − H°298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
    Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Temperature (K) 3156.584 to 6000.
A 27.13127
B -2.587562
C 0.295110
D 0.015200
E 0.041830
F 421.4585
G 214.1643
H 430.1152
ReferenceChase, 1998
Comment Data last reviewed in December, 1976

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfliquid17.48kJ/molReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in December, 1976
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
liquid,1 bar41.49J/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in December, 1976
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
solid29.87J/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in December, 1976

Liquid Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H° − H°298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
    Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Temperature (K) 1728. to 3156.584
A 38.91103
B 0.000000
C 0.000000
D 0.000000
E 0.000000
F -2.722630
G 74.47143
H 17.47904
ReferenceChase, 1998
Comment Data last reviewed in December, 1976

Solid Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H° − H°298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
    Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Temperature (K) 298. to 600.600. to 700.700. to 1728.
A 13.691601248.04516.49839
B 82.49509-1257.51018.74913
C -174.95480.000000-6.639841
D 161.60110.0000001.717278
E -0.092417-165.12661.872051
F -6.833644-788.8263-0.467675
G 27.669001212.89151.67575
H 0.0000000.0000000.000000
ReferenceChase, 1998Chase, 1998Chase, 1998
Comment Data last reviewed in December, 1976 Data last reviewed in December, 1976 Data last reviewed in December, 1976

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
2083. to 3005.5.9818316808.435-188.717Stull, 1947Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
MS - José A. Martinho Simões
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
B - John E. Bartmess

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

Nickel tetracarbonyl (g) = 4Carbon monoxide (g) + nickel (cr)

By formula: C4NiO4 (g) = 4CO (g) + Ni (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr160.4 ± 2.5kJ/molEqGMonteil, Raffin, et al., 1988The reaction enthalpy is the average of several 2nd and 3rd law results Monteil, Raffin, et al., 1988; MS

CNiO (g) = Carbon monoxide (g) + nickel (g)

By formula: CNiO (g) = CO (g) + Ni (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr170. ± 24.kJ/molFA-SIFTSunderlin, Wang, et al., 1992MS
Δr108.kJ/molN/AMcQuaid, Morris, et al., 1988Method: Chemiluminescence spectroscopy.; MS
Δr121. ± 63.kJ/molN/AStevens, Feigerle, et al., 1982Please also see Compton and Stockdale, 1976. Method: LPS and collision with low energy electrons.; MS

4Carbon monoxide (g) + nickel (cr) = Nickel tetracarbonyl (g)

By formula: 4CO (g) + Ni (cr) = C4NiO4 (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-152.7 ± 4.2kJ/molEqGSykes and Townshend, 1955Please also see Pedley and Rylance, 1977 and Cox and Pilcher, 1970. Temperatures: 398 and 409 K. The reaction enthalpy was obtained by the 3rd law method and refers to 298 K; MS

Nickel, bis[(1,2,5,6-η)-1,5-cyclooctadiene]- (solution) = 21,5-Cyclooctadiene, (Z,Z)- (solution) + nickel (cr)

By formula: (Ni(C8H12)2) (solution) = 2C8H12 (solution) + Ni (cr)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-12.6 ± 4.2kJ/molRSCTolman, Reutter D.W., et al., 1976solvent: Toluene; The toluene solution contained catalytic amounts of carbon tetrachloride.; MS

(Nickel ion (1+) • 10nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 11nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 10Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 11Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
335. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 11nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 12nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 11Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 12Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
352. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 12nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 13nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 12Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 13Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
299. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 13nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 14nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 13Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 14Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
334. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 14nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 15nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 14Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 15Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
338. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 15nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 16nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 15Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 16Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
354. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 16nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 17nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 16Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 17Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
341. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 9nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 10nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 9Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 10Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
293. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 2nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 3nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 2Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 3Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
199. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 3nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 4nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 3Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 4Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
223. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 4nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 5nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 4Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 5Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
275. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 5nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 6nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 5Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 6Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
296. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 6nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 7nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 6Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 7Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
265. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 7nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 8nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 7Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 8Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
283. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • 8nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 9nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • 8Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 9Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
283. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(Nickel ion (1+) • nickel) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • 2nickel)

By formula: (Ni+ • Ni) + Ni = (Ni+ • 2Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
235. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

Nickel ion (1+) + nickel = (Nickel ion (1+) • nickel)

By formula: Ni+ + Ni = (Ni+ • Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

ΔrH° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
204. CIDArmentrout and Kickel, 1994gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

(CAS Reg. No. 64899-92-9 • 4294967295nickel) + nickel = CAS Reg. No. 64899-92-9

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 64899-92-9 • 4294967295Ni) + Ni = CAS Reg. No. 64899-92-9

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr191.6 ± 3.1kJ/molN/AMiller, Feigerle, et al., 1987gas phase; B

(CAS Reg. No. 71736-54-4 • 4294967295nickel) + nickel = CAS Reg. No. 71736-54-4

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 71736-54-4 • 4294967295Ni) + Ni = CAS Reg. No. 71736-54-4

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr210. ± 21.kJ/molN/AHo, Polak, et al., 1993gas phase; B

tetrakis(trifluorophosphine)nickel (l) = nickel (cr) + 4Phosphorus trifluoride (g)

By formula: F12NiP4 (l) = Ni (cr) + 4F3P (g)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr194.2 ± 8.4kJ/molHAL-HFCBrown and Connor, 1974MS

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

View reactions leading to Ni+ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)7.6398eVN/AN/AL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Proton affinity (review)737.kJ/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Gas basicity714.1kJ/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV) Method Reference Comment
1.160 ± 0.050LPESLiu, Zhai, et al., 2002B
1.15717 ± 0.00013N/AScheer, Brodie, et al., 1998B
1.157 ± 0.010LPESCorderman, Engelking, et al., 1979B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
7.6398EVALLide, 1992LL
7.6398LSPage and Gudeman, 1990LL
7.638SKelly, 1987LBLHLM
7.6374 ± 0.0012SSugar and Corliss, 1985LBLHLM
7.61PEDyke, Gravenor, et al., 1982LBLHLM
7.6 ± 0.2EIClements and Sale, 1976LLK
7.635SMoore, 1970RDSH

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

Stull, 1947
Stull, Daniel R., Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 . [all data]

Monteil, Raffin, et al., 1988
Monteil, Y.; Raffin, P.; Bouix, J., Thermochim. Acta, 1988, 125, 327. [all data]

Sunderlin, Wang, et al., 1992
Sunderlin, L.S.; Wang, D.; Squires, R.R., Metal Carbonyl Bond Strengths in Fe(CO)n- and Ni(CO)n-, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 8, 2788, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00034a004 . [all data]

McQuaid, Morris, et al., 1988
McQuaid, M.J.; Morris, K.; Gole, J.L., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 5280. [all data]

Stevens, Feigerle, et al., 1982
Stevens, A.E.; Feigerle, C.S.; Lineberger, W.C., Laser Photoelectron Spectrometry of Ni(CO)n-, n=1-3, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 19, 5026, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00383a004 . [all data]

Compton and Stockdale, 1976
Compton, R.N.; Stockdale, J.A.D., Formation of gas phase negative ions in Fe(CO)5 and Ni(CO)4, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1976, 22, 47. [all data]

Sykes and Townshend, 1955
Sykes, K.W.; Townshend, S.C., J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 2528.. [all data]

Pedley and Rylance, 1977
Pedley, J.B.; Rylance, J., Computer Analysed Thermochemical Data: Organic and Organometallic Compounds, University of Sussex, Brigton, 1977. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds in Academic Press, New York, 1970. [all data]

Tolman, Reutter D.W., et al., 1976
Tolman, C.A.; Reutter D.W.; Seidel, W.C., J. Organometal. Chem., 1976, 117, C30. [all data]

Armentrout and Kickel, 1994
Armentrout, P.B.; Kickel, B.L., Gas Phase Thermochemistry of Transition Metal Ligand Systems: Reassessment of Values and Periodic Trends, in Organometallic Ion Chemistry, B. S. Freiser, ed, 1994. [all data]

Miller, Feigerle, et al., 1987
Miller, A.E.S.; Feigerle, C.S.; Lineberger, W.C., Laser photoelectron spectroscopy of CrH-, CoH-, and NiH-: Periodic trends in the electronic structure of the transition-metal hydrides, J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 86, 1549. [all data]

Ho, Polak, et al., 1993
Ho, J.; Polak, M.L.; Ervin, K.M.; Lineberger, W.C., Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Nickel Group Dimers - Ni2(-), Pd2(-), and Pt2(-), J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 99, 11, 8542, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.465577 . [all data]

Brown and Connor, 1974
Brown, D.L.S.; Connor, J.A., Skinner, H. A. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I, 1974, 70, 1649. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Liu, Zhai, et al., 2002
Liu, S.R.; Zhai, H.J.; Wang, L.S., Evolution of the electronic properties of small Ni-n(-) (n=1- 100) clusters by photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 2002, 117, 21, 9758-9765, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1519008 . [all data]

Scheer, Brodie, et al., 1998
Scheer, M.; Brodie, C.A.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K., Laser spectroscopic measurements of binding energies and fine-structure splittings of Co-, Ni-, Rh-, and Pd-, Phys. Rev. A, 1998, 58, 3, 2051-2062, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2051 . [all data]

Corderman, Engelking, et al., 1979
Corderman, R.R.; Engelking, P.C.; Lineberger, W.C., Laser photoelectron spectrometry of Co- and Ni-, J. Chem. Phys., 1979, 70, 4474. [all data]

Lide, 1992
Lide, D.R. (Editor), Ionization potentials of atoms and atomic ions in Handbook of Chem. and Phys., 1992, 10-211. [all data]

Page and Gudeman, 1990
Page, R.H.; Gudeman, C.S., Completing the iron period: Double-resonance, fluorescence-dip rydberg spectroscopy and ionization potentials of titanium, vanadium, iron, cobalt, and nickel, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 1990, 1761. [all data]

Kelly, 1987
Kelly, R.L., Atomic and ionic spectrum lines of hydrogen through kryton, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1987, 16. [all data]

Sugar and Corliss, 1985
Sugar, J.; Corliss, C., Atomic energy levels of the iron period elements: Potassium through nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1985, 14. [all data]

Dyke, Gravenor, et al., 1982
Dyke, J.M.; Gravenor, B.W.J.; Lewis, R.A.; Morris, A., Gas-phase high temperature photoelectron spectroscopy: An investigation of the transition metals iron, cobalt, and nickel, J. Phys. B:, 1982, 15, 4523. [all data]

Clements and Sale, 1976
Clements, P.J.; Sale, F.R., A mass spectrometric study of nickel tetracarbonyl, iron pentacarbonyl and binary mixtures of these compounds, Metall. Trans. B:, 1976, 7, 171. [all data]

Moore, 1970
Moore, C.E., Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., (U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand.), 1970, 34, 1. [all data]


Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References