nickel

• Formula: Ni
• Molecular weight: 58.6934
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/Ni Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 7440-02-0
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • References
  • Notes
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • NIST Atomic Spectra Database - Lines Holdings (on physics web site)
  • NIST Atomic Spectra Database - Levels Holdings (on physics web site)
  • NIST Atomic Spectra Database - Ground states and ionization energies (on physics web site)
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
  • X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 5.0
• Options:
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
    C_p = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Liquid Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
    C_p = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Solid Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
    C_p = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (atm)
    T = temperature (K)

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Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
MS - José A. Martinho Simões
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
B - John E. Bartmess

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

 (g) = 4 (g) +  (cr)

By formula: C₄NiO₄ (g) = 4CO (g) + Ni (cr)

CNiO (g) =  (g) +  (g)

By formula: CNiO (g) = CO (g) + Ni (g)

4 (g) +  (cr) =  (g)

By formula: 4CO (g) + Ni (cr) = C₄NiO₄ (g)

 (solution) = 2 (solution) +  (cr)

By formula: (Ni(C₈H₁₂)₂) (solution) = 2C₈H₁₂ (solution) + Ni (cr)

( • 10) +  = ( • 11)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 10Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 11Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 11) +  = ( • 12)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 11Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 12Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 12) +  = ( • 13)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 12Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 13Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 13) +  = ( • 14)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 13Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 14Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 14) +  = ( • 15)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 14Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 15Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 15) +  = ( • 16)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 15Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 16Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 16) +  = ( • 17)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 16Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 17Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 9) +  = ( • 10)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 9Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 10Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 2) +  = ( • 3)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 2Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 3Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 3) +  = ( • 4)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 3Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 4Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 4) +  = ( • 5)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 4Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 5Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 5) +  = ( • 6)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 5Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 6Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 6) +  = ( • 7)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 6Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 7Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 7) +  = ( • 8)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 7Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 8Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 8) +  = ( • 9)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 8Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 9Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 2Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Ni⁺ + Ni = (Ni⁺ • Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

(CAS Reg. No. 64899-92-9 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 64899-92-9

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 64899-92-9 • 4294967295Ni) + Ni = CAS Reg. No. 64899-92-9

(CAS Reg. No. 71736-54-4 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 71736-54-4

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 71736-54-4 • 4294967295Ni) + Ni = CAS Reg. No. 71736-54-4

 (l) =  (cr) + 4 (g)

By formula: F₁₂NiP₄ (l) = Ni (cr) + 4F₃P (g)

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

View reactions leading to Ni⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Electron affinity determinations

Ionization energy determinations

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Ni⁺ + Ni = (Ni⁺ • Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 2Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 2) +  = ( • 3)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 2Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 3Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 3) +  = ( • 4)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 3Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 4Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 4) +  = ( • 5)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 4Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 5Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 5) +  = ( • 6)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 5Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 6Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 6) +  = ( • 7)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 6Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 7Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 7) +  = ( • 8)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 7Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 8Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 8) +  = ( • 9)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 8Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 9Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 9) +  = ( • 10)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 9Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 10Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 10) +  = ( • 11)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 10Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 11Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 11) +  = ( • 12)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 11Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 12Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 12) +  = ( • 13)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 12Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 13Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 13) +  = ( • 14)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 13Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 14Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 14) +  = ( • 15)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 14Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 15Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 15) +  = ( • 16)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 15Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 16Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

( • 16) +  = ( • 17)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • 16Ni) + Ni = (Ni⁺ • 17Ni)

Enthalpy of reaction

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

Stull, 1947
Stull, Daniel R., Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 . [all data]

Monteil, Raffin, et al., 1988
Monteil, Y.; Raffin, P.; Bouix, J., Thermochim. Acta, 1988, 125, 327. [all data]

Sunderlin, Wang, et al., 1992
Sunderlin, L.S.; Wang, D.; Squires, R.R., Metal Carbonyl Bond Strengths in Fe(CO)n- and Ni(CO)n-, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 8, 2788, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00034a004 . [all data]

McQuaid, Morris, et al., 1988
McQuaid, M.J.; Morris, K.; Gole, J.L., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 5280. [all data]

Stevens, Feigerle, et al., 1982
Stevens, A.E.; Feigerle, C.S.; Lineberger, W.C., Laser Photoelectron Spectrometry of Ni(CO)_n^-, n=1-3, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 19, 5026, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00383a004 . [all data]

Compton and Stockdale, 1976
Compton, R.N.; Stockdale, J.A.D., Formation of gas phase negative ions in Fe(CO)₅ and Ni(CO)₄, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1976, 22, 47. [all data]

Sykes and Townshend, 1955
Sykes, K.W.; Townshend, S.C., J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 2528.. [all data]

Pedley and Rylance, 1977
Pedley, J.B.; Rylance, J., Computer Analysed Thermochemical Data: Organic and Organometallic Compounds, University of Sussex, Brigton, 1977. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds in Academic Press, New York, 1970. [all data]

Tolman, Reutter D.W., et al., 1976
Tolman, C.A.; Reutter D.W.; Seidel, W.C., J. Organometal. Chem., 1976, 117, C30. [all data]

Armentrout and Kickel, 1994
Armentrout, P.B.; Kickel, B.L., Gas Phase Thermochemistry of Transition Metal Ligand Systems: Reassessment of Values and Periodic Trends, in Organometallic Ion Chemistry, B. S. Freiser, ed, 1994. [all data]

Miller, Feigerle, et al., 1987
Miller, A.E.S.; Feigerle, C.S.; Lineberger, W.C., Laser photoelectron spectroscopy of CrH^-, CoH^-, and NiH^-: Periodic trends in the electronic structure of the transition-metal hydrides, J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 86, 1549. [all data]

Ho, Polak, et al., 1993
Ho, J.; Polak, M.L.; Ervin, K.M.; Lineberger, W.C., Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Nickel Group Dimers - Ni2(-), Pd2(-), and Pt2(-), J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 99, 11, 8542, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.465577 . [all data]

Brown and Connor, 1974
Brown, D.L.S.; Connor, J.A., Skinner, H. A. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I, 1974, 70, 1649. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Liu, Zhai, et al., 2002
Liu, S.R.; Zhai, H.J.; Wang, L.S., Evolution of the electronic properties of small Ni-n(-) (n=1- 100) clusters by photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 2002, 117, 21, 9758-9765, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1519008 . [all data]

Scheer, Brodie, et al., 1998
Scheer, M.; Brodie, C.A.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K., Laser spectroscopic measurements of binding energies and fine-structure splittings of Co-, Ni-, Rh-, and Pd-, Phys. Rev. A, 1998, 58, 3, 2051-2062, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2051 . [all data]

Corderman, Engelking, et al., 1979
Corderman, R.R.; Engelking, P.C.; Lineberger, W.C., Laser photoelectron spectrometry of Co- and Ni-, J. Chem. Phys., 1979, 70, 4474. [all data]

Lide, 1992
Lide, D.R. (Editor), Ionization potentials of atoms and atomic ions in Handbook of Chem. and Phys., 1992, 10-211. [all data]

Page and Gudeman, 1990
Page, R.H.; Gudeman, C.S., Completing the iron period: Double-resonance, fluorescence-dip rydberg spectroscopy and ionization potentials of titanium, vanadium, iron, cobalt, and nickel, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 1990, 1761. [all data]

Kelly, 1987
Kelly, R.L., Atomic and ionic spectrum lines of hydrogen through kryton, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1987, 16. [all data]

Sugar and Corliss, 1985
Sugar, J.; Corliss, C., Atomic energy levels of the iron period elements: Potassium through nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1985, 14. [all data]

Dyke, Gravenor, et al., 1982
Dyke, J.M.; Gravenor, B.W.J.; Lewis, R.A.; Morris, A., Gas-phase high temperature photoelectron spectroscopy: An investigation of the transition metals iron, cobalt, and nickel, J. Phys. B:, 1982, 15, 4523. [all data]

Clements and Sale, 1976
Clements, P.J.; Sale, F.R., A mass spectrometric study of nickel tetracarbonyl, iron pentacarbonyl and binary mixtures of these compounds, Metall. Trans. B:, 1976, 7, 171. [all data]

Moore, 1970
Moore, C.E., Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., (U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand.), 1970, 34, 1. [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  EA	Electron affinity
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  S°gas,1 bar	Entropy of gas at standard conditions (1 bar)
  S°liquid,1 bar	Entropy of liquid at standard conditions (1 bar)
  S°solid	Entropy of solid at standard conditions
  T	Temperature
  ΔfH°gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
  ΔfH°liquid	Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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