1H-Imidazole

• Formula: C₃H₄N₂
• Molecular weight: 68.0773
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C3H4N2/c1-2-5-3-4-1/h1-3H,(H,4,5) Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 288-32-4
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Other names: Imidazole; Glyoxalin; Glyoxaline; Imidazol; Imutex; Methanimidamide, N,N'-1,2-ethenediyl-; Miazole; 1,3-Diaza-2,4-cyclopentadiene; 1,3-Diazole; Formamidine, N,N'-vinylene-; Iminazole; IMD; Pyrro(b)monazole; USAF EK-4733; NSC 60522
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • UV/Visible spectrum
  • Gas Chromatography
  • References
  • Notes
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Constant pressure heat capacity of solid

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Enthalpy of sublimation

Enthalpy of fusion

Entropy of fusion

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

 +  =

By formula: C₃H₃N₂^- + H⁺ = C₃H₄N₂

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + C₃H₄N₂ = (Na⁺ • C₃H₄N₂)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: C₃H₃N₂^- + C₃H₄N₂ = (C₃H₃N₂^- • C₃H₄N₂)

C₃H₄N₂⁺ +  = (C₃H₄N₂⁺ • )

By formula: C₃H₄N₂⁺ + C₃H₄N₂ = (C₃H₄N₂⁺ • C₃H₄N₂)

C₄H₁₂N⁺ +  = (C₄H₁₂N⁺ • )

By formula: C₄H₁₂N⁺ + C₃H₄N₂ = (C₄H₁₂N⁺ • C₃H₄N₂)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: C₂H₃O₂^- + C₃H₄N₂ = (C₂H₃O₂^- • C₃H₄N₂)

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₅H₆N₂O + H₂O = C₃H₄N₂ + C₂H₄O₂

 +  =  +  + 

By formula: C₉H₁₆N₂O₂ + H₂O = C₄H₈O₂ + C₃H₄N₂ + C₂H₆O

 +  =  +  + 

By formula: C₁₂H₁₄N₂O₂ + H₂O = C₃H₄N₂ + CH₄O + C₈H₈O₂

 +  =  +  + 

By formula: C₈H₁₄N₂O₂ + H₂O = C₃H₆O₂ + C₃H₄N₂ + C₂H₆O

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₄H₁₁N + C₅H₆N₂O = C₆H₁₃NO + C₃H₄N₂

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Li⁺ + C₃H₄N₂ = (Li⁺ • C₃H₄N₂)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: K⁺ + C₃H₄N₂ = (K⁺ • C₃H₄N₂)

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

 +  =

By formula: C₃H₃N₂^- + H⁺ = C₃H₄N₂

Ion clustering data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

 +  = ( • )

By formula: C₂H₃O₂^- + C₃H₄N₂ = (C₂H₃O₂^- • C₃H₄N₂)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: C₃H₃N₂^- + C₃H₄N₂ = (C₃H₃N₂^- • C₃H₄N₂)

C₃H₄N₂⁺ +  = (C₃H₄N₂⁺ • )

By formula: C₃H₄N₂⁺ + C₃H₄N₂ = (C₃H₄N₂⁺ • C₃H₄N₂)

C₄H₁₂N⁺ +  = (C₄H₁₂N⁺ • )

By formula: C₄H₁₂N⁺ + C₃H₄N₂ = (C₄H₁₂N⁺ • C₃H₄N₂)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: K⁺ + C₃H₄N₂ = (K⁺ • C₃H₄N₂)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Li⁺ + C₃H₄N₂ = (Li⁺ • C₃H₄N₂)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + C₃H₄N₂ = (Na⁺ • C₃H₄N₂)

IR Spectrum

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

Condensed Phase Spectrum

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Notice: Except where noted, spectra from this collection were measured on dispersive instruments, often in carefully selected solvents, and hence may differ in detail from measurements on FTIR instruments or in other chemical environments. More information on the manner in which spectra in this collection were collected can be found here.

Notice: Concentration information is not available for this spectrum and, therefore, molar absorptivity values cannot be derived.

Additional Data

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Additional Data

UV/Visible spectrum

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Alexander N. Yermakov, Alexy A. Usov, Antonina A. Goncharova, Axlexander N. Leskin, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina

Spectrum

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Additional Data

Gas Chromatography

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

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Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

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References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, NIST Free Links, NIST Subscription Links, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Zaheeruddin and Lodhi, 1991
Zaheeruddin, M.; Lodhi, Z.H., Enthalpies of formation of some cyclic compounds, Phys. Chem. (Peshawar Pak.), 1991, 10, 111-118. [all data]

Jimenez, Roux, et al., 1987
Jimenez, P.; Roux, M.V.; Turrion, C., Thermochemical properties of N-heterocyclic compounds. I. Enthalpies of combustion, vapour pressures and enthalpies of sublimation, and enthalpies of formation of pyrazole, imidazole, indazole, and benzimidazole, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1987, 19, 985-992. [all data]

Guthrie and Pike, 1987
Guthrie, J.P.; Pike, D.C., Hydration of acylimidazoles: tetrahedral intermediates in acylimidazole hydrolysis and nucleophilic attack by imidazole on esters. The question of concerted mechanisms for acyl transfers, Can. J. Chem., 1987, 65, 1951-1969. [all data]

Jimenez, Roux, et al., 1986
Jimenez, P.; Roux, M.V.; Turrion, C.; Gomis, F., Thermochemical properties of some N-heterocyclic compounds, J. Calorim. Anal. Therm. Thermodyn. Chim., 1986, 17, 469-470. [all data]

Bedford, Edmondson, et al., 1962
Bedford, A.F.; Edmondson, P.B.; Mortimer, C.T., Heats of formation and bond energies. Part VI. n-Butyliso-butyraldimine, n-butylisobutylamine, pyrazole, and imidazole, J. Chem. Soc., 1962, 2927-2931. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Zimmerman and Geisenfelder, 1961
Zimmerman, H.; Geisenfelder, H., Uber die Mesomerieenergie von Azolen, Z. Electrochem., 1961, 65, 368-371. [all data]

DeWit, DeKruif, et al., 1983
DeWit, H.G.M.; DeKruif, C.G.; Van Miltenburg, J.C., Thermodynamic properties of molecular organic crystals containing organic crystals containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. II. Molar heat capacities of eight compounds by adiabatic calorimetry, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1983, 15, 891-902. [all data]

DeWit, Offringa, et al., 1983
DeWit, H.G.M.; Offringa, J.C.A.; De Kruif, C.G.; Van Miltenburg, J.C., Thermodynamic properties of molecular organic crystals containing nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. III. Molar heat capacities measured by differential scanning calorimetry, Thermochim. Acta, 1983, 65, 43-51. [all data]

Weast and Grasselli, 1989
CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 2nd Editon, Weast,R.C and Grasselli, J.G., ed(s)., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1989, 1. [all data]

Hilgeman, Mouroux, et al., 1989
Hilgeman, F.R.; Mouroux, F.Y.N.; Mok, D.; Holan, M.K., Phase Diagrams of Binary Solid Azole Systems, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1989, 34, 220. [all data]

De Wit, Offringa, et al., 1983
De Wit, H.G.M.; Offringa, J.C.A.; De Kruif, C.G.; van Miltenburg, J.C., Thremodynamic properties of molecular organic crystals containing nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. III. molar heat capacities measured by DSC. scanning calorimetry., Thermochim. Acta, 1983, 65, 43. [all data]

De Wit, De Kruif, et al., 1983
De Wit, H.G.M.; De Kruif, C.G.; Van Miltenburg, J.C., Thermodynamic properties of molecular organic crystals containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur II. Molar heat capacities of eight compounds by adiabatic calorimetry, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1983, 15, 9, 891, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(83)90095-2 . [all data]

De Wit, Van Miltenburg, et al., 1983
De Wit, H.G.M.; Van Miltenburg, J.C.; De Kruif, C.G., Thermodynamic properties of molecular organic crystals containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur 1. Vapour pressures and enthalpies of sublimation, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1983, 15, 7, 651-663, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(83)90079-4 . [all data]

Hilgeman, Mouroux, et al., 1989, 2
Hilgeman, F.R.; Mouroux, F.Y.N.; Mok, D.; Holan, M.K., Phase diagrams of binary solid azole systems, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1989, 34, 220-222. [all data]

Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 . [all data]

De Wit, De Kruif, et al., 1983, 2
De Wit, H.G.M.; De Kruif, C.G.; Van Miltenburg, J.C., Thermodynamic properties of molecular organic crystals containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur II. Molar heat capacities of eight compounds by adiabatic calorimetry, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1983, 15, 9, 891-902, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(83)90095-2 . [all data]

Gianola, Ichino, et al., 2005
Gianola, A.J.; Ichino, T.; Hoenigman, R.L.; Kato, S.; Bierbaum, V.M.; Lineberger, W.C., Photoelectron spectra and ion chemistry of imidazolide, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2005, 109, 50, 11504-11514, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp053566o . [all data]

Taft, Anvia, et al., 1986
Taft, R.W.; Anvia, F.; Taagepera, M.; Catalan, J.; Elgueroy, J., Electrostatic proximity effects in the relative basicities of pyrazole, imidazole, pyridazine, and pyrimidine, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 3237. [all data]

Huang and Rodgers, 2002
Huang, H.; Rodgers, M.T., Sigma versus Pi interactions in alkali metal ion binding to azoles: Threshold collision-induced dissociation and ab initio theory studies, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2002, 106, 16, 4277, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp013630b . [all data]

Armentrout and Rodgers, 2000
Armentrout, P.B.; Rodgers, M.T., An Absolute Sodium Cation Affinity Scale: Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation Experiments and ab Initio Theory, J. Phys. Chem A, 2000, 104, 11, 2238, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp991716n . [all data]

Rodgers and Armentrout, 1999
Rodgers, M.T.; Armentrout, P.B., Absolute Alkali Metal Ion Binding Affinities of Several Azoles Determined by Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 1999, 185/186/187, 359. [all data]

Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1988
Meot-Ner (Mautner), M., Models for Strong Interactions in Proteins and Enzymes. 2. Interactions of Ions with the Peptide Link and Imidazole, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 10, 3075, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00218a014 . [all data]

Wadso, 1960
Wadso, I., Heats of hydrolysis of N-acetylated imidazole, 1,2,4-triazole and tetrazole, Acta Chem. Scand., 1960, 14, 903-908. [all data]

Wadso, 1962
Wadso, I., Heats of aminolysis and hydrolysis of some N-acetyl compounds and of acetic anhydride, Acta Chem. Scand., 1962, 16, 471-478. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Main-Bobo, Loesik, et al., 1986
Main-Bobo, J.; Loesik, S.; Gase, W.; Baer, T.; Mommers, A.; Holmes, J., The thermochemistry and dissociation dynamics of internal-energy selected pyrazole and imidazole ions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 677. [all data]

Klebe, Houte, et al., 1972
Klebe, K.J.; Houte, J.J.V.; Thuijl, J.V., Loss of HCN and H from the molecular ion of imidazole, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1972, 6, 1363. [all data]

Ramsey, 1979
Ramsey, B.G., Substituent effects on imidazole basicity and photoelectron spectroscopy determined ionization energies, J. Org. Chem., 1979, 44, 2093. [all data]

Cradock, Findlay, et al., 1973
Cradock, S.; Findlay, R.H.; Palmer, M.H., The molecular energy levels of the azoles: A study by photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio molecular orbital calculations, Tetrahedron, 1973, 29, 2173. [all data]

Johnson, 1967
Johnson, E.A., UV atlas of organic compounds, 1967, 3, G1/7. [all data]

Zhuravleva, 2000
Zhuravleva, I.L., Evaluation of the polarity and boiling points of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds by gas chromatography, Russ. Chem. Bull. (Engl. Transl.), 2000, 49, 2, 325-328, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02494682 . [all data]

Golovnya, Kuz'menko, et al., 1999
Golovnya, R.V.; Kuz'menko, T.E.; Zhuravleva, I.L., Gas chromatographic indicator of the ability of five- and six-membered heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds for self-association in pure liquids, Russ. Chem. Bull. (Engl. Transl.), 1999, 48, 4, 726-729, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02496256 . [all data]

Golovnya, Zhuravleva, et al., 1992
Golovnya, R.V.; Zhuravleva, I.L.; Sal'kova, M.A., Prediction of Retention Indexes of Alkylimadazoles Under Conditions of Capillary Gas Chromatography, J. Anal. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 1992, 7, 932-937. [all data]

Ramsey, Lee, et al., 1980
Ramsey, J.D.; Lee, T.D.; Osselton, M.D.; Moffat, A.C., Gas-liquid chromatographic retention indices of 296 non-drug substances on SE-30 or OV-1 likely to be encountered in toxicological analyses, J. Chromatogr., 1980, 184, 2, 185-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)85641-1 . [all data]

Peng, Ding, et al., 1988
Peng, C.T.; Ding, S.F.; Hua, R.L.; Yang, Z.C., Prediction of Retention Indexes I. Structure-Retention Index Relationship on Apolar Columns, J. Chromatogr., 1988, 436, 137-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94575-8 . [all data]

Ardrey and Moffat, 1981
Ardrey, R.E.; Moffat, A.C., Gas-liquid chromatographic retention indices of 1318 substances of toxicological interest on SE-30 or OV-1 stationary phase, J. Chromatogr., 1981, 220, 3, 195-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)81925-1 . [all data]

Wong and Bernhard, 1988
Wong, J.M.; Bernhard, R.A., Effect of nitrogen source on pyrazine formation, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1988, 36, 1, 123-129, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00079a032 . [all data]

Notes

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• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  Cp,solid	Constant pressure heat capacity of solid
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  Tboil	Boiling point
  Tfus	Fusion (melting) point
  Ttriple	Triple point temperature
  ΔcH°solid	Enthalpy of combustion of solid at standard conditions
  ΔfH°gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
  ΔfH°solid	Enthalpy of formation of solid at standard conditions
  ΔfusH	Enthalpy of fusion
  ΔfusS	Entropy of fusion
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔsubH	Enthalpy of sublimation
  ΔsubH°	Enthalpy of sublimation at standard conditions

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
• The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database.
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