Azulene
- Formula: C10H8
- Molecular weight: 128.1705
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: CUFNKYGDVFVPHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 275-51-4
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: Bicyclo[5.3.0]decapentaene; Cyclopentacycloheptene; Azunamic; Bicyclo(5.3.0)-1,3,5,7,9-decapentaene; Bicyclo(0.3.5)deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene; BICYCLO(5.3.0)-DECA-2,4,6,8,10-PENTAENE; Azusalen [as sodium sulfonate]
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Gas phase ion energetics data
Go To: Top, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
View reactions leading to C10H8+ (ion structure unspecified)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IE (evaluated) | 7.42 ± 0.02 | eV | N/A | N/A | L |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Proton affinity (review) | 925.2 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Gas basicity | 896. | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Electron affinity determinations
EA (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
0.7900 ± 0.0080 | LPES | Schiedt, Knott, et al., 2000 | B |
0.69 ± 0.10 | TDEq | Chowdhury, Heinis, et al., 1986 | ΔGea(423 K) = -18.0 kcal/mol; ΔSea = +4.5 eu.; B |
0.80 ± 0.10 | LPES | Ando, Mitsui, et al., 2008 | Stated electron affinity is the Vertical Detachment Energy; B |
0.690 ± 0.040 | ECD | Chen, Chen, et al., 1992 | B |
0.681 ± 0.043 | Kine | Grimsrud, Chowdhury, et al., 1985 | B |
0.6560 ± 0.0080 | ECD | Becker and Chen, 1966 | B |
<0.520 ± 0.013 | ECD | Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981 | EA is an upper limit: Chen and Wentworth, 1989. G3MP2B3 calculations indicate an EA of ca. 0.6 eV.; B |
>0.460008 | ES | Chaney, Christophorou, et al., 1970 | Lifetime: Compton and Huebner, 1969; B |
Proton affinity at 298K
Proton affinity (kJ/mol) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|
927.6 | Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000 | Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM |
Gas basicity at 298K
Gas basicity (review) (kJ/mol) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|
896.6 | Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000 | Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM |
Ionization energy determinations
IE (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
7.38 ± 0.03 | PI | Jochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992 | LL |
7.32 ± 0.05 | EQ | Mautner(Meot-Ner), Nelsen, et al., 1984 | LBLHLM |
7.41 ± 0.05 | EQ | Mautner(Meot-Ner), 1980 | LLK |
7.43 ± 0.04 | PE | Boschi, Clar, et al., 1974 | LLK |
7.43 ± 0.01 | PE | Dewar and Worley, 1969 | RDSH |
7.42 ± 0.05 | PE | Eland and Danby, 1968 | RDSH |
7.41 | PI | Kitagawa, Inokuchi, et al., 1966 | RDSH |
7.408 | S | Kitagawa, Harada, et al., 1966 | RDSH |
7.431 ± 0.006 | S | Clark, 1965 | RDSH |
7.4 | CTS | Finch, 1964 | RDSH |
7.42 | PE | Dougherty, Lewis, et al., 1980 | Vertical value; LLK |
7.44 ± 0.03 | PE | Heilbronner, Hoshi, et al., 1976 | Vertical value; LLK |
Appearance energy determinations
De-protonation reactions
C10H7- + =
By formula: C10H7- + H+ = C10H8
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 1538. ± 10. | kJ/mol | TDEq | Meot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988 | gas phase; Acidity seriously disagrees with high level calculations. Dissociative to acetylide? C-3is most acidic site by G3MP2B3 calns.; B |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 1507. ± 8.4 | kJ/mol | TDEq | Meot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988 | gas phase; Acidity seriously disagrees with high level calculations. Dissociative to acetylide? C-3is most acidic site by G3MP2B3 calns.; B |
Gas Chromatography
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal
Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Packed | C78, Branched paraffin | 130. | 1326.0 | Dallos, Sisak, et al., 2000 | He; Column length: 3.3 m |
Packed | C78, Branched paraffin | 130. | 1329.7 | Reddy, Dutoit, et al., 1992 | Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 3.3 m |
Capillary | OV-1 | 130. | 1296. | Engewald, Wennrich, et al., 1979 | Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.23 mm |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-5 | 1311. | Rostad and Pereira, 1986 | 30. m/0.26 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 6. K/min, 300. C @ 20. min |
Capillary | SE-52 | 1292. | Carugno and Rossi, 1967 | N2, 1.8 K/min; Column length: 65. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm; Tstart: 100. C; Tend: 300. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1706. | Shimoda, Wu, et al., 1996 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 230. C |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Methylsiloxane + 5 % Ph-groups | 1299. | Nadim, Malik, et al., 2011 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 60. C @ 2. min, 7. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | FFAP | 1729. | Piyachaiseth, Jirapakkul, et al., 2011 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 45. C @ 1. min, 5. K/min, 220. C @ 5. min |
Capillary | Innowax | 1746. | Kaypak and Avsar, 2008 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 200. C @ 15. min |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1736. | Lee and Kim, 2002 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (5 min) 4 0C/min -> 150 0C 8 0C/min -> 240 0C |
Capillary | CP-Wax 52CB | 1710. | Vernin, 1991 | Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified |
Lee's RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-5 | 223.74 | Rostad and Pereira, 1986 | 30. m/0.26 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 6. K/min, 300. C @ 20. min |
Capillary | SE-52 | 219.95 | Lee, Vassilaros, et al., 1979 | 12. m/0.3 mm/0.34 μm, He, 2. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 250. C |
References
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G.,
Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018
. [all data]
Schiedt, Knott, et al., 2000
Schiedt, J.; Knott, W.J.; Le Barbu, K.; Schlag, E.W.; Weinkauf, R.,
Microsolvation of similar-sized aromatic molecules: Photoelectron spectroscopy of bithiophene-, azulene-, and naphthalene-water anion clusters,
J. Chem. Phys., 2000, 113, 21, 9470-9478, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1319874
. [all data]
Chowdhury, Heinis, et al., 1986
Chowdhury, S.; Heinis, T.; Grimsrud, E.P.; Kebarle, P.,
Entropy Changes and Electron Affinities from Gas-Phase Electron Transfer Equilibria: A- + B = A + B-,
J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 12, 2747, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100403a037
. [all data]
Ando, Mitsui, et al., 2008
Ando, N.; Mitsui, M.; Nakajima, A.,
Photoelectron spectroscopy of cluster anions of naphthalene and related aromatic hydrocarbons,
J. Chem. Phys., 2008, 128, 15, 154318, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2903473
. [all data]
Chen, Chen, et al., 1992
Chen, E.C.M.; Chen, E.S.; Milligan, M.S.; Wentworth, W.E.; Wiley, J.R.,
Experimental Determination of the Electron Affinities of Nitrobenzene, Nitrotoluenes, Pentafluoronitrobenzene, and Isotopic Nitrobenzenes an,
J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 5, 2385, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100184a069
. [all data]
Grimsrud, Chowdhury, et al., 1985
Grimsrud, E.P.; Chowdhury, S.; Kebarle, P.,
Thermal energy electron detachment rate constants. The electron detachment from azulene- and the electron affinity of azulene,
J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, 3983. [all data]
Becker and Chen, 1966
Becker, R.S.; Chen, E.,
Extension of Electron Affinities and Ionization Potentials of Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
J. Chem. Phys., 1966, 45, 7, 2403, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1727954
. [all data]
Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981
Wojnarovits, L.; Foldiak, G.,
Electron capture detection of aromatic hydrocarbons,
J. Chromatogr. Sci., 1981, 206, 511. [all data]
Chen and Wentworth, 1989
Chen, E.C.M.; Wentworth, W.E.,
Experimental Determination of Electron Affinities of Organic Molecules,
Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1989, 171, 271. [all data]
Chaney, Christophorou, et al., 1970
Chaney, E.L.; Christophorou, L.G.; Collins, P.M.; Carter, J.C.,
Electron Attachment in the Field of the Ground and Excited States of the Azulene Molecule,
J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 52, 9, 4413, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1673666
. [all data]
Compton and Huebner, 1969
Compton, R.N.; Huebner, R.H.,
Temporary Attachment of Electrons to Azulene-h8 and Azulene-d8,
J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 51, 7, 3132, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1672468
. [all data]
Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000
Aue, D.H.; Guidoni, M.; Betowski, L.D.,
Ab initio calculated gas-phase basicities of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 2000, 201, 283. [all data]
Jochims, Rasekh, et al., 1992
Jochims, H.-W.; Rasekh, H.; Ruhl, E.; Baumgartel, H.; Leach, S.,
The photofragmentation of naphthalene and azulene monocations in the energy range 7-22 eV,
Chem. Phys., 1992, 168, 159. [all data]
Mautner(Meot-Ner), Nelsen, et al., 1984
Mautner(Meot-Ner), M.; Nelsen, S.F.; Willi, M.R.; Frigo, T.B.,
Special effects of an unusually large neutral to radical cation geometry change. Adiabatic ionization energies and proton affinities of alkylhydrazines,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 7384. [all data]
Mautner(Meot-Ner), 1980
Mautner(Meot-Ner), M.,
Ion thermochemistry of low volatility compounds in the gas phase. 3. Polycyclic aromatics: Ionization energies, proton, and hydrogen affinities. Extrapolations to graphite,
J. Phys. Chem., 1980, 84, 2716. [all data]
Boschi, Clar, et al., 1974
Boschi, R.; Clar, E.; Schmidt, W.,
Photoelectron spectra of polynuclear aromatics. III. The effect of nonplanarity in sterically overcrowded aromatic hydrocarbons,
J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 60, 4406. [all data]
Dewar and Worley, 1969
Dewar, M.J.S.; Worley, S.D.,
Photoelectron spectra of molecules. I. Ionization potentials of some organic molecules and their interpretation,
J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 654. [all data]
Eland and Danby, 1968
Eland, J.H.D.; Danby, C.J.,
Inner ionization potentials of aromatic compounds,
Z. Naturforsch., 1968, 23a, 355. [all data]
Kitagawa, Inokuchi, et al., 1966
Kitagawa, T.; Inokuchi, H.; Kodera, K.,
Photoionization of polycyclic aromatic compounds in vacuum ultraviolet region. Azulene,
J.Mol. Spectry., 1966, 21, 267. [all data]
Kitagawa, Harada, et al., 1966
Kitagawa, T.; Harada, Y.; Inokuchi, H.; Kodera, K.,
Absorption spectrum of vapor phase azulene in vacuum ultraviolet region,
J. Mol. Spectry., 1966, 19, 1. [all data]
Clark, 1965
Clark, L.B.,
Ionization potential of azulene,
J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 43, 2566. [all data]
Finch, 1964
Finch, A.C.M.,
Charge-transfer spectra and the ionization energy of azulene,
J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 2272. [all data]
Dougherty, Lewis, et al., 1980
Dougherty, D.; Lewis, J.; Nauman, R.V.; McGlynn, S.P.,
Photoelectron spectroscopy of azulenes,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 19, 21. [all data]
Heilbronner, Hoshi, et al., 1976
Heilbronner, E.; Hoshi, T.; von Rosenberg, J.L.; Hafner, K.,
Alkyl-induced, natural hypsochromic shifts of the 2A←2X and 2B←2X transitions of azulene and naphthalene radical cations,
Nouv. J. Chim., 1976, 1, 105. [all data]
VanBrunt and Wacks, 1964
VanBrunt, R.J.; Wacks, M.E.,
Electron-impact studies of aromatic hydrocarbons. III. Azulene and naphthalene,
J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 41, 3195. [all data]
Winters and Kiser, 1964
Winters, R.E.; Kiser, R.W.,
A mass spectrometric investigation of nickel tetracarbonyl and iron pentacarbonyl,
Inorg. Chem., 1964, 3, 699. [all data]
Meot-ner, Liebman, et al., 1988
Meot-ner, M.; Liebman, J.F.; Kafafi, S.A.,
Ionic Probes of Aromaticity in Annelated Rings,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 18, 5937, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00226a001
. [all data]
Dallos, Sisak, et al., 2000
Dallos, A.; Sisak, A.; Kulcsár, Z.; Kováts, E.,
Pair-wise interactions by gas chromatography VII. Interaction free enthalpies of solutes with secondary alcohol groups,
J. Chromatogr. A, 2000, 904, 2, 211-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00908-0
. [all data]
Reddy, Dutoit, et al., 1992
Reddy, K.S.; Dutoit, J.-Cl.; Kovats, E. sz.,
Pair-wise interactions by gas chromatography. I. Interaction free enthalpies of solutes with non-associated primary alcohol groups,
J. Chromatogr., 1992, 609, 1-2, 229-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)80167-S
. [all data]
Engewald, Wennrich, et al., 1979
Engewald, W.; Wennrich, L.; Ritter, E.,
Molekülstruktur und Retentionsverhalten. XII. Zur Retention von Alkylnaphthalinen Bei der Gasverteilungs- und Gas-Adsorptions-Chromatographie,
J. Chromatogr., 1979, 174, 2, 315-323, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)86005-7
. [all data]
Rostad and Pereira, 1986
Rostad, C.E.; Pereira, W.E.,
Kovats and Lee retention indices determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for organic compounds of environmental interest,
J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Comm., 1986, 9, 6, 328-334, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240090603
. [all data]
Carugno and Rossi, 1967
Carugno, N.; Rossi, S.,
Evaluation of polynuclear hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke by glass capillary columns,
J. Gas Chromatogr., 1967, 5, 2, 103-106, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/5.2.103
. [all data]
Shimoda, Wu, et al., 1996
Shimoda, M.; Wu, Y.; Osajima, Y.,
Aroma compounds from aqueous solution of Haze (Rhus succedanea) honey determined by adsorptive column chromatography,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1996, 44, 12, 3913-3918, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9601168
. [all data]
Nadim, Malik, et al., 2011
Nadim, M.M.; Malik, A.A.; Ahmad, J.; Bakshi, S.K.,
The essential oil composition of Achillea millefolium L. cultivated under tropical conditions in India,
World J. Agricultural Sci., 2011, 7, 5, 561-565. [all data]
Piyachaiseth, Jirapakkul, et al., 2011
Piyachaiseth, T.; Jirapakkul, W.; Chaiseri, S.,
Aroma compounds of flash-fried rice,
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.), 2011, 45, 717-729. [all data]
Kaypak and Avsar, 2008
Kaypak, D.; Avsar, Y.K.,
Volatile and odor-active compounds of tuzlu yoghurt,
Asian J. Chem., 2008, 20, 5, 3641-3648. [all data]
Lee and Kim, 2002
Lee, D.-S.; Kim, N.-S.,
Identification of fragrances from chestnut blossom by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry,
Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 2002, 23, 11, 1647-1650, https://doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2002.23.11.1647
. [all data]
Vernin, 1991
Vernin, G.,
Volatile constituents of the essential oil of Santolina chamaecyparissus L.,
J. Essent. Oil Res., 1991, 3, 1, 49-53, https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1991.9697907
. [all data]
Lee, Vassilaros, et al., 1979
Lee, M.L.; Vassilaros, D.L.; White, C.M.; Novotny, M.,
Retention Indices for Programmed-Temperature Capillary-Column Gas Chromatography of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
Anal. Chem., 1979, 51, 6, 768-773, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50042a043
. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, References
- Symbols used in this document:
AE Appearance energy EA Electron affinity IE (evaluated) Recommended ionization energy ΔrG° Free energy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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