Carbon dioxide

Formula: CO₂
Molecular weight: 44.0095
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 124-38-9
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Isotopologues:
- Carbon dioxide (¹²C¹⁶O₂)
Other names: Carbon oxide (CO2); Carbonic acid, gas; Carbonic anhydride; Dry ice; CO2; Anhydride carbonique; Carbonica; Kohlendioxyd; Kohlensaure; UN 1013; UN 1845; UN 2187; Cardice; Dricold; Drikold; Carbonic acid anhydride; Khladon 744; R 744
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Information on this page:
Other data available:
- Reaction thermochemistry data: reactions 51 to 100, reactions 101 to 143
- Henry's Law data
- Fluid Properties
Data at other public NIST sites:
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH°_gas	-94.051 ± 0.031	kcal/mol	Review	Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984	CODATA Review value
Δ_fH°_gas	-94.054	kcal/mol	Review	Chase, 1998	Data last reviewed in September, 1965
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
S°_{gas,1 bar}	51.0958 ± 0.0024	cal/mol*K	Review	Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984	CODATA Review value
S°_{gas,1 bar}	51.097	cal/mol*K	Review	Chase, 1998	Data last reviewed in September, 1965

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
C_p = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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View table.

Temperature (K)	298. to 1200.	1200. to 6000.
A	5.974511	13.90210
B	13.19000	0.650113
C	-8.052431	-0.117660
D	1.899711	0.009284
E	-0.032657	-1.540941
F	-96.46451	-101.7970
G	54.55141	63.00490
H	-94.05411	-94.05411
Reference	Chase, 1998	Chase, 1998
Comment	Data last reviewed in September, 1965	Data last reviewed in September, 1965

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_triple	216.58	K	N/A	Marsh, 1987	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.008 K; recommended as fixed point for thermometery; TRC
T_triple	216.58	K	N/A	Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1976	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.03 K; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
P_triple	5.117	atm	N/A	Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1976	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.005 atm; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_c	304.18	K	N/A	Suehiro, Nakajima, et al., 1996	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.04 K; TRC
T_c	304.1	K	N/A	Weber, 1989	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.1 K; TRC
T_c	304.35	K	N/A	Li and Kiran, 1988	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.4 K; TRC
T_c	304.200	K	N/A	Morrison, 1981	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; TRC
T_c	304.23	K	N/A	Efremova and Shvarts, 1972	Visual, agreement with literature evidence of sample purity; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
P_c	72.83	atm	N/A	Suehiro, Nakajima, et al., 1996	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.15 atm; TRC
P_c	72.44	atm	N/A	Li and Kiran, 1988	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.49 atm; TRC
P_c	72.860	atm	N/A	Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1976	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.005 atm; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
V_c	0.0919	l/mol	N/A	Li and Kiran, 1988	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.001 l/mol; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ρ_c	10.6	mol/l	N/A	Suehiro, Nakajima, et al., 1996	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.05 mol/l; TRC
ρ_c	10.590	mol/l	N/A	Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1976	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.007 mol/l; TRC
ρ_c	10.8	mol/l	N/A	Andrizhievskii and Chernova, 1970	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 mol/l; TRC
ρ_c	10.64	mol/l	N/A	Lowry and Erickson, 1927	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.034 mol/l; from a plot of (DN(liq) + DN(g))/2 based on exp. measurement and extrapolated to 31.0 deg C; TRC

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH (kcal/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
3.99	288.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 273. to 304. K.; AC
3.92	258.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 216. to 273. K.; AC
3.94	282.	N/A	Boublík and Aim, 1972	Based on data from 267. to 303. K.; AC

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
P = vapor pressure (atm)
T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K)	A	B	C	Reference	Comment
154.26 to 195.89	6.80657	1301.679	-3.494	Giauque and Egan, 1937	Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of sublimation

Δ_subH (kcal/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
6.24	207.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 198. to 216. K.; AC
6.50 ± 0.1	70. to 102.	LE	Bryson, Cazcarra, et al., 1974	AC
6.19	188.	N/A	Ambrose, 1956	Based on data from 179. to 198. K.; AC
6.29	167.	A	Stull, 1947	Based on data from 139. to 195. K.; AC
6.02	195.	N/A	Giauque and Egan, 1937, 2	Based on data from 154. to 196. K.; AC

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:

Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
B - John E. Bartmess

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Reactions 1 to 50

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: O₂⁺ + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	9.8 ± 0.9	kcal/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 4 out of 6 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	18.9	cal/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=9.80 kcal/mol; M
Δ_rS°	20.7	cal/mol*K	N/A	Dotan, Davidson, et al., 1978	gas phase; switching reaction(O2+)O2, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Conway and Janik, 1970; M
Δ_rS°	20.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, DG>, Δ_rH>; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	4.4	kcal/mol	DT	Rakshit and Warneck, 1981	gas phase; M
Δ_rG°	4.3	kcal/mol	FA	Dotan, Davidson, et al., 1978	gas phase; switching reaction(O2+)O2, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Conway and Janik, 1970; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
9.4	600.	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, DG>, Δ_rH>; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: CO₂⁺ + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	16. ± 1.	kcal/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 7 out of 10 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	18.6	cal/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=15.9 kcal/mol; M
Δ_rS°	19.5	cal/mol*K	DT	Van Koppen, Kemper, et al., 1983	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	22.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Headley, Mason, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	21.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

O^- + Carbon dioxide = (O^- • )

By formula: O^- + CO₂ = (O^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	48. ± 10.	kcal/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 8 out of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	48.0 ± 5.0	kcal/mol	IMRE	Adams and Bohme, 1970	gas phase; O₃^- + CO₂ <=> CO₃^- + O₂; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: I^- + CO₂ = (I^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.7 ± 1.8	kcal/mol	N/A	Piani, Becucci, et al., 2008	gas phase; Stated electron affinity is the Vertical Detachment Energy; B
Δ_rH°	4.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	3.20	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	5.60 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	13.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	18.2	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	0.80 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rG°	0.40 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: O₂^- + CO₂ = (O₂^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	19.00 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	17.7 ± 1.8	kcal/mol	IMRE	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; Corrected with more recent EA(O2) = 0.45 eV; B,M
Δ_rH°	25.4 ± 4.6	kcal/mol	PDis	Vestal and Mauclaire, 1977	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	21.	cal/mol*K	DT	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	11.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	12.2 ± 1.2	kcal/mol	IMRE	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; Corrected with more recent EA(O2) = 0.45 eV; B
Δ_rG°	10.0	kcal/mol	FA	Adams and Bohme, 1970	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)O2; Conway and Nesbit, 1968; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
12.9	296.	FA	Fehsenfeld and Ferguson, 1974	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)H2O; Arshadi and Kebarle, 1970; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: F^- + CO₂ = (F^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	32.07	kcal/mol	N/A	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	32.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	31.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	IMRE	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	33.0 ± 3.0	kcal/mol	IMRE	McMahon and Northcott, 1978	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	26.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(F-)H2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Arshadi, Yamdagni, et al., 1970; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	24.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	24.5 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	IMRE	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rG°	11.6	kcal/mol	FA	Spears and Ferguson, 1973	gas phase; DG>; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Cl^- + CO₂ = (Cl^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.80 ± 0.50	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; Affinity: shift in apparent EA from lesser-solvated ion. Ignores any neutral-neutral bond.; B
Δ_rH°	7.60	kcal/mol	TDEq	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	8.00 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	19.6	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	2.10	kcal/mol	TDEq	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	2.10 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (I^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2.20	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	3.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.6 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (I^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.70	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	3.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.4 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (I^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	2.60	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (I^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	1.80	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	4.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • • )

By formula: (Na⁺ • CO₂) + H₂O = (Na⁺ • H₂O • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	20.7	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M
Δ_rH°	22.9	kcal/mol	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle(Na+) 2H2O; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970, Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	25.3	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M
Δ_rS°	25.6	cal/mol*K	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle(Na+) 2H2O; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970, Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984; M

CHO₂⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (CHO₂⁺ • )

By formula: CHO₂⁺ + CO₂ = (CHO₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	19.8	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	18.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	19.1	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Jennings, Headley, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	20.1	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	26.6	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	22.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	27.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Jennings, Headley, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (I^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.80	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	3.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO₂^- + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.30 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	9.30 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.2	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	2.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	2.00 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO^- + CO₂ = (NO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.5 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=8.60 kcal/mol; M
Δ_rH°	7.7 ± 0.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	13.8	kcal/mol	FA	Dunkin, Fehsenfeld, et al., 1971	gas phase; switching reaction(NO+)NO, Δ_rH<; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.0	cal/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=8.60 kcal/mol; M
Δ_rS°	13.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Br^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	6.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.6 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	8.3	kcal/mol	EI	Cameron, Aitken, et al., 1994	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	3.3	kcal/mol	PI	Linn and Ng, 1981	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	6.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	14.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + CO₂ = (Br^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; Affinity: shift in apparent EA from lesser-solvated ion. Ignores any neutral-neutral bond.; B
Δ_rH°	6.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	16.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.8 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	6.80	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	7.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.4 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	1.00	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: H₃O⁺ + CO₂ = (H₃O⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	14.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	15.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	14.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.6	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	20.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • 2 • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3 • )

By formula: (Na⁺ • 2H₂O • CO₂) + H₂O = (Na⁺ • 3H₂O • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	12.4	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	5.5	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.6 ± 0.5	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	7.5	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	15.	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

( • 3) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • 3)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 3H₂O) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂ • 3H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	25.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.3	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.4	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	25.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.7	310.	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	15.9	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	13.7	kcal/mol	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.1	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	19.8	cal/mol*K	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
6.6	310.	DT	Keller and Beyer, 1971	gas phase; low E/N; M

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (I^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	1.90	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B

( • 7 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 8)

By formula: (I^- • 7CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 8CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	1.90	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Cl^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.40	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; entropy estimated.; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.80	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; entropy estimated.; B

CO₃^- + Carbon dioxide = C₂O₅^-

By formula: CO₃^- + CO₂ = C₂O₅^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.90 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	7.10 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	0.60 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

HO^- + Carbon dioxide = (HO^- • )

By formula: HO^- + CO₂ = (HO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	50.9 ± 2.5	kcal/mol	CIDT	Squires, 1992	gas phase; Dissociative protonation threshold at nPrSH, 9 kcal> calc. CIDC(HOCO2-..HSH) = 7:1 HOCO2-; B
Δ_rH°	87.60	kcal/mol	Endo	Hierl and Paulson, 1984	gas phase; Implies ΔHacid = 291.4, anion appears too stable - JEB; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.0	kcal/mol	EI	Cameron, Aitken, et al., 1994	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	5.1 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	2.8	kcal/mol	PI	Linn and Ng, 1981	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2 • )

By formula: (Na⁺ • H₂O • CO₂) + H₂O = (Na⁺ • 2H₂O • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	17.4	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.6	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; From thermochemical cycle; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (F^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.2 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (F^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.6 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (F^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.4 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

C₇O₁₅^- + 7 Carbon dioxide = C₈O₁₇^-

By formula: C₇O₁₅^- + 7CO₂ = C₈O₁₇^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Estimated entropy; single temperature measurement; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-2.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Estimated entropy; single temperature measurement; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (F^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.6	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.5 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (F^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.9 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (O₂^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.6 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (O₂^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (O₂^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (O₂^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (O₂^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (O₂^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.60 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	25.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.9 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-2.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
IE (evaluated)	13.777 ± 0.001	eV	N/A	N/A	L
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Proton affinity (review)	129.2	kcal/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Gas basicity	123.3	kcal/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
-0.599986	EIAE	Knapp, Echt, et al., 1986	Unbound but in -0.3 eV well, from (CO2)n; B
-1.60 ± 0.10	NBIE	Compton, Reinhardt, et al., 1975	B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
13.778 ± 0.002	PE	Wang, Reutt, et al., 1988	LL
13.78	PE	Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981	LLK
13.776 ± 0.002	PE	Potts and Fattahallah, 1980	LLK
13. ± 1.	PI	Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980	LLK
13.89 ± 0.03	EI	Sahini, Constantin, et al., 1978	LLK
13.79 ± 0.05	EI	Mark and Hille, 1978	LLK
13.77	PI	Jones and Taylor, 1978	LLK
13.777 ± 0.002	PE	Frey, Gotchev, et al., 1977	LLK
13.83 ± 0.05	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
13.788	PE	Kronebusch and Berkowitz, 1976	LLK
13.776 ± 0.002	TE	Batten, Taylor, et al., 1976	LLK
13.774 ± 0.003	PI	Parr and Taylor, 1974	LLK
13.9 ± 0.2	EI	Semenov, Volkov, et al., 1973	LLK
13.776 ± 0.008	PI	Parr and Taylor, 1973	LLK
13.78	PE	Natalis, 1973	LLK
13.773 ± 0.002	PI	McCulloh, 1973	LLK
13.80 ± 0.01	PE	Frost, Lee, et al., 1973	LLK
13.788 ± 0.005	PE	Brundle and Turner, 1969	RDSH
13.78 ± 0.01	PE	Eland and Danby, 1968	RDSH
13.77	PE	Spohr and Puttkamer, 1967	RDSH
13.75 ± 0.05	EI	Carette, 1967	RDSH
13.767 ± 0.003	PI	Nakata, Watanabe, et al., 1965	RDSH
13.77 ± 0.03	S	Tanaka, Jursa, et al., 1960	RDSH
13.773	PE	Eland and Berkowitz, 1977	Vertical value; LLK
13.78	PE	Benoit and Harrison, 1977	Vertical value; LLK
13.78	PE	Schweig and Thiel, 1974	Vertical value; LLK
13.79	PE	Potts and Williams, 1974	Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion	AE (eV)	Other Products	Method	Reference	Comment
C⁺	25. ± 2.	O₂	PI	Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980	LLK
C⁺	22.7 ± 0.2	O₂	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
C⁺	27.8 ± 0.1	2O	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
C⁺	24.6 ± 1.0	O₂	EI	Crowe and McConkey, 1974	LLK
C⁺	28.4 ± 0.6	2O	EI	Cuthbert, Farren, et al., 1968	RDSH
C⁺	14.2 ± 0.5	2O	EI	Cuthbert, Farren, et al., 1968	RDSH
C⁺	23.2 ± 0.5	O₂	EI	Cuthbert, Farren, et al., 1968	RDSH
CO⁺	19. ± 2.	O	PI	Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980	LLK
CO⁺	19.466	O	PE	Eland and Berkowitz, 1977, 2	LLK
CO⁺	19.42 ± 0.075	O	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
CO⁺	19.466	O	PE	Kronebusch and Berkowitz, 1976	LLK
CO⁺	20.9 ± 1.0	O	EI	Crowe and McConkey, 1974	LLK
CO⁺	29.0	O	PI	Samson and Gardner, 1973	LLK
O⁺	19. ± 1.	CO	PI	Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980	LLK
O⁺	19.071	CO	PE	Eland and Berkowitz, 1977, 2	LLK
O⁺	19.05 ± 0.05	CO	EI	Bussieres and Marmet, 1977	LLK
O⁺	19.067	CO	PE	Kronebusch and Berkowitz, 1976	LLK
O⁺	19.393 ± 0.008	?	PI	Parr and Taylor, 1974	LLK
O⁺	22.6 ± 1.0	CO	EI	Crowe and McConkey, 1974	LLK
O⁺	19.10 ± 0.01	CO	PI	Dibeler and Walker, 1967	RDSH

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + CO₂ = (Br^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; Affinity: shift in apparent EA from lesser-solvated ion. Ignores any neutral-neutral bond.; B
Δ_rH°	6.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	16.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.8 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Br^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	6.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Br^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Br^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.2 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (Br^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.2 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (Br^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (Br^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 7 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 8)

By formula: (Br^- • 7CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 8CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 8 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 9)

By formula: (Br^- • 8CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 9CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.8 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 9 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 10)

By formula: (Br^- • 9CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 10CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.8 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 10 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 11)

By formula: (Br^- • 10CO₂) + CO₂ = (Br^- • 11CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	0.5 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: CHO⁺ + CO₂ = (CHO⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	12.6	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (CHO⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (CHO⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.9	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (CHO⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

CHO₂⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (CHO₂⁺ • )

By formula: CHO₂⁺ + CO₂ = (CHO₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	19.8	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	18.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	19.1	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Jennings, Headley, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	20.1	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	26.6	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	22.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	27.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Jennings, Headley, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

(CHO₂⁺ • Carbon dioxide ) + = (CHO₂⁺ • 2)

By formula: (CHO₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.9	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

(CHO₂⁺ • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CHO₂⁺ • 3)

By formula: (CHO₂⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CHO₂⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.9	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 4294967295 Carbon dioxide ) + =

By formula: (CHO₂^- • 4294967295CO₂) + CO₂ = CHO₂^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	51.6 ± 2.3	kcal/mol	N/A	Caldwell, Renneboog, et al., 1989	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: CH₃⁺ + CO₂ = (CH₃⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	49.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	McMahon, Heinis, et al., 1988	gas phase; switching reaction(CH3+)N2, Entropy change calculated or estimated, uses MCA(N2) = 48.3 kcal/mol; Foster, Williamson, et al., 1974; M

CH₆N⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (CH₆N⁺ • )

By formula: CH₆N⁺ + CO₂ = (CH₆N⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	13.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978	gas phase; M

CN^- + Carbon dioxide = (CN^- • )

By formula: CN^- + CO₂ = (CN^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	17.30 ± 0.80	kcal/mol	TDAs	Larson, Szulejko, et al., 1988	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	31.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Larson, Szulejko, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	7.90 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Larson, Szulejko, et al., 1988	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: CO₂⁺ + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	16. ± 1.	kcal/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 7 out of 10 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	18.6	cal/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=15.9 kcal/mol; M
Δ_rS°	19.5	cal/mol*K	DT	Van Koppen, Kemper, et al., 1983	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	22.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Headley, Mason, et al., 1982	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	21.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.6 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	8.3	kcal/mol	EI	Cameron, Aitken, et al., 1994	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	3.3	kcal/mol	PI	Linn and Ng, 1981	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	6.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	14.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.0	kcal/mol	EI	Cameron, Aitken, et al., 1994	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	5.1 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	2.8	kcal/mol	PI	Linn and Ng, 1981	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.8 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.3 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (CO₂⁺ • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₂⁺ • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

CO₃^- + Carbon dioxide = C₂O₅^-

By formula: CO₃^- + CO₂ = C₂O₅^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.90 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	7.10 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	0.60 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

CO₃^- + Carbon dioxide = (CO₃^- • )

By formula: CO₃^- + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.9 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	16.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 2)

By formula: (CO₃^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.7 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 3)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.5 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 4)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.2 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 5)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.8 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 6)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.7 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M

(CO₃^- • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = (CO₃^- • 7)

By formula: (CO₃^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (CO₃^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.45	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 4294967295 Carbon dioxide ) + =

By formula: (C₂H₂O₂^- • 4294967295CO₂) + CO₂ = C₂H₂O₂^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	61.7 ± 2.7	kcal/mol	CIDT	Wenthold and Squires, 1994	gas phase; B

( • 4294967295 Carbon dioxide ) + =

By formula: (C₂H₃O₂^- • 4294967295CO₂) + CO₂ = C₂H₃O₂^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	59.7 ± 2.5	kcal/mol	CIDC	Wenthold and Squires, 1994	gas phase; B

C₂H₈N⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (C₂H₈N⁺ • )

By formula: C₂H₈N⁺ + CO₂ = (C₂H₈N⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	11.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978	gas phase; M

C₂O₅^- + 2 Carbon dioxide = C₃O₇^-

By formula: C₂O₅^- + 2CO₂ = C₃O₇^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.4 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₃O₇^- + 3 Carbon dioxide = C₄O₉^-

By formula: C₃O₇^- + 3CO₂ = C₄O₉^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₄O₉^- + 4 Carbon dioxide = C₅O₁₁^-

By formula: C₄O₉^- + 4CO₂ = C₅O₁₁^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₅O₁₁^- + 5 Carbon dioxide = C₆O₁₃^-

By formula: C₅O₁₁^- + 5CO₂ = C₆O₁₃^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₆O₁₃^- + 6 Carbon dioxide = C₇O₁₅^-

By formula: C₆O₁₃^- + 6CO₂ = C₇O₁₅^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.9 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

C₇O₁₅^- + 7 Carbon dioxide = C₈O₁₇^-

By formula: C₇O₁₅^- + 7CO₂ = C₈O₁₇^-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Estimated entropy; single temperature measurement; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-2.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; Estimated entropy; single temperature measurement; B

(Ca⁺² • 4 Carbon dioxide • ) + = (Ca⁺² • 5 • )

By formula: (Ca⁺² • 4CO₂ • CCaO₃) + CO₂ = (Ca⁺² • 5CO₂ • CCaO₃)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
7.6	296.	FA	Spears and Fehsenfeld, 1972	gas phase; M

(Ca⁺² • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = (Ca⁺² • 6)

By formula: (Ca⁺² • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (Ca⁺² • 6CO₂)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
8.1	296.	FA	Spears and Fehsenfeld, 1972	gas phase; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Cl^- + CO₂ = (Cl^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.80 ± 0.50	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; Affinity: shift in apparent EA from lesser-solvated ion. Ignores any neutral-neutral bond.; B
Δ_rH°	7.60	kcal/mol	TDEq	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	8.00 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	19.6	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	2.10	kcal/mol	TDEq	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	2.10 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cl^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	7.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.4 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	1.00	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Cl^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	6.80	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Cl^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Cl^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.40	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; entropy estimated.; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.80	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; entropy estimated.; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Cs⁺ + CO₂ = (Cs⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.2	kcal/mol	DT	McKnight and Sawina, 1972	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	14.3	cal/mol*K	DT	McKnight and Sawina, 1972	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
2.4	301.	HPMS	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; electric fields; M

( • ) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • )

By formula: (Cs⁺ • H₂O) + CO₂ = (Cs⁺ • CO₂ • H₂O)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
1.2	301.	HPMS	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; electric fields; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: F^- + CO₂ = (F^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	32.07	kcal/mol	N/A	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	32.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	31.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	IMRE	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	33.0 ± 3.0	kcal/mol	IMRE	McMahon and Northcott, 1978	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	26.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(F-)H2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Arshadi, Yamdagni, et al., 1970; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	24.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	24.5 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	IMRE	Larson and McMahon, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rG°	11.6	kcal/mol	FA	Spears and Ferguson, 1973	gas phase; DG>; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (F^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.9 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (F^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.6	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.5 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (F^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.2 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (F^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.6 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (F^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.4 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (F^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (F^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.9	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Fe⁺ + CO₂ = (Fe⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	14.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	CIDT	Rodgers and Armentrout, 2000	RCD

HO^- + Carbon dioxide = (HO^- • )

By formula: HO^- + CO₂ = (HO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	50.9 ± 2.5	kcal/mol	CIDT	Squires, 1992	gas phase; Dissociative protonation threshold at nPrSH, 9 kcal> calc. CIDC(HOCO2-..HSH) = 7:1 HOCO2-; B
Δ_rH°	87.60	kcal/mol	Endo	Hierl and Paulson, 1984	gas phase; Implies ΔHacid = 291.4, anion appears too stable - JEB; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: HO^- + CO₂ = (HO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	88.	kcal/mol	CID	Hierl and Paulson, 1984	gas phase; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: H₃O⁺ + CO₂ = (H₃O⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	14.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	15.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	14.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Szulejko and McMahon, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.6	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	20.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (H₃O⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (H₃O⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	12.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	26.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (H₃O⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (H₃O⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	10.5	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	26.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986	gas phase; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: H₄N⁺ + CO₂ = (H₄N⁺ • CO₂)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
2.3	296.	FA	Spears and Fehsenfeld, 1972	gas phase; M

( • 2) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • 2)

By formula: (H₄N⁺ • 2H₂O) + CO₂ = (H₄N⁺ • CO₂ • 2H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.3	kcal/mol	HPMS	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; electric fields; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: I^- + CO₂ = (I^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.7 ± 1.8	kcal/mol	N/A	Piani, Becucci, et al., 2008	gas phase; Stated electron affinity is the Vertical Detachment Energy; B
Δ_rH°	4.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	3.20	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	5.60 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	13.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	18.2	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	0.80 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rG°	0.40 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (I^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	2.60	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (I^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2.20	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	3.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.6 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (I^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.80	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	3.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (I^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.70	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	3.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	4.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.4 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (I^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	1.80	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B
Δ_rH°	4.2	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (I^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.3 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	1.90	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B

( • 7 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 8)

By formula: (I^- • 7CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 8CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	3.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B
Δ_rH°	1.90	kcal/mol	N/A	Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002	gas phase; EA=Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity is stepwise difference in EAs.; B

( • 8 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 9)

By formula: (I^- • 8CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 9CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	2.8 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 9 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 10)

By formula: (I^- • 9CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 10CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	0.9 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 10 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 11)

By formula: (I^- • 10CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 11CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 11 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 12)

By formula: (I^- • 11CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 12CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.6 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

( • 12 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 13)

By formula: (I^- • 12CO₂) + CO₂ = (I^- • 13CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	PDis	Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995	gas phase; EA given is Vertical Detachment Energy. Affinity: difference between successive EAs in (Y); B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: K⁺ + CO₂ = (K⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.5	kcal/mol	HPMS	Castleman and Keesee, 1981	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	15.2	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Castleman and Keesee, 1981	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
3.7	310.	DT	Keller and Beyer, 1971, 2	gas phase; low E/N; M

Kr⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (Kr⁺ • )

By formula: Kr⁺ + CO₂ = (Kr⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	18.9 ± 0.7	kcal/mol	SIFT	Praxmarer, Jordan, et al., 1993	gas phase; switching reaction(Kr+)Kr; Wadt, 1978, Radzig and Smirnov, 1985; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Mg⁺ + CO₂ = (Mg⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	13.8 ± 1.4	kcal/mol	CIDT	Andersen, Muntean, et al., 2000	RCD

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Mg⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Mg⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	11.5 ± 0.7	kcal/mol	CIDT	Andersen, Muntean, et al., 2000	RCD

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Mg⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Mg⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	10.6 ± 1.4	kcal/mol	CIDT	Andersen, Muntean, et al., 2000	RCD

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO^- + CO₂ = (NO^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.5 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=8.60 kcal/mol; M
Δ_rH°	7.7 ± 0.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	13.8	kcal/mol	FA	Dunkin, Fehsenfeld, et al., 1971	gas phase; switching reaction(NO+)NO, Δ_rH<; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.0	cal/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=8.60 kcal/mol; M
Δ_rS°	13.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (NO^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.4 ± 0.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (NO^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2 ± 0.4	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (NO^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.7 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (NO^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.2 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	26.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; M

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (NO^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	28.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO₂^- + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.30 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	9.30 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	24.2	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	2.1 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	2.00 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (NO₂^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	25.9	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.7 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.9 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.1	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-2.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.4 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-2.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 7 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 8)

By formula: (NO₂^- • 7CO₂) + CO₂ = (NO₂^- • 8CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-2.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: NO₃^- + CO₂ = (NO₃^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	2.70 ± 0.10	kcal/mol	TDAs	Banic and Iribarne, 1985	gas phase; B,M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	15.9	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	13.7	kcal/mol	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.1	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	19.8	cal/mol*K	FA	Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
6.6	310.	DT	Keller and Beyer, 1971	gas phase; low E/N; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Na⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	11.0	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.7	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
4.8	310.	DT	Keller and Beyer, 1971	gas phase; low E/N; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	9.7	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.0	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.4	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	25.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.7	310.	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • ) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • )

By formula: (Na⁺ • H₂O) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂ • H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	12.6	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.5	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M

( • 2) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • 2)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 2H₂O) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂ • 2H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	10.3	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.9	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; M

( • 3) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • 3)

By formula: (Na⁺ • 3H₂O) + CO₂ = (Na⁺ • CO₂ • 3H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.2	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	25.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.3	kcal/mol	HPMS	Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

O^- + Carbon dioxide = (O^- • )

By formula: O^- + CO₂ = (O^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	48. ± 10.	kcal/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 8 out of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	48.0 ± 5.0	kcal/mol	IMRE	Adams and Bohme, 1970	gas phase; O₃^- + CO₂ <=> CO₃^- + O₂; B

(O^- • Carbon dioxide ) + = (O^- • 2)

By formula: (O^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	7.1	kcal/mol	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	21.8	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M

(O^- • ) + Carbon dioxide = (O^- • • )

By formula: (O^- • H₂O) + CO₂ = (O^- • CO₂ • H₂O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	36.4	kcal/mol	PDiss	Roehl, Snodgrass, et al., 1991	gas phase; Δ_rH>; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: O₂⁺ + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	9.8 ± 0.9	kcal/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 4 out of 6 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	17.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	18.9	cal/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=9.80 kcal/mol; M
Δ_rS°	20.7	cal/mol*K	N/A	Dotan, Davidson, et al., 1978	gas phase; switching reaction(O2+)O2, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Conway and Janik, 1970; M
Δ_rS°	20.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, DG>, Δ_rH>; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	4.4	kcal/mol	DT	Rakshit and Warneck, 1981	gas phase; M
Δ_rG°	4.3	kcal/mol	FA	Dotan, Davidson, et al., 1978	gas phase; switching reaction(O2+)O2, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Conway and Janik, 1970; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
9.4	600.	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, DG>, Δ_rH>; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.6 ± 0.5	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	7.5	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	15.	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977	gas phase; Entropy change is questionable; M

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.2 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.8	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	5.1 ± 0.3	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.6	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.5 ± 0.5	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; M

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (O₂⁺ • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂⁺ • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.0	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Hiraoka, Nakajima, et al., 1988	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Carbon dioxide = ( • )

By formula: O₂^- + CO₂ = (O₂^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	19.00 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Δ_rH°	17.7 ± 1.8	kcal/mol	IMRE	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; Corrected with more recent EA(O2) = 0.45 eV; B,M
Δ_rH°	25.4 ± 4.6	kcal/mol	PDis	Vestal and Mauclaire, 1977	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	24.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Δ_rS°	21.	cal/mol*K	DT	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	11.7 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	12.2 ± 1.2	kcal/mol	IMRE	Pack and Phelps, 1966	gas phase; Corrected with more recent EA(O2) = 0.45 eV; B
Δ_rG°	10.0	kcal/mol	FA	Adams and Bohme, 1970	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)O2; Conway and Nesbit, 1968; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
12.9	296.	FA	Fehsenfeld and Ferguson, 1974	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)H2O; Arshadi and Kebarle, 1970; M

( • Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (O₂^- • CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 2CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.60 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.2	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 2 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 3)

By formula: (O₂^- • 2CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 3CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.3 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	23.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.6 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 3 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 4)

By formula: (O₂^- • 3CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 4CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.7	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-0.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 4 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 5)

By formula: (O₂^- • 4CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 5CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	18.4	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.1 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 5 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 6)

By formula: (O₂^- • 5CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 6CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.2 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.0	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.5 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • 6 Carbon dioxide ) + = ( • 7)

By formula: (O₂^- • 6CO₂) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • 7CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.0 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	19.3	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	-1.8 ± 1.0	kcal/mol	TDAs	Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992	gas phase; B

( • ) + Carbon dioxide = ( • • )

By formula: (O₂^- • H₂O) + CO₂ = (O₂^- • CO₂ • H₂O)

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
8.2	296.	FA	Fehsenfeld and Ferguson, 1974	gas phase; switching reaction(O2-)2H2O; Arshadi and Kebarle, 1970; M

O₂S⁺ + Carbon dioxide = (O₂S⁺ • )

By formula: O₂S⁺ + CO₂ = (O₂S⁺ • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	9.6 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=10.2 kcal/mol; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	16.5	cal/mol*K	DT	Illies, 1988	gas phase; Δ_rH(0 K)=10.2 kcal/mol; M

O₃S^- + Carbon dioxide = (O₃S^- • )

By formula: O₃S^- + CO₂ = (O₃S^- • CO₂)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.50 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.7	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.30 ± 0.20	kcal/mol	TDAs	Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980	gas phase; B

IR Spectrum

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

GAS (200 mmHg DILUTED TO A TOTAL PRESSURE OF 600 mmHg WITH N2); DOW KBr FOREPRISM; DIGITIZED BY NIST FROM HARD COPY (FROM TWO SEGMENTS); 4 cm^-1 resolution

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Additional Data

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NIST MS number	69

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Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Packed	Squalane	27.	154.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	49.	153.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	67.	152.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	86.	152.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm

References

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Cox, J.D.; Wagman, D.D.; Medvedev, V.A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984, 1. [all data]

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

Marsh, 1987
Marsh, K.N., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Sci. Pub., Oxford, 1987. [all data]

Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1976
Angus, S.; Armstrong, B.; de Reuck, K.M., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State - 3 Carbon Dioxide, Pergamon, New York, 1976. [all data]

Suehiro, Nakajima, et al., 1996
Suehiro, Y.; Nakajima, M.; Yamada, K.; Uematsu, M., Critical parameters of {xCO2 + (1 - x)CHF3} for x = (1.0000, 0.7496, 0.5013 , and 0.2522), J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1996, 28, 1153-1164. [all data]

Weber, 1989
Weber, L.A., Simple Apparatus for Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Measurements with Data for the Binary Systems of Carbon Dioxide with n-Butane and Isobutane, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1989, 34, 171. [all data]

Li and Kiran, 1988
Li, L.; Kiran, E., Gas-Liquid Critical Properties of Methylamine + Nitrous Oxide and Methylamine + Ethylene Binary Mixtures, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1988, 33, 342. [all data]

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Morrison, G., Effect of water on the critical points of carbon dioxide and ethane, J. Phys. Chem., 1981, 85, 759-61. [all data]

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Efremova, G.D.; Shvarts, A.V., Higher-order Critical Phenomena in Ternary Systems. The Methanol-Carbon Dioxide-Ethane System, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1972, 46, 237-239. [all data]

Andrizhievskii and Chernova, 1970
Andrizhievskii, A.A.; Chernova, N.I., Application of the Moving Meniscus Method in the Study of the Critical Phenomena in One-component Systems, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1970, 44, 1519. [all data]

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Lowry, H.H.; Erickson, W.R., The Densities of Coexisting Liquid and Gaseous Carbon Dioxide and the Solubility of Water in Liquid Carbon Dioxide., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1927, 49, 2729-2734. [all data]

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Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Boublík and Aim, 1972
Boublík, T.; Aim, K., Heats of vaporization of simple non-spherical molecule compounds, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1972, 37, 11, 3513-3521, https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc19723513 . [all data]

Giauque and Egan, 1937
Giauque, W.F.; Egan, C.J., Carbon Dioxide. The Heat Capacity and Vapor Pressure of the Solid. The Heat of Sublimation. Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Values of the Entropy, J. Chem. Phys., 1937, 5, 1, 45-54, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1749929 . [all data]

Bryson, Cazcarra, et al., 1974
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Ambrose, 1956
Ambrose, D., The vapour pressures and critical temperatures of acetylene and carbon dioxide, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1956, 52, 772, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9565200772 . [all data]

Stull, 1947
Stull, Daniel R., Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 . [all data]

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Giauque, W.F.; Egan, C.J., Carbon Dioxide. The Heat Capacity and Vapor Pressure of the Solid. The Heat of Sublimation. Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Values of the Entropy, J. Chem. Phys., 1937, 5, 1, 45, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1749929 . [all data]

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Hiraoka, K.; Nakajima, G.; Shoda, S., Determination of the Stabilities of CO2+(CO2)n and O2+(CO2)n Clusters with n = 1 - 6, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1988, 146, 6, 535, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(88)87495-5 . [all data]

Illies, 1988
Illies, A.J., Thermochemistry of the Gas - Phase Ion - Molecule Clustering of CO2+CO2, SO2+CO2, N2O+N2O, O2+CO2, NO+CO2 and NO+N2O: Description of a New Hybrid Drift Tube/Ion Source with Coaxial Electron Beam and Ion Exit Apertures, J. Phys. Chem., 1988, 92, 10, 2889, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100321a037 . [all data]

Dotan, Davidson, et al., 1978
Dotan, I.; Davidson, J.A.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Albritton, D.L., Reactions of O2+.O2 with CO2, O3 and CH4 and O2+.O3 with H2O and CH4 and their Role in Stratospheric Ion Chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 1978, 83, C8, 4036, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC083iC08p04036 . [all data]

Conway and Janik, 1970
Conway, D.C.; Janik, G.S., Determination of the Bond Energies for the Series O2 - O2+ through O2 - O10+, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 53, 5, 1859, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1674262 . [all data]

Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977
Meot-Ner (Mautner), M.; Field, F.H., Proton Affinity and Ion - Molecule Clustering in CO2 and CS2. Applications in Martian Ionospheric Chemistry, J. Chem. Phys., 1977, 66, 10, 4527, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.433706 . [all data]

Rakshit and Warneck, 1981
Rakshit, A.B.; Warneck, P., Formation and Reactions of O2+.CO2, O2+.H2O and O2+(CO2)2 Ions, Int. J. Mass Spectrom Ion Phys., 1981, 40, 2, 135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7381(81)80037-X . [all data]

Van Koppen, Kemper, et al., 1983
Van Koppen, P.A.M.; Kemper, P.R.; Illies, A.J.; Bowers, M.T., An Improved High - Pressure, Temperature - Variable Ion Source with Coaxial Electron Beam/Ion Exit Slit, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 1983, 54, 3, 263, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(83)80015-9 . [all data]

Headley, Mason, et al., 1982
Headley, J.V.; Mason, R.S.; Jennings, K.R., Kinetics, Equilibria and Diffusion of Ions Produced in N2, CO and CO2, Studied as a Function of Temperature using a High - Pressure Pulsed Mass Spectrometer, J. Chem. Soc., 1982, 78, 933. [all data]

Adams and Bohme, 1970
Adams, N.G.; Bohme, D., Flowing Afterglow Studies of Formation and Reactions of Cluster Ions of O₂⁺, O₂^-, and O^-, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 52, 6, 3133, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1673449 . [all data]

Piani, Becucci, et al., 2008
Piani, G.; Becucci, M.; Bowen, M.S.; Oakman, J.; Hu, Q.; Continetti, R.E., Photodetachment and dissociation dynamics of microsolvated iodide clusters, Phys. Scripta, 2008, 78, 5, 058110, https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/78/05/058110 . [all data]

Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995
Arnold, D.W.; Bradforth, S.E.; Kim, E.H.; Neumark, D.M., Study of I-(CO2)n, Br-(CO2)n, and I-(N2O)n clusters by anion photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 1995, 102, 9, 3510, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.468576 . [all data]

Hiraoka, Mizuse, et al., 1987
Hiraoka, K.; Mizuse, S.; Yamabe, S., Stability and Structure of Cluster Ions: Halide Ions with CO2, J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 87, 6, 3647, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.452962 . [all data]

Gomez, Taylor, et al., 2002
Gomez, H.; Taylor, T.R.; Neumark, D.M., Anion photoelectron spectroscopy of I-2(-)(CO2)(n)(n=1-8) clusters, J. Chem. Phys., 2002, 116, 14, 6111-6117, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1458246 . [all data]

Keesee, Lee, et al., 1980
Keesee, R.G.; Lee, N.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Properties of clusters in the gas phase: V. Complexes of neutral molecules onto negative ions, J. Chem. Phys., 1980, 73, 2195. [all data]

Banic and Iribarne, 1985
Banic, C.M.; Iribarne, J.V., Equilibrium Constants for Clustering of Neutral Molecules about Gaseous Ions, J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, 12, 6432, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.449543 . [all data]

Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1992
Hiraoka, K.; Yamabe, S., Formation of the Chelate Bonds in the Cluster O2(-)(CO2)n, CO3(-)(CO2)n, and NO2(-)(CO2)n, J. Chem. Phys., 1992, 97, 1, 643, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.463560 . [all data]

Pack and Phelps, 1966
Pack, J.L.; Phelps, A.V., Electron Attachment and Detachment . II. Mixtures of O₂ and CO₂ and of O₂ and H₂O, J. Chem. Phys., 1966, 45, 11, 4316, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1727491 . [all data]

Vestal and Mauclaire, 1977
Vestal, M.L.; Mauclaire, G.H., Photodissociaton of negative ions formed in CO₂ and CO₂/O₂ Mixtures, J. Chem. Phys., 1977, 67, 3758. [all data]

Conway and Nesbit, 1968
Conway, D.C.; Nesbit, L.E., Stability of O₄^-, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 48, 1, 509, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1667956 . [all data]

Fehsenfeld and Ferguson, 1974
Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Ferguson, E.E., Laboratory studies of negative ion reactions with atmospheric trace constituents, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 61, 3181. [all data]

Arshadi and Kebarle, 1970
Arshadi, M.; Kebarle, P., Hydration of OH^- and O₂^- in the Gas Phase. Comparative Solvation of OH^- by Water and the Hydrogen Halides. Effect of Acidity, J. Phys. Chem., 1970, 74, 7, 1483, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100702a015 . [all data]

Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1995, 2
Arnold, D.W.; Bradforth, S.E.; Kim, E.H.; Neumark, D.M., Study of halogen carbon dioxide clusters and the fluoroformyloxyl radical by photodetachment of X(-)(CO2) (X=I,Cl,Br) and FCO2-, J. Chem. Phys., 1995, 102, 9, 3493, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.468575 . [all data]

Larson and McMahon, 1985
Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Fluoride and chloride affinities of the main group oxides, fluorides, oxofluorides, and alkyls. Quantitative scales of lewis acidities from ICR halide exchange equilibria, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107, 766. [all data]

McMahon and Northcott, 1978
McMahon, T.B.; Northcott, C.J., The Fluoroformate Ion FCO₂-: An ICR study of the gas phase lewis acidity of carbon dioxide and related isoelectronic species, Can. J. Chem., 1978, 56, 1068. [all data]

Arshadi, Yamdagni, et al., 1970
Arshadi, M.; Yamdagni, R.; Kebarle, P., Hydration of Halide Negative Ions in the Gas Phase. II. Comparison of Hydration Energies for the Alkali Positive and Halide Negative Ions, J. Phys. Chem., 1970, 74, 7, 1475, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100702a014 . [all data]

Spears and Ferguson, 1973
Spears, K.G.; Ferguson, E.E., Termolecular and Saturated Termolecular Kinetics for Li+ and F-, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 59, 8, 4174, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1680610 . [all data]

Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986
Hiraoka, K.; Shoda, T.; Morise, K.; Yamabe, S.; Kawai, E.; Hirao, K., Stability and structure of cluster ions in the gas phase: Carbon dioxide with Cl^-, H₃O⁺, HCO₂⁺ and HCO⁺, J. Chem. Phys., 1986, 84, 2091. [all data]

Peterson, Mark, et al., 1984
Peterson, K.I.; Mark, T.D.; Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Thermochemical Properties of Gas - Phase Mixed Clusters: H2O/CO2 with Na+, J. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, 13, 2880, https://doi.org/10.1021/j150657a042 . [all data]

Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970
Dzidic, I.; Kebarle, P., Hydration of the Alkali Ions in the Gas Phase. Enthalpies and Entropies of Reactions M+(H2O)n-1 + H2O = M+(H2O)n, J. Phys. Chem., 1970, 74, 7, 1466, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100702a013 . [all data]

Perry, Rowe, et al., 1980
Perry, R.A.; Rowe, B.R.; Viggiano, A.A.; Albritton, D.L.; Ferguson, E.E.; Fehsenfeld, F.C., Laboratory Measurements of Stratospheric Sodium Ion Measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1980, 7, 9, 693, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL007i009p00693 . [all data]

Szulejko and McMahon, 1992
Szulejko, J.; McMahon, T.B., personal communication, 1992. [all data]

Jennings, Headley, et al., 1982
Jennings, K.R.; Headley, J.V.; Mason, R.S., The Temperature Dependence of Ion - Molecule Association Reactions, Int. J. Mass. Spectrom. Ion Phys, 1982, 45, 315. [all data]

Hiraoka and Yamabe, 1991
Hiraoka, K.; Yamabe, S., Cluster Ions: Gas Phase Stabilities of NO+(O2)n and NO+(CO2)n with n = 1 - 5, J. Chem. Phys., 1991, 95, 9, 6800, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.461518 . [all data]

Dunkin, Fehsenfeld, et al., 1971
Dunkin, D.B.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Schelmetekopf, A.L.; Ferguson, E.E., Three-Body Association Reactions of NO+ with O2, N2, and CO2, J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 54, 9, 3817, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1675432 . [all data]

Cameron, Aitken, et al., 1994
Cameron, B.R.; Aitken, C.G.; Harland, P.W., Appearence Energies of Small Cluster Ions and their Fragments, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1994, 90, 7, 935, https://doi.org/10.1039/ft9949000935 . [all data]

Linn and Ng, 1981
Linn, S.H.; Ng, C.Y., Photoionization Study of CO2, N2O Dimers and Clusters, J. Chem. Phys., 1981, 75, 10, 4921, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.441931 . [all data]

Keller and Beyer, 1971
Keller, G.E.; Beyer, R.A., CO2 and O2 Clustering to Sodium Ions, J. Geophys. Res., 1971, 74, 1, 289, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA076i001p00289 . [all data]

Squires, 1992
Squires, R.R., Gas Phase Thermochemical Properties of the Bicarbonate and Bisulfate Ions, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 1992, 117, 565, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(92)80114-G . [all data]

Hierl and Paulson, 1984
Hierl, P.M.; Paulson, J.F., Translational energy dependence of cross sections for reactions of OH^- (H₂O)n with CO₂ and SO₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 80, 4890. [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Knapp, Echt, et al., 1986
Knapp, A.; Echt, O.; Kreisle, D.; Mark, T.D.; Recknagel, E., Formation of Long-Lived CO₂^-, N₂O^- and their Dimer Anions, by Electron Attachment to van der Walls Clusters, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1986, 126, 3-4, 225, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(86)80074-4 . [all data]

Compton, Reinhardt, et al., 1975
Compton, R.N.; Reinhardt, P.W.; Cooper, C.D., Collisional ionization of Na, K, and Cs by CO₂, COS, and CS₂: Molecular electron affinities, J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 63, 3821. [all data]

Wang, Reutt, et al., 1988
Wang, L.; Reutt, J.E.; Lee, Y.T.; Shirley, D.A., High resolution UV photoelectron spectroscopy of CO₂, COS, and CS₂ using supersonic molecular beams, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1988, 47, 167. [all data]

Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Achiba, Y.; Yamazaki, T.; Iwata, S., Ionization energies, Ab initio assignments, and valence electronic structure for 200 molecules in Handbook of HeI Photoelectron Spectra of Fundamental Organic Compounds, Japan Scientific Soc. Press, Tokyo, 1981. [all data]

Potts and Fattahallah, 1980
Potts, A.W.; Fattahallah, G.H., High-resolution ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of CO₂, COS and CS₂, J. Phys. B:, 1980, 13, 2545. [all data]

Hitchcock, Brion, et al., 1980
Hitchcock, A.P.; Brion, C.E.; Van der Wiel, M.J., Absolute oscillator strengths for valence-shell ionic photofragmentation of N₂O and CO₂(8-75 eV), Chem. Phys., 1980, 45, 461. [all data]

Sahini, Constantin, et al., 1978
Sahini, V.E.; Constantin, V.; Serban, I., Determination of ionization potentials using a MI-1305 mass spectrometer, Rev. Roum. Chim., 1978, 23, 479. [all data]

Mark and Hille, 1978
Mark, T.D.; Hille, E., Cross section for single and double ionization of carbon dioxide by electron impact threshold up to 180 eV, J. Chem. Phys., 1978, 69, 2492. [all data]

Jones and Taylor, 1978
Jones, G.G.; Taylor, J.W., A photoionization study of carbon dioxide dimers in a supersonic molecular beam, J. Chem. Phys., 1978, 68, 1768. [all data]

Frey, Gotchev, et al., 1977
Frey, R.; Gotchev, B.; Kalman, O.F.; Peatman, W.B.; Pollak, H.; Schlag, E.W., Photoionization resonance spectra of CO₂⁺ and threshold electron-ion coincidence measurements of the fragmentation of CO₂⁺, Chem. Phys., 1977, 21, 89. [all data]

Bussieres and Marmet, 1977
Bussieres, N.; Marmet, P., Ionization and dissociative ionization of CO₂ by electron impact, Can. J. Phys., 1977, 55, 1889. [all data]

Kronebusch and Berkowitz, 1976
Kronebusch, P.L.; Berkowitz, J., Photodissociative ionization in the 21-41 eV region: O₂, N₂, CO, NO, CO₂, H₂O, NH₃ and CH₄, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1976, 22, 283. [all data]

Batten, Taylor, et al., 1976
Batten, C.F.; Taylor, J.A.; Meisels, G.G., Photoionization processes at threshold. I. Threshold photoelectron and photoionization spectra of CO₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 65, 3316. [all data]

Parr and Taylor, 1974
Parr, G.R.; Taylor, J.W., Photoionization mass spectrometry. IV. Carbon dioxide, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1974, 14, 467. [all data]

Semenov, Volkov, et al., 1973
Semenov, G.A.; Volkov, A.D.; Franktseva, K.E., Mass-spectrometric study of sodium carbonate vaporization, Tr. Leningrad. Tekhnol. Inst. Tsellyul. Bum. Prom., 1973, 30, 153. [all data]

Parr and Taylor, 1973
Parr, G.R.; Taylor, J.W., A photoionization mass spectrometer utilizing a high intensity molecular beam sampling system and synchrotron radiation, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 1973, 44, 1578. [all data]

Natalis, 1973
Natalis, P., Contribution a la spectroscopie photoelectronique. Effets de l'autoionisation dans less spectres photoelectroniques de molecules diatomiques et triatomiques, Acad. R. Belg. Mem. Cl. Sci. Collect. 8, 1973, 41, 1. [all data]

McCulloh, 1973
McCulloh, K.E., Photoionization of carbon dioxide, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 59, 4250. [all data]

Frost, Lee, et al., 1973
Frost, D.C.; Lee, S.T.; McDowell, C.A., Photoelectron spectra of OCSe, SCSe, and CSe₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 59, 5484. [all data]

Brundle and Turner, 1969
Brundle, C.R.; Turner, D.W., Studies on the photoionisation of the linear triatomic molecules: N₂O, COS, CS₂ and CO₂ using high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy, Intern. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1969, 2, 195. [all data]

Eland and Danby, 1968
Eland, J.H.D.; Danby, C.J., Photoelectron spectra and ionic structure of carbon dioxide, carbon disulphide and sulphur dioxide, Intern. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1968, 1, 111. [all data]

Spohr and Puttkamer, 1967
Spohr, R.; Puttkamer, E.v., Energiemessung von Photoelektronen und Franck-Condon-Faktoren der Schwingungsubergange einiger Molekulionen, Z. Naturforsch., 1967, 22a, 705. [all data]

Carette, 1967
Carette, J.-D., Ionisation par impact electronique de CO₂ et N₂O, Can. J. Phys., 1967, 45, 2931. [all data]

Nakata, Watanabe, et al., 1965
Nakata, R.S.; Watanabe, K.; Matsunaga, F.M., Absorption and photoionization coefficients of CO₂ in the region 580-1670 A, Sci. Light (Tokyo), 1965, 14, 54. [all data]

Tanaka, Jursa, et al., 1960
Tanaka, Y.; Jursa, A.S.; LeBlanc, F.J., Higher ionization potentials of linear triatomic molecules. I. CO₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1960, 32, 1199. [all data]

Eland and Berkowitz, 1977
Eland, J.H.D.; Berkowitz, J., Photoionization mass spectrometry of HI and DI at high resolution, J. Chem. Phys., 1977, 67, 5034. [all data]

Benoit and Harrison, 1977
Benoit, F.M.; Harrison, A.G., Predictive value of proton affinity. Ionization energy correlations involving oxygenated molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99, 3980. [all data]

Schweig and Thiel, 1974
Schweig, A.; Thiel, W., Photoionization cross sections: He I- and He II-photoelectron spectra of homologous oxygen and sulphur compounds, Mol. Phys., 1974, 27, 265. [all data]

Potts and Williams, 1974
Potts, A.W.; Williams, T.A., The observation of "forbidden" transitions in He II photoelectron spectra, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1974, 3, 3. [all data]

Crowe and McConkey, 1974
Crowe, A.; McConkey, J.W., Dissociative ionization by electron impact. III. O⁺, CO⁺ and C⁺ from CO₂, J. Phys. B:, 1974, 7, 349. [all data]

Cuthbert, Farren, et al., 1968
Cuthbert, J.; Farren, J.; PrahalladaRao, B.S.; Preece, E.R., Sequential mass spectrometry. III. Ions and fragments from carbon dioxide anddisulphide, J. Phys. B:, 1968, 1, 62. [all data]

Eland and Berkowitz, 1977, 2
Eland, J.H.D.; Berkowitz, J., Formation and predissociation of CO₂⁺(C²Σ⁺_g), J. Chem. Phys., 1977, 67, 2782. [all data]

Samson and Gardner, 1973
Samson, J.A.R.; Gardner, J.L., Fluorescence excitation and photoelectron spectra of CO₂ induced by vacuum ultraviolet radiation between 185 and 716 angstroms, J. Geophys. Res., 1973, 78, 3663. [all data]

Dibeler and Walker, 1967
Dibeler, V.H.; Walker, J.A., Mass spectrometric study of the photoionization of small polyatomic molecules, Advan. Mass Spectrom., 1967, 4, 767. [all data]

Caldwell, Renneboog, et al., 1989
Caldwell, G.; Renneboog, R.; Kebarle, P., Gas Phase Acidities of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids, Based on Measurements of Proton Transfer Equilibria, Can. J. Chem., 1989, 67, 4, 661, https://doi.org/10.1139/v89-092 . [all data]

McMahon, Heinis, et al., 1988
McMahon, T.; Heinis, T.; Nicol, G.; Hovey, J.K.; Kebarle, P., Methyl Cation Affinities, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 23, 7591, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00231a002 . [all data]

Foster, Williamson, et al., 1974
Foster, M.S.; Williamson, A.D.; Beauchamp, J.L., Photoionization mass spectrometry of trans-azomethane, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1974, 15, 429. [all data]

Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1978
Meot-Ner (Mautner), M., Ion - Molecule Condensation Reactions: A Mechanism for Chemical Synthesis in Ionized Reducing Planetary Atmospheres, Origins Life, 1978, 9, 2, 115, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00931409 . [all data]

Larson, Szulejko, et al., 1988
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Wenthold and Squires, 1994
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Spears and Fehsenfeld, 1972
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McKnight and Sawina, 1972
McKnight, L.G.; Sawina, J.M., Drift Velocities and Interactions of Cs+ Ions with Atmospheric Gases, J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 57, 12, 5156, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1678205 . [all data]

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Notes

Symbols used in this document:

AE	Appearance energy
EA	Electron affinity
IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
P_c	Critical pressure
P_triple	Triple point pressure
S°_{gas,1 bar}	Entropy of gas at standard conditions (1 bar)
T	Temperature
T_c	Critical temperature
T_triple	Triple point temperature
V_c	Critical volume
Δ_fH°_gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
Δ_rG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_subH	Enthalpy of sublimation
Δ_vapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
ρ_c	Critical density

Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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Carbon dioxide

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Phase change data

Enthalpy of vaporization

Antoine Equation Parameters

Enthalpy of sublimation

Reaction thermochemistry data

Reactions 1 to 50

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Gas phase ion energetics data

Electron affinity determinations

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

Ion clustering data

Clustering reactions

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

IR Spectrum

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Spectrum

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Additional Data

Gas Chromatography

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

References

Notes