2-Butenal, (E)-
- Formula: C4H6O
- Molecular weight: 70.0898
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: MLUCVPSAIODCQM-NSCUHMNNSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 123-73-9
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Stereoisomers:
- Other names: Crotonaldehyde, (E)-; (E)-Crotonaldehyde; trans-Crotonaldehyde; trans-2-Butenal; Topanel CA; E-Crotonic aldehyde; E-Crotylaldehyde; trans-Crotonal; Aldehyde crotonique; β-Methyl acrolein, trans; NCI-C56279; Rcra waste number U053; Topanel; But-(E)-2-enal; (E)-2-Butenal; (E)-But-2-enal; t-2-Butenal; 2-Butenal, (2E)-; 2-Butenal; Crotonal; Crotonaldehyde
- Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
- Information on this page:
- Other data available:
- Options:
Data at NIST subscription sites:
- NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)
- NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)
NIST subscription sites provide data under the NIST Standard Reference Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated with the development of data collections included in such sites. Your institution may already be a subscriber. Follow the links above to find out more about the data in these sites and their terms of usage.
Gas phase ion energetics data
Go To: Top, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
View reactions leading to C4H6O+ (ion structure unspecified)
Ionization energy determinations
IE (eV) | Method | Reference |
---|---|---|
9.73 | PE | Van Dam and Oskam, 1978 |
Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Spectrum
Notice: This spectrum may be better viewed with a Javascript and HTML 5 enabled browser.
Additional Data
View image of digitized spectrum (can be printed in landscape orientation).
Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.
Owner | NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
---|---|
Origin | FOOD RESEARCH REPORT 122, K.E. MURRAY & COLLEAGUES, DIV OF FOOD RESEARCH, CSIRO, AUSTRALIA |
NIST MS number | 53568 |
Gas Chromatography
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Kovats' RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | SE-54 | 645. | Rembold, Wallner, et al., 1989 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 0. C @ 12. min, 12. K/min; Tend: 250. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-5 | 648. | Methven L., Tsoukka M., et al., 2007 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 260. C @ 10. min |
Capillary | 5 % Phenyl methyl siloxane | 624. | Estevez, Ventanas, et al., 2005 | 30. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 7. K/min, 250. C @ 5. min |
Capillary | HP-5 | 645. | Siegmund and Murkovic, 2004 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.1 μm, -30. C @ 1. min, 10. K/min, 250. C @ 5. min |
Capillary | CP Sil 8 CB | 644. | Elmore, Campo, et al., 2002 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 280. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | HP-Innowax | 1050. | Hashizume M., Gordon M.H., et al., 2007 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min |
Capillary | Stabilwax | 1002. | Cros, Lignot, et al., 2005 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 240. C @ 10. min |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1046. | Nielsen, Larsen, et al., 2004 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 45. C @ 10. min, 6. K/min, 240. C @ 30. min |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1046. | Nielsen, Larsen, et al., 2004, 2 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 45. C @ 10. min, 6. K/min, 240. C @ 30. min |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1046. | Nielsen, Larsen, et al., 2004, 3 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 45. C @ 10. min, 6. K/min, 240. C @ 30. min |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1046. | Nielsen, Larsen, et al., 2003 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 6. K/min, 240. C @ 30. min |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1034. | Cha, Kim, et al., 1998 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 60. min |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1044. | Tanchotikul and Hsieh, 1989 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 175. C @ 20. min |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1047. | Tanchotikul and Hsieh, 1989 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 175. C @ 20. min |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | CP-Wax 52CB | 1043. | Romeo, Ziino, et al., 2007 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 45C(5min) => 10C/min => 80C => 2C/min => 240C |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1036. | Baek and Cadwallader, 1996 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 40C => (6C/min) => 80C(6min) => (15C/min) => 200C(10min) |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-5 MS | 658. | Majcher, Lawrowski, et al., 2010 | 25. m/0.20 mm/0.33 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 1. min, 10. K/min; Tend: 250. C |
Capillary | MDN-5 | 665. | Mildner-Szkudlarz, Jelen, et al., 2003 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 1. min, 20. K/min, 280. C @ 1. min |
Capillary | SPB-1 | 619. | Vichi, Pizzale, et al., 2003 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
Capillary | DB-1 | 624. | Rapior, Breheret, et al., 1997 | 30. m/0.2 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
Capillary | DB-5 | 657. | Macku and Shibamoto, 1991 | He, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tend: 160. C |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | SLB-5 MS | 615. | Mondello, 2012 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified |
Capillary | DB-5 | 639. | Miyazaki, Plotto, et al., 2011 | 60. m/0.25 mm/1.00 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C 4 0C/min -> 230 0C 100 0C/min -> 260 0C (11.7 min) |
Capillary | HP-5 | 650. | Rotsatschakul, Visesanguan, et al., 2009 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 30 0C (2 min) 2 0Cmin -> 60 0C 10 0C/min -> 100 0C 20 0C/min -> 140 0C 10 0C/min -> 200 0C (10 min) |
Capillary | DB-1 | 622. | Binder, Flath, et al., 1989 | Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | FFAP | 1056. | Budryn, Nebesny, et al., 2011 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, Nitrogen, 35. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 45. min |
Capillary | AT-Wax | 1037. | Kiss, Csoka, et al., 2011 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 4. K/min; Tstart: 60. C; Tend: 280. C |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1035. | Vichi, Castellote, et al., 2003 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1033. | Vichi, Pizzale, et al., 2003 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1037. | Umano, Hagi, et al., 2000 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1032. | Horiuchi, Umano, et al., 1998 | 60. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 40. min; Tstart: 50. C |
Capillary | Carbowax 20M | 1012. | Kawakami and Kobayashi, 1991 | He, 60. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tend: 180. C |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1034. | Binder, Flath, et al., 1989 | 50. C @ 0.1 min, 4. K/min, 230. C @ 10. min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1040. | Hsieh, Williams, et al., 1989 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 1. K/min; Tend: 175. C |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1050. | Welke, Manfroi, et al., 2012 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1084. | Miyazaki, Plotto, et al., 2011 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.50 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C 4 0C/min -> 230 0C 100 0C/min -> 260 0C (11.7 min) |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1023. | Qian and Reineccius, 2003 | 60. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He; Program: 35C(4min) => 2C/min => 130C => 4C/min => 250C |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1038. | Peng, Yang, et al., 1991 | Program: not specified |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 1035. | Binder, Flath, et al., 1989 | Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified |
Capillary | Carbowax 400, Carbowax 20M, Carbowax 1540, Carbowax 4000, Superox 06, PEG 20M, etc. | 1044. | Waggott and Davies, 1984 | Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified |
References
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Van Dam and Oskam, 1978
Van Dam, H.; Oskam, A.,
He(I) and He(II) photoelectron spectra of some substituted ethylenes,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1978, 13, 273. [all data]
Rembold, Wallner, et al., 1989
Rembold, H.; Wallner, P.; Nitz, S.; Kollmannsberger, H.; Drawert, F.,
Volatile components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1989, 37, 3, 659-662, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00087a018
. [all data]
Methven L., Tsoukka M., et al., 2007
Methven L.; Tsoukka M.; Oruna-Concha M.J.; Parker J.K.; Mottram D.S.,
Influence of sulfur amino acids on the volatile and nonvolatile components of cooked salmon (Salmo salar),
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007, 55, 4, 1427-1436, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0625611
. [all data]
Estevez, Ventanas, et al., 2005
Estevez, M.; Ventanas, S.; Ramirez, R.; Cava, R.,
Influence of the Addition of Rosemary Essential Oil on the Volatiles Pattern of Porcine Frankfurters,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 21, 8317-8324, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051025q
. [all data]
Siegmund and Murkovic, 2004
Siegmund, B.; Murkovic, M.,
Changes in chemical composition of pumpkin seeds during the roasting process for production of pumpkin seed oil (Part 2: volatile compounds),
Food Chem., 2004, 84, 3, 367-374, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00241-3
. [all data]
Elmore, Campo, et al., 2002
Elmore, J.S.; Campo, M.M.; Enser, M.; Mottram, D.S.,
Effect of lipid composition on meat-like model systems containing cysteine, ribose, and polyunsaturated fatty acids,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50, 5, 1126-1132, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0108718
. [all data]
Hashizume M., Gordon M.H., et al., 2007
Hashizume M.; Gordon M.H.; Mottram D.S.,
Light-induced off-flavor development in cloudy apple juice,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007, 55, 22, 9177-9182, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0715727
. [all data]
Cros, Lignot, et al., 2005
Cros, S.; Lignot, B.; Bourseau, P.; Jaouen, P.; Prost, C.,
Desalination of mussel cooking juices by electrodialysis: effect on the aroma profile,
J. Food Eng., 2005, 69, 4, 425-436, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.08.036
. [all data]
Nielsen, Larsen, et al., 2004
Nielsen, G.S.; Larsen, L.M.; Poll, L.,
Formation of aroma compounds during long-term frozen storage of unblanched leek (Allium ampeloprasum Var. Bulga) as affected by packaging atmosphere and slice thickness,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 5, 1234-1240, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0306183
. [all data]
Nielsen, Larsen, et al., 2004, 2
Nielsen, G.S.; Larsen, L.M.; Poll, L.,
Formation of volatile compounds in model experiments with crude leek (Allium ampeloprasum Var. Lancelot) enzyme extract and linoleic acid or linolenic acid,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 8, 2315-2321, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030600s
. [all data]
Nielsen, Larsen, et al., 2004, 3
Nielsen, G.S.; Larsen, L.M.; Poll, L.,
Impact of blanching and packaging atmosphere on the formation of aroma compounds during long-term frozen storage of leek (Allium ampeloprasum Var. Bulga) slices,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 15, 4844-4852, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049623c
. [all data]
Nielsen, Larsen, et al., 2003
Nielsen, G.S.; Larsen, L.M.; Poll, L.,
Formation of aroma compounds and lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) activity in unblanced leek (Allium ampeloprasum Var. Bulga) slices during long-term frozen storage,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 7, 1970-1976, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020921o
. [all data]
Cha, Kim, et al., 1998
Cha, Y.J.; Kim, H.; Cadwallader, K.R.,
Aroma-active compounds in Kimchi during fermentation,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1998, 46, 5, 1944-1953, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9706991
. [all data]
Tanchotikul and Hsieh, 1989
Tanchotikul, U.; Hsieh, T.C.-Y.,
Volatile Flavor Components in Crayfish Waste,
J. Food Sci., 1989, 54, 6, 1515-1520, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1989.tb05149.x
. [all data]
Romeo, Ziino, et al., 2007
Romeo, V.; Ziino, M.; Giuffrrida, D.; Condurso, C.; Verzera, A.,
Flavour profile of capers (Capparis spinosa L.) from the Eolian Archipelago by HS-SPME/GC?MS,
Food Chem., 2007, 101, 3, 1272-1278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.12.029
. [all data]
Baek and Cadwallader, 1996
Baek, H.H.; Cadwallader, K.R.,
Volatile compounds in flavor concentrates produced from crayfish-processing byproducts with and without protease treatment,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1996, 44, 10, 3262-3267, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf960023q
. [all data]
Majcher, Lawrowski, et al., 2010
Majcher, M.; Lawrowski, P.; Jelen, H.,
Comparison of original and adulterated oscypek cheese based on volatile and sensory profiles,
Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment., 2010, 9, 3, 265-275. [all data]
Mildner-Szkudlarz, Jelen, et al., 2003
Mildner-Szkudlarz, S.; Jelen, H.H.; Zawirska-Wojtasiak, R.; Wasowicz, E.,
Application of headspace - solid phase microextraction and multivariate analysis for plant oils differentiation,
Food Chem., 2003, 83, 4, 515-522, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00147-X
. [all data]
Vichi, Pizzale, et al., 2003
Vichi, S.; Pizzale, L.; Conte, L.S.; Buxaderas, S.; López-Tamames, E.,
Solid-phase microextraction in the analysis of virgin olive oil volatile fraction: modifications induced by oxidation and suitable markers of oxidative status,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 22, 6564-6571, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030268k
. [all data]
Rapior, Breheret, et al., 1997
Rapior, S.; Breheret, S.; Talou, T.; Bessiére, J.-M.,
Volatile flavor constituents of fresh Marasmius alliaceus (garlic Marasmius),
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1997, 45, 3, 820-825, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf960511y
. [all data]
Macku and Shibamoto, 1991
Macku, C.; Shibamoto, T.,
Headspace volatile compounds formed from heated corn oil and corn oil with glycine,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1991, 39, 7, 1265-1269, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00007a014
. [all data]
Mondello, 2012
Mondello, L.,
HS-SPME-GCxGC-MS analysis of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
in Shimadzu GC-GC application compendium of comprehensive 2D GC, Vol. 1-5, Shimadzu Corp., 2012, 1-29. [all data]
Miyazaki, Plotto, et al., 2011
Miyazaki, T.; Plotto, A.; Goodner, K.; Gmitter F.G.,
Distribution of aroma volatile compounds in tangerine hybrids and proposed inheritance,
J. Sci. Food Agric., 2011, 91, 3, 449-460, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4205
. [all data]
Rotsatschakul, Visesanguan, et al., 2009
Rotsatschakul, P.; Visesanguan, W.; Smitinont, T.; Chaiseri, S.,
Changes in volatile compounds during fermentation of nham (Thai fermented sausage),
Int. Food Res. J., 2009, 16, 391-414. [all data]
Binder, Flath, et al., 1989
Binder, R.G.; Flath, R.A.; Mon, T.R.,
Volatile components of bittermelon,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1989, 37, 2, 418-420, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00086a032
. [all data]
Budryn, Nebesny, et al., 2011
Budryn, G.; Nebesny, E.; Kula, J.; Majda, T.; Krysiak, W.,
HS-SPME/GC/MS Profiles of convectively and microwave roasted Ivory Coast Robusta coffee brews,
Czech. J. Food Sci., 2011, 29, 2, 151-160. [all data]
Kiss, Csoka, et al., 2011
Kiss, M.; Csoka, M.; Gyorfi, J.; Korany, K.,
Comparison of the fragrance constituents of Tuber aestivium and Tuber Brumale gathered in Hungary,
J. Appl. Botany Food Quality, 2011, 84, 102-110. [all data]
Vichi, Castellote, et al., 2003
Vichi, S.; Castellote, A.I.; Pizzale, L.; Conte, L.S.; Buxaderas, S.; López-Tamames, E.,
Analysis of virgin olive oil volatile compounds by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and flame ionization detection,
J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 983, 1-2, 19-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01691-6
. [all data]
Umano, Hagi, et al., 2000
Umano, K.; Hagi, Y.; Nakahara, K.; Shoji, A.; Shibamoto, T.,
Volatile chemicals identified in extracts from leaves of Japanese mugwort (Artemisia princeps Pamp.),
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48, 8, 3463-3469, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0001738
. [all data]
Horiuchi, Umano, et al., 1998
Horiuchi, M.; Umano, K.; Shibamoto, T.,
Analysis of volatile compounds formed from fish oil heated with cysteine and trimethylamine oxide,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1998, 46, 12, 5232-5237, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf980482m
. [all data]
Kawakami and Kobayashi, 1991
Kawakami, M.; Kobayashi, A.,
Volatitle constituents of greem mate and roasted mate,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1991, 39, 7, 1275-1279, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00007a016
. [all data]
Hsieh, Williams, et al., 1989
Hsieh, T.C.Y.; Williams, S.S.; Vejaphan, W.; Meyers, S.P.,
Characterization of Volatile Components of Menhaden Fish (Brevoortia tyrannus) Oil,
J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 1989, 66, 1, 114-117, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02661797
. [all data]
Welke, Manfroi, et al., 2012
Welke, J.E.; Manfroi, V.; Zanus, M.; Lazarotto, M.; Zini, C.A.,
Characterization of the volatile profile of Brazilian merlot wines through comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection,
J. Chromatogr. A, 2012, 1226, 124-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.002
. [all data]
Qian and Reineccius, 2003
Qian, M.; Reineccius, G.,
Potent aroma compounds in Parmigiano Reggiano cheese studied using a dynamic headspace (purge-trap) method,
Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 3, 252-259, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1194
. [all data]
Peng, Yang, et al., 1991
Peng, C.T.; Yang, Z.C.; Ding, S.F.,
Prediction of rentention idexes. II. Structure-retention index relationship on polar columns,
J. Chromatogr., 1991, 586, 1, 85-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(91)80028-F
. [all data]
Waggott and Davies, 1984
Waggott, A.; Davies, I.W.,
Identification of organic pollutants using linear temperature programmed retention indices (LTPRIs) - Part II, 1984, retrieved from http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/research/completed-research/reports/dwi0383.pdf. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References
- Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
- The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database.
- Customer support for NIST Standard Reference Data products.