Butanal
- Formula: C4H8O
- Molecular weight: 72.1057
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 123-72-8
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: Butyraldehyde; n-Butanal; n-Butyl aldehyde; n-Butyraldehyde; Butal; Butaldehyde; Butanaldehyde; Butyl aldehyde; Butyral; Butyric aldehyde; Butyrylaldehyde; n-C3H7CHO; Aldehyde butyrique; Aldeide butirrica; Butalyde; Butyraldehyd; NCI-C56291; UN 1129; 1-Butanal; Butan-1-al; NSC 62779
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Gas phase thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔfH°gas | -50.61 ± 0.22 | kcal/mol | Cm | Wiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991 | ALS |
ΔfH°gas | -48.85 ± 0.34 | kcal/mol | Chyd | Buckley and Cox, 1967 | ALS |
ΔfH°gas | -49.40 | kcal/mol | N/A | Nicholson, 1960 | Value computed using ΔfHliquid° value of -240.3 kj/mol from Nicholson, 1960 and ΔvapH° value of 33.6 kj/mol from Wiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991.; DRB |
ΔfH°gas | -49.02 | kcal/mol | N/A | Tjebbes, 1960 | Value computed using ΔfHliquid° value of -238.7±0.7 kj/mol from Tjebbes, 1960 and ΔvapH° value of 33.6 kj/mol from Wiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991.; DRB |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
S°gas | 82.40 ± 1.0 | cal/mol*K | N/A | Chermin, 1961 | This value calculated from calorimetric data is close to value of 345.5(2.3) J/mol*K obtained from equilibrium measurements [ Buckley E., 1967].; GT |
Gas phase ion energetics data
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
View reactions leading to C4H8O+ (ion structure unspecified)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IE (evaluated) | 9.82 ± 0.04 | eV | N/A | N/A | L |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Proton affinity (review) | 189.5 | kcal/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Gas basicity | 181.8 | kcal/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Electron affinity determinations
EA (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
0.000694 | EFD | Desfrancois, Abdoul-Carime, et al., 1994 | EA: 0.7 meV. Dipole-bound state.; B |
Ionization energy determinations
IE (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
9.83 | PI | Traeger and McAdoo, 1986 | LBLHLM |
9.8 | EI | McAdoo and Hudson, 1983 | LBLHLM |
9.73 ± 0.015 | EI | El-Sherbini, Allam, et al., 1981 | LLK |
9.836 ± 0.005 | PE | Hernandez, Masclet, et al., 1977 | LLK |
9.73 ± 0.03 | PE | Cocksey, Eland, et al., 1971 | LLK |
9.86 ± 0.02 | PI | Watanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962 | RDSH |
9.85 | PE | Benoit and Harrison, 1977 | Vertical value; LLK |
9.83 | PE | Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1975 | Vertical value; LLK |
Appearance energy determinations
Ion | AE (eV) | Other Products | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C2H3O+ | 10.19 | C2H5 | PI | Traeger and McAdoo, 1986 | LBLHLM |
C2H4O+ | 10.52 | C2H4 | EI | Holmes, Terlouw, et al., 1976 | LLK |
C3H5O+ | 10.22 | ? | EI | Mouvier and Hernandez, 1975 | LLK |
De-protonation reactions
C4H7O- + =
By formula: C4H7O- + H+ = C4H8O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 364.8 ± 2.1 | kcal/mol | D-EA | Alconcel, Deyerl, et al., 2001 | gas phase; B |
ΔrH° | 364.1 ± 2.3 | kcal/mol | D-EA | Zimmerman, Reed, et al., 1977 | gas phase; B |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 358.2 ± 2.3 | kcal/mol | H-TS | Alconcel, Deyerl, et al., 2001 | gas phase; B |
ΔrG° | 357.6 ± 2.5 | kcal/mol | H-TS | Zimmerman, Reed, et al., 1977 | gas phase; B |
IR Spectrum
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Gas Phase Spectrum
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Additional Data
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Owner | NIST Standard Reference Data Program Collection (C) 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
---|---|
Origin | Sadtler Research Labs Under US-EPA Contract |
State | gas |
References
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Wiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991
Wiberg, K.B.; Crocker, L.S.; Morgan, K.M.,
Thermochemical studies of carbonyl compounds. 5. Enthalpies of reduction of carbonyl groups,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 3447-3450. [all data]
Buckley and Cox, 1967
Buckley, E.; Cox, J.D.,
Chemical equilibria. Part 2.-Dehydrogenation of propanol and butanol,
Trans. Faraday Soc., 1967, 63, 895-901. [all data]
Nicholson, 1960
Nicholson, G.R.,
478. The heats of combustion of butanal and heptanal,
J. Chem. Soc., 1960, 2377-2378. [all data]
Tjebbes, 1960
Tjebbes, J.,
Heats of combustion of butannal and some related compounds,
Acta Chem. Scand., 1960, 14, 180-188. [all data]
Chermin, 1961
Chermin, H.A.G.,
Thermo data for petrochemicals. Part 27: Gaseous normal aldehydes. The important thermo properties are presented for all the gaseous normal aldehydes from formaldehyde through decaldehyde,
Pet. Refin., 1961, 40, 181-184. [all data]
Buckley E., 1967
Buckley E.,
Chemical equilibria. Part 2. Dehydrogenation of propanol and butanol,
Trans. Faraday Soc., 1967, 63, 895-901. [all data]
Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G.,
Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018
. [all data]
Desfrancois, Abdoul-Carime, et al., 1994
Desfrancois, C.; Abdoul-Carime, H.; Khelifa, N.; Schermann, J.P.,
Fork 1/r to 1/r2 Potentials: Electron Exchange between Rydberg Atoms and Polar Molecules,
Phys. Rev. Lett., 1994, 73, 18, 2436, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.2436
. [all data]
Traeger and McAdoo, 1986
Traeger, J.C.; McAdoo, D.J.,
Decomposition thresholds and associated translational energy releases for eight C4H8O+ isomers,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 1986, 68, 35. [all data]
McAdoo and Hudson, 1983
McAdoo, D.J.; Hudson, C.E.,
The decompositions of metastable [C4H8O]+ ions and the [C4H8O]+ potential surface,
Org. Mass Spectrom., 1983, 18, 466. [all data]
El-Sherbini, Allam, et al., 1981
El-Sherbini, T.M.; Allam, S.H.; Migahed, M.D.; Dawoud, A.M.,
Mass spectrometric investigation of aliphatic aldehydes,
Z. Naturforsch. A:, 1981, 36, 1334. [all data]
Hernandez, Masclet, et al., 1977
Hernandez, R.; Masclet, P.; Mouvier, G.,
Spectroscopie de photoelectrons d'aldehydes et de cetones aliphatiques,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1977, 10, 333. [all data]
Cocksey, Eland, et al., 1971
Cocksey, B.J.; Eland, J.H.D.; Danby, C.J.,
The effect of alkyl substitution on ionisation potential,
J. Chem. Soc., 1971, (B), 790. [all data]
Watanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962
Watanabe, K.; Nakayama, T.; Mottl, J.,
Ionization potentials of some molecules,
J. Quant. Spectry. Radiative Transfer, 1962, 2, 369. [all data]
Benoit and Harrison, 1977
Benoit, F.M.; Harrison, A.G.,
Predictive value of proton affinity. Ionization energy correlations involving oxygenated molecules,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99, 3980. [all data]
Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1975
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Yamazaki, T.; Wakabayashi, H.,
UV photoelectron spectra and sum rule consideration; out-of-plane orbitals of unsaturated compounds with planar-skeleton structure,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1975, 6, 41. [all data]
Holmes, Terlouw, et al., 1976
Holmes, J.L.; Terlouw, J.K.; Lossing, F.P.,
The thermochemistry of C2H4O+ ions,
J. Phys. Chem., 1976, 80, 2860. [all data]
Mouvier and Hernandez, 1975
Mouvier, G.; Hernandez, R.,
Ionisation and appearance potentials of alkylketones,
Org. Mass Spectrom., 1975, 10, 958. [all data]
Alconcel, Deyerl, et al., 2001
Alconcel, L.S.; Deyerl, H.J.; Continetti, R.E.,
Effects of alkyl substitution on the energetics of enolate anions and radicals,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 50, 12675-12681, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0120431
. [all data]
Zimmerman, Reed, et al., 1977
Zimmerman, A.H.; Reed, K.J.; Brauman, J.I.,
Photodetachment of electrons from enolate anions. Gas phase electron affinities of enolate radicals,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99, 7203. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, References
- Symbols used in this document:
AE Appearance energy EA Electron affinity IE (evaluated) Recommended ionization energy S°gas Entropy of gas at standard conditions ΔfH°gas Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions ΔrG° Free energy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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