Diphenylamine


Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas202.kJ/molCcbVriens and Hill, 1952 

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfliquid132.kJ/molCcbVriens and Hill, 1952 
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δcliquid-6426.2kJ/molCcbVriens and Hill, 1952 
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfsolid130.0 ± 1.5kJ/molCcbMedard, 1955Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = 140.6 ± 1.5 kJ/mol; Heat of combustion corrected for pressure
Δfsolid142.5kJ/molCcbMedard, 1954crystal phase; Heat of combustion corrected for pressure
Δfsolid117.4 ± 2.1kJ/molCmCole and Gilbert, 1951Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = 116.9 kJ/mol
Δfsolid131.kJ/molCcbSchmidt and Becker, 1933 
Δfsolid109.kJ/molCcbLemoult, 1907 
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δcsolid-6424. ± 20.kJ/molAVGN/AAverage of 7 values; Individual data points

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tboil575.2KN/AWeast and Grasselli, 1989BS
Tboil582.15KN/AStillmann and Swain, 1899Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 2. K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tfus326. ± 2.KAVGN/AAverage of 21 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tc931.15KN/AGlaser and Ruland, 1957Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 3. K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Pc84.0997barN/AGlaser and Ruland, 1957Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 4.053 bar; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δvap55.23kJ/molCGlaser and Ruland, 1957ALS
Δvap69.9kJ/molVVriens and Hill, 1952ALS
Δvap70.0kJ/molN/AVriens and Hill, 1952DRB
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δsub110.kJ/molGSSurov, Terekhova, et al., 2009Based on data from 303. to 319. K.; AC

Enthalpy of vaporization

ΔvapH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
64.1396.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 381. to 575. K. See also Stull, 1947.; AC
54.2588.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 573. to 673. K.; AC

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
381.5 to 575.5.098112729.385-39.207Stull, 1947Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of sublimation

ΔsubH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
110.0 ± 1.0311.GSSurov, Terekhova, et al., 2009Based on data from 303. to 319. K.; AC
96.7 ± 2.5310.QFAihara, 1953Based on data from 298. to 323. K. See also Cox and Pilcher, 1970, 2.; AC

Enthalpy of fusion

ΔfusH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
19.9326.1DSCSurov, Terekhova, et al., 2009AC
17.86326.2N/AAcree, 1991AC

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:


Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
MS - José A. Martinho Simões
B - John E. Bartmess
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C16H34OP2Ru (solution) + Diphenylamine (solution) = C28H43NP2Ru (solution) + Water (solution)

By formula: C16H34OP2Ru (solution) + C12H11N (solution) = C28H43NP2Ru (solution) + H2O (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr5.0 ± 0.4kJ/molEqSBryndza, Fong, et al., 1987solvent: Tetrahydrofuran; In a series of reactions involving similar ruthenium complexes, the reaction enthalpy was identified with the reaction Gibbs energy, since the entropy values are expected to be small Bryndza, Fong, et al., 1987. For this reaction, however a van't Hoff plot could be used. Temperature range: 293-328 K; MS
Δr19.7kJ/molEqSBryndza, Fong, et al., 1987solvent: Benzene; The reaction enthalpy was identified with the reaction Gibbs energy, since the the entropy is expected to be small Bryndza, Fong, et al., 1987; MS

C12H10N- + Hydrogen cation = Diphenylamine

By formula: C12H10N- + H+ = C12H11N

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1468. ± 8.8kJ/molG+TSTaft and Bordwell, 1988gas phase; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1438. ± 8.4kJ/molIMRETaft and Bordwell, 1988gas phase; B

Diphenylamine (solution) + C5H11BrMg (solution) = C12H10BrMgN (solution) + Pentane (solution)

By formula: C12H11N (solution) + C5H11BrMg (solution) = C12H10BrMgN (solution) + C5H12 (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-118.8kJ/molRSCHolm, 1983solvent: Diethyl ether; MS

Diphenylamine = C12H11N

By formula: C12H11N = C12H11N

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr260. ± 20.kJ/molCmSuzuki, Kajii, et al., 1992solid phase; solvent: Methanol; ALS

Diphenylamine + Nitrous acid = Water + N-Nitrosodiphenylamine

By formula: C12H11N + HNO2 = H2O + C12H10N2O

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-62.84kJ/molCmSwientoslawski, 1910solid phase; ALS

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)7.19 ± 0.05eVN/AN/AL

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
7.18 ± 0.01PEDebies and Rabalais, 1974LLK
7.14 ± 0.03PIPotapov and Iskakov, 1971LLK
7.25 ± 0.03PIVilesov and Zaitsev, 1964RDSH
7.44PEHaink, Adams, et al., 1974Vertical value; LLK

De-protonation reactions

C12H10N- + Hydrogen cation = Diphenylamine

By formula: C12H10N- + H+ = C12H11N

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1468. ± 8.8kJ/molG+TSTaft and Bordwell, 1988gas phase; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1438. ± 8.4kJ/molIMRETaft and Bordwell, 1988gas phase; B

IR Spectrum

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Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

Data compiled by: Timothy J. Johnson, Tanya L. Myers, Yin-Fong Su, Russell G. Tonkyn, Molly Rose K. Kelly-Gorham, and Tyler O. Danby

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director


Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Mass spectrum
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Additional Data

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Owner NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, 1990.
NIST MS number 113400

All mass spectra in this site (plus many more) are available from the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library. Please see the following for information about the library and its accompanying search program.


UV/Visible spectrum

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Eugeny B. Stern, Antonina A. Goncharova, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina

Spectrum

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UVVis spectrum
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Additional Data

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Source Ramart-Lucas, Hoch, et al., 1949
Owner INEP CP RAS, NIST OSRD
Collection (C) 2007 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin INSTITUTE OF ENERGY PROBLEMS OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, RAS
Source reference RAS UV No. 626
Instrument n.i.g.
Melting point 52.9
Boiling point 302

Gas Chromatography

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
PackedOV-101200.1619.Huber, Kenndler, et al., 1979N2; Column length: 2. m

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
PackedOV-1011567.Alley and Dykes, 19726. K/min; Tstart: 70. C; Tend: 220. C

Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

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Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
PackedPEG-20M190.2517.Huber, Kenndler, et al., 1979N2
PackedPEG-20M190.2517.Donike and Stratmann, 1976Chromosorb W

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillarySLB-5MS1621.Mondello, Casilli, et al., 200730. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min; Tstart: 70. C; Tend: 300. C
CapillarySLB-5MS1625.Mondello, Casilli, et al., 200730. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min; Tstart: 70. C; Tend: 300. C
CapillaryDB-51622.Kim, Paik, et al., 199730. m/0.25 mm/0.11 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 280. C
CapillaryDB-51637.Moio L., Rillo L., et al., 199630. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, H2, 3. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 220. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryMethyl Silicone1588.Oda, Ichikawa, et al., 1996Program: 50C (2min) => 20C/min => 160C => 5C/min => 210C => 10C/min => 300C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryHP-11602.Boatright and Crum, 199730. m/0.25 mm/0.1 μm, He, 50. C @ 2. min, 5. K/min, 300. C @ 3. min
CapillaryDB-51637.Moio, Dekimpe, et al., 199330. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, H2, 3. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 220. C
CapillaryUltra-11568.Okumura, 199125. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 80. C; Tend: 260. C
CapillarySE-541617.Harland, Cumming, et al., 1986He, 50. C @ 2. min, 8. K/min, 250. C @ 12. min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
Capillary5 % Phenyl methyl siloxane1634.Department of Food Safety and Welfare, 200630. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 50 0C(1 min) 25 0C/min -> 125 0C 10 0C/min -> 300 0C (10 min)
CapillaryOV-11575.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.1575.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
OtherMethyl Silicone1601.Ardrey and Moffat, 1981Program: not specified

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillarySuperox 0.6; Carbowax 20M2521.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryCarbowax 400, Carbowax 20M, Carbowax 1540, Carbowax 4000, Superox 06, PEG 20M, etc.2521.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified

Lee's RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-5MS274.57Chen, Keeran, et al., 200230. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, 40. C @ 1. min, 10. K/min; Tend: 310. C
CapillaryDB-5MS276.00Chen, Keeran, et al., 200230. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, 40. C @ 1. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 310. C
CapillarySE-52279.32Hasegawa, Usami, et al., 19902. K/min; Column length: 12. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 270. C
CapillaryOV-101275.74Blanco, Blanco, et al., 1989H2, 4. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 300. C

Lee's RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillarySE-52279.27Hasegawa, Usami, et al., 1990Column length: 12. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Program: not specified

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, NIST Subscription Links, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Vriens and Hill, 1952
Vriens, G.N.; Hill, A.G., Equilibria of several reactions of aromatic amines, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1952, 44, 2732-27. [all data]

Medard, 1955
Medard, L., La chaleur de combustion de la diphenylamine et l'energie de la liaison n - n, J. Chem. Phys., 1955, 52, 467-472. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Medard, 1954
Medard, L., Tables thermochimiques a l'usage des techniciens des substances explosives, Mem. Artillerie Fr. Sci. Tech. Armement, 1954, 28, 415-492. [all data]

Cole and Gilbert, 1951
Cole, L.G.; Gilbert, E.C., The heats of combustion of some nitrogen compounds and the apparent energy of the N-N bond, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1951, 73, 5423-5427. [all data]

Schmidt and Becker, 1933
Schmidt, V.A.; Becker, F., Die Bildungswarme von Nitrocellulofen, Nitroglycerin und anderen widuigen Beltandteilen von Treibmitteln, Z. Gesamte Schiess Sprengstoffwes., 1933, 33, 280-282. [all data]

Lemoult, 1907
Lemoult, M.P., Recherches theoriques et experimentales sur les chaleurs de combustion et de formation des composes organiques, Ann. Chim. Phys., 1907, 12, 395-432. [all data]

Weast and Grasselli, 1989
CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 2nd Editon, Weast,R.C and Grasselli, J.G., ed(s)., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1989, 1. [all data]

Stillmann and Swain, 1899
Stillmann, J.M.; Swain, R.E., The melting heat of naphthylamine and diphenylamine in relation to their lowering of molecular freezing point, Z. Phys. Chem., Stoechiom. Verwandtschaftsl., 1899, 29, 705. [all data]

Glaser and Ruland, 1957
Glaser, F.; Ruland, H., Untersuchungsen über dampfdruckkurven und kritische daten einiger technisch wichtiger organischer substanzen, Chem. Ing. Techn., 1957, 29, 772. [all data]

Surov, Terekhova, et al., 2009
Surov, Artem O.; Terekhova, Irina V.; Bauer-Brandl, Annette; Perlovich, German L., Thermodynamic and Structural Aspects of Some Fenamate Molecular Crystals, Crystal Growth & Design, 2009, 9, 7, 3265-3272, https://doi.org/10.1021/cg900002q . [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Stull, 1947
Stull, Daniel R., Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 . [all data]

Aihara, 1953
Aihara, A., J. Chem. Soc. Jpn. Pure Chem. Sect., 1953, 74, 437. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970, 2
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press Inc., London, 1970, 643. [all data]

Acree, 1991
Acree, William E., Thermodynamic properties of organic compounds: enthalpy of fusion and melting point temperature compilation, Thermochimica Acta, 1991, 189, 1, 37-56, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(91)87098-H . [all data]

Bryndza, Fong, et al., 1987
Bryndza, H.E.; Fong, L.K.; Paciello, R.A.; Tam, W.; Bercaw, J.E., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 1444. [all data]

Taft and Bordwell, 1988
Taft, R.W.; Bordwell, F.G., Structural and Solvent Effects Evaluated from Acidities Measured in Dimethyl Sulfoxide and in the Gas Phase, Acc. Chem. Res., 1988, 21, 12, 463, https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00156a005 . [all data]

Holm, 1983
Holm, T., Acta Chem. Scand. B, 1983, 37, 797. [all data]

Suzuki, Kajii, et al., 1992
Suzuki, T.; Kajii, Y.; Shibuya, K.; Obi, K., Photocyclization of diphenylamine studied by time-resolved thermal lensing. Heat of reaction, energetics, and reactivity of intermediates, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1992, 65, 1084-1088. [all data]

Swientoslawski, 1910
Swientoslawski, W., Thermochemische Untersuchungen der organischen Verbindungen. Dritte Mitteilung. Stickstoffhaltige Verbindungen., Z. Phys. Chem., 1910, 72, 49-83. [all data]

Debies and Rabalais, 1974
Debies, T.P.; Rabalais, J.W., Photoelectron spectra of substituted benzenes. III. Bonding with Group V substituents, Inorg. Chem., 1974, 13, 308. [all data]

Potapov and Iskakov, 1971
Potapov, V.K.; Iskakov, L.I., Electronic structure and photoionization of aromatic amines, High Energy Chem., 1971, 5, 237, In original 264. [all data]

Vilesov and Zaitsev, 1964
Vilesov, F.I.; Zaitsev, V.M., Photoionization of phenyl derivatives of group 5 elements, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1964, 154, 886, In original 117. [all data]

Haink, Adams, et al., 1974
Haink, H.J.; Adams, J.E.; Huber, J.R., The electronic structure of aromatic amines: photoelectron spectroscopy of diphenylamine, iminobibenzyl, acridan and carbazole, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1974, 78, 436. [all data]

Ramart-Lucas, Hoch, et al., 1949
Ramart-Lucas, M.; Hoch, J.; Grumez, M., Deformation des orbites electroniques de l'azote par cyclisation (serie du benzotriazole et du phenyltriazole), Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1949, 16, 447-454. [all data]

Huber, Kenndler, et al., 1979
Huber, J.F.K.; Kenndler, E.; Reich, G., Quantitation of the Information Content of Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography and Low- Resolution Mass Spectrometry in the Identification of Doping Drugs, J. Chromatogr., 1979, 172, 1, 15-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)90941-5 . [all data]

Alley and Dykes, 1972
Alley, B.J.; Dykes, H.W.H., Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Nitrate Esters,Stabilizers and Plasticizers in Nitrocellulose-Base Propellants, J. Chromatogr., 1972, 71, 1, 23-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)85687-9 . [all data]

Donike and Stratmann, 1976
Donike, M.; Stratmann, D., Gas-chromatographische identifizierung von stimulantien der phenyläthylaminreihe mit hilfe der retnetions-indices, Z. Anal. Chem., 1976, 279, 2, 129-131, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00440798 . [all data]

Mondello, Casilli, et al., 2007
Mondello, L.; Casilli, A.; Tranchida, P.Q.; Presti, M.L.; Dugo, P.; Dugo, G., Comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for the separation of pesticides in a very complex matrix, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2007, 389, 6, 1755-1763, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1412-y . [all data]

Kim, Paik, et al., 1997
Kim, K.R.; Paik, M.J.; Kim, J.H.; Dong, S.W.; Jeong, D.H., Rapid gas chromatographic profiling and screening of biologically active amines, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 1997, 15, 9-10, 1309-1318, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(96)02048-1 . [all data]

Moio L., Rillo L., et al., 1996
Moio L.; Rillo L.; Ledda A.; Addeo F., Odorous constituents of ovine milk in relationship to diet, J. Dairy Sci., 1996, 79, 8, 1322-1331, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76488-3 . [all data]

Oda, Ichikawa, et al., 1996
Oda, J.; Ichikawa, S.; Mori, T., Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates by capillary GC/MS method with programmed temperature relative retention index, Bunseki Kagaku, 1996, 45, 9, 825-835, https://doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.45.825 . [all data]

Boatright and Crum, 1997
Boatright, W.L.; Crum, A.D., Nonpolar-volatile lipids from soy protein isolates and hexane-defatted flakes, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 1997, 74, 4, 461-467, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-997-0107-z . [all data]

Moio, Dekimpe, et al., 1993
Moio, L.; Dekimpe, J.; Etievant, P.; Addeo, F., Neutral volatile compounds in the raw milks from different species, J. Dairy Res., 1993, 60, 2, 199-213, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029900027515 . [all data]

Okumura, 1991
Okumura, T., retention indices of environmental chemicals on methyl silicone capillary column, Journal of Environmental Chemistry (Japan), 1991, 1, 2, 333-358, https://doi.org/10.5985/jec.1.333 . [all data]

Harland, Cumming, et al., 1986
Harland, B.J.; Cumming, R.I.; Gillings, E., The Kovats indexes of some organic micropollutants on an SE54 capillary column, EUR, I Org. Micropollut. Aquat. Environ., 1986, EUR 10388, 123-127. [all data]

Department of Food Safety and Welfare, 2006
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Waggott and Davies, 1984
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Ardrey and Moffat, 1981
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Chen, Keeran, et al., 2002
Chen, P.H.; Keeran, W.S.; Van Ausdale, W.A.; Schindler, D.R.; Roberts, D.W., Application of Lee retention indices to the confirmation of tentatively identified compounds from GC/MS analysis of environmental samples, Technical paper, Analytical Services Division, Environmental ScienceEngineering, Inc, PO Box 1703, Gainesville, FL 32602, 2002, 11. [all data]

Hasegawa, Usami, et al., 1990
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Blanco, Blanco, et al., 1989
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Notes

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