Indole

Formula: C₈H₇N
Molecular weight: 117.1479
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C8H7N/c1-2-4-8-7(3-1)5-6-9-8/h1-6,9H
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 120-72-9
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Other names: 1H-Indole; Ketole; 1-Azaindene; 1-Benzazole; 2,3-Benzopyrrole; Benzopyrrole; Indol; 1-H-indol
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Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

Go To: Top, References, Notes

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5 MS	Optima-5 MS	HP-5 MS	HP-5 MS	HP-5 MS
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	Helium	Helium	Helium	Helium	Helium
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	50.	35.	35.	50.	40.
T_end (C)	250.	250.	300.	320.	260.
Heat rate (K/min)	5.	10.	3.	5.	4.
Initial hold (min)	0.5	3.	5.	5.
Final hold (min)	0.5	5.	15.		5.
I	1293.	1297.	1294.	1289.	1299.
Reference	Fanaro, Duarte, et al., 2012	Goeminne, Vandendriessche, et al., 2012	Kotowska, Zalikowski, et al., 2012	Nawrath, Mgode, et al., 2012	Miyazawa, Marumoto, et al., 2011
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5 MS	ZB-5	HP-5 MS	SLB-5MS	RTX-5 MS
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	10.	30.
Carrier gas	Helium	Helium	Helium	Helium	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.18	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.18	0.25
T_start (C)	70.	40.	35.	40.	60.
T_end (C)	290.	280.	195.	295.	200.
Heat rate (K/min)	5.	6.	2.	10.	2.
Initial hold (min)		1.	5.	1.5	2.
Final hold (min)	10.	9.	30.		10.
I	1300.	1303.	1287.	1316.	1297.
Reference	Radulovic, Blagojevic, et al., 2010	Harrison and Priest, 2009	Kim and Chung, 2009	Risticevic, Carasek, et al., 2008	Edris, Chizzola, et al., 2007
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	ZP-5	Elite-5MS	HP-5	BPX-5	CP Sil 8 CB
Column length (m)	60.	30.	60.	25.	30.
Carrier gas	He	He	He	Helium
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.32	0.25	0.20	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.5	0.25	0.13	0.25
T_start (C)	40.	40.	60.	50.	40.
T_end (C)	260.	280.	250.	230.	250.
Heat rate (K/min)	6.	4.	3.	3.	3.
Initial hold (min)	7.	5.		2.	5.
Final hold (min)	1.	10.			20.
I	1254.	1282.	1300.	1320.	1297.
Reference	Füssel, Dötterl, et al., 2007	Tava, Pecetti, et al., 2007	Bertrand, Comte, et al., 2006	Fons, Rapior, et al., 2006	Li, Lee, et al., 2006
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-5	SPB-5	DB-5	DB-5	DB-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	He	Helium	He	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	60.	60.	60.	40.
T_end (C)	260.	250.	200.	200.	260.
Heat rate (K/min)	4.	4.	2.	2.	2.
Initial hold (min)	4.	2.			5.
Final hold (min)		20.	60.	60.	20.
I	1295.	1288.	1303.	1303.	1301.
Reference	Morteza-Semnani, Saeedi, et al., 2006	Pino, Marquez, et al., 2006	Rout, Naik, et al., 2006	Rout, Naik, et al., 2006	Senatore, Landolfi, et al., 2006
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-1	HP-1	Polymethylsiloxane, (PMS-20000)	ZB-5	ZB-5
Column length (m)	50.	50.	25.	60.	60.
Carrier gas	He	He	He	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.2	0.2	0.20	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.5	0.5		0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	60.	50.	40.	40.
T_end (C)	250.	250.	250.	250.	250.
Heat rate (K/min)	2.	2.	3.	6.	6.
Initial hold (min)			3.	7.	7.
Final hold (min)	40.	60.		1.	1.
I	1278.	1256.	1260.	1307.	1307.
Reference	Valette, Fernandez, et al., 2006	Bendimerad and Bendiab, 2005	Dohou, Yamni, et al., 2005	Dötterl and Jürgens, 2005	Dötterl, Wolfe, et al., 2005
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5	DB-5	SPB-5	DB-5	ZB-5
Column length (m)	60.	30.	30.	30.	60.
Carrier gas	He	He	He	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.32	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	30.	60.	60.	40.	40.
T_end (C)	260.	240.	250.	260.	260.
Heat rate (K/min)	2.	3.	4.	2.	6.
Initial hold (min)	2.		2.	5.	4.6
Final hold (min)	28.		20.	20.	1.
I	1329.6	1283.	1288.	1301.	1310.
Reference	Leffingwell and Alford, 2005	Miyazawa, Nishiguchi, et al., 2005	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2005	Senatore, Apostolides Arnold, et al., 2005	Jürgens and Dötterl, 2004
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-5MS	DB-1	HP-1	BPX-5	DB-5
Column length (m)	30.	50.	50.		30.
Carrier gas		N2	He		He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.2		0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.5		0.25
T_start (C)	90.	95.	60.	40.	60.
T_end (C)	200.	240.	220.	260.	240.
Heat rate (K/min)	30.	4.	2.	5.	3.
Initial hold (min)
Final hold (min)	10.		40.
I	1327.	1277.	1248.	1301.	1287.
Reference	Robledo and Arzuffi, 2004	Perez-Alonso, Velasco-Negueruela, et al., 2003	Valette, Fernandez, et al., 2003	Diaz and Kite, 2002	Kobaisy, Tellez, et al., 2002
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-5	DB-5MS	DB-5MS	AT-1	DB-5
Column length (m)	30.	60.	60.		30.
Carrier gas	He	He	He	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25		0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25		0.25
T_start (C)	60.	35.	35.	50.	60.
T_end (C)	240.	250.	250.	300.	240.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	3.	3.	10.	3.
Initial hold (min)		5.	5.	2.
Final hold (min)
I	1289.	1296.	1296.	1282.	1288.
Reference	Tellez, Khan, et al., 2002	Fernando and Grün, 2001	Fernando and Grün, 2001	Kelling, 2001	Tellez, Canel, et al., 1999
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-5	HP-1	HP-1	OV-101	DB-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	50.	30.
Carrier gas	He	He	He		H2
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.22	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.1	0.1		1.
T_start (C)	60.	50.	50.	80.	40.
T_end (C)	240.	300.	300.	200.	220.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	5.	5.	2.	3.
Initial hold (min)		2.	2.
Final hold (min)		3.	3.
I	1286.	1260.	1260.	1304.	1328.
Reference	El-Sakhawy, El-Tantawy, et al., 1998	Boatright and Crum, 1997	Boatright and Crum, 1997	Egolf and Jurs, 1993	Moio, Dekimpe, et al., 1993
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-5	DB-5	SE-30	SE-30	Ultra-1
Column length (m)	30.	30.			25.
Carrier gas	H2	H2			He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.32	0.32			0.32
Phase thickness (μm)	1.	1.			0.25
T_start (C)	40.	40.	82.	82.	80.
T_end (C)	220.	220.	177.	177.	260.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	5.	1.7	1.7	3.
Initial hold (min)		5.
Final hold (min)
I	1329.	1340.	1270.4	1275.2	1248.
Reference	Moio, Dekimpe, et al., 1993	Moio, Langlois, et al., 1993	Bur'yan and Nabivach, 1992	Bur'yan and Nabivach, 1992	Okumura, 1991
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-1	HP-5	OV-101	DB-1
Column length (m)	60.	50.	45.	60.
Carrier gas		H2	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)		0.3	0.25	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)
T_start (C)	30.	80.	100.	50.
T_end (C)	200.	250.	180.	250.
Heat rate (K/min)	4.	16.	3.	4.
Initial hold (min)	25.			0.1
Final hold (min)	30.			5.
I	1250.	1303.	1277.	1248.
Reference	Buttery, Takeoka, et al., 1990	Spadone, Takeoka, et al., 1990	Wu, Zhao, et al., 1987	Flath, Mon, et al., 1983
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

References

Go To: Top, Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp, Notes

Fanaro, Duarte, et al., 2012
Fanaro, G.B.; Duarte, R.C.; Santillo, A.G.; Pinto e Silva, M.E.M.; Purgatto, E.; Villavicento, A.L.C.H., Evaluation of γ-radiation on oolong tea odor volatiles, Radiation Phys. Chem., 2012, 81, 8, 1152-1156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.11.061 . [all data]

Goeminne, Vandendriessche, et al., 2012
Goeminne, P.C.; Vandendriessche, T.; Van Eldere, J.; Nicolai, B.M.; Hertog, M.L.; Dupont, L.J., Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputum headspace through volatile organic compound analysis, Respiratory Res., 2012, 13, 87, 1-9. [all data]

Kotowska, Zalikowski, et al., 2012
Kotowska, U.; Zalikowski, M.; Isidorov, V.A., HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds emitted from municipal sewage sludge, Environ. Monit. Asses., 2012, 184, 5, 2893-2907, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2158-8 . [all data]

Nawrath, Mgode, et al., 2012
Nawrath, T.; Mgode, G.F.; Weetjens, B.; Kaufmann, S.H.E.; Schulz, S., The volatiles of pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria aand related bacteria, Beilstein J. Org. Chem., 2012, 8, 290-297, https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.8.31 . [all data]

Miyazawa, Marumoto, et al., 2011
Miyazawa, M.; Marumoto, S.; Kobayashi, T.; Yoshida, S.; Utsumi, Y., Determination of characteristic components in essential oils from Wisteria braphybotrys using gas chromatography - olfactometry incremental dilution technique, Rec. Nat. Prod., 2011, 5, 3, 221-227. [all data]

Radulovic, Blagojevic, et al., 2010
Radulovic, N.; Blagojevic, P.; Palic, R., Comparative study of the leaf volatiles of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (Ericaceae), Molecules, 2010, 15, 9, 6168-6185, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15096168 . [all data]

Harrison and Priest, 2009
Harrison, B.M.; Priest, F.G., Composition of peaks used in the preparation of malt for Scotch Whisky production - influence of geographical source and extraction depth, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2009, 57, 6, 2385-2391, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf803556y . [all data]

Kim and Chung, 2009
Kim, J.-S.; Chung, H.Y., GC-MS analysis of the volatile components in dried boxthorn (Lycium chimensis) Fruit, J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem., 2009, 52, 5, 516-524, https://doi.org/10.3839/jksabc.2009.088 . [all data]

Risticevic, Carasek, et al., 2008
Risticevic, S.; Carasek, E.; Pawliszyn, J., Headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic-time-of-flight mass spectrometric methodology for geographical origin verification of coffee, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2008, 617, 1-2, 72-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.009 . [all data]

Edris, Chizzola, et al., 2007
Edris, A.E.; Chizzola, R.; Franz, C., Isolation and characterization of the volatile aroma compounds from the concrete headspace and the absolute of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. (Oleaceae) flowers grown in Egypt, Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2007, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-007-0623-y . [all data]

Füssel, Dötterl, et al., 2007
Füssel, U.; Dötterl, S.; Jürgens, A.; Aas, G., Inter- and intraspecific variation in floral scent in the genus Salix and its implication for pollination, J. Chem. Ecol., 2007, 33, 4, 749-765, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-007-9257-6 . [all data]

Tava, Pecetti, et al., 2007
Tava, A.; Pecetti, L.; Ricci, M.; Pagnotta, M.A.; Russi, L., Volatile compounds from leaves and flowers of Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) Stirt. (Fabaceae) from Italy, Flavour Fragr. J., 2007, 22, 5, 363-370, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1806 . [all data]

Bertrand, Comte, et al., 2006
Bertrand, C.; Comte, G.; Piola, F., Solid-phase microextraction of volatile compounds from flowers of two Brunfelsia species, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 2006, 34, 5, 371-375, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2005.12.005 . [all data]

Fons, Rapior, et al., 2006
Fons, F.; Rapior, S.; Fruchier, A., Volatile composition of Clitocybe amoenolens, Tricholoma caligatum and Hebeloma radicosum, Cryptogamie, Mycologie, 2006, 27, 1, 45-55. [all data]

Li, Lee, et al., 2006
Li, Z.-G.; Lee, M.-R.; Shen, D.-L., Analysis of volatile compounds emitted from fresh Syringa oblata flowers in different florescence by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta., 2006, 576, 1, 43-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.074 . [all data]

Morteza-Semnani, Saeedi, et al., 2006
Morteza-Semnani, K.; Saeedi, M.; Akbarsadeh, M.; Moshiri, K., The essential oil composition of Onosma microcarpum DC., Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 2, 314-316, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1597 . [all data]

Pino, Marquez, et al., 2006
Pino, J.A.; Marquez, E.; Marbot, R., Volatile constituents from tea of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), Rev. CENIC Ciencias Quimicas, 2006, 37, 3, 127-129. [all data]

Rout, Naik, et al., 2006
Rout, P.K.; Naik, S.N.; Rao, Y.R., Composition of the concrete, absolute, headspace and essential oil of the flowers of Michelia champaca Linn., Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 6, 906-911, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1742 . [all data]

Senatore, Landolfi, et al., 2006
Senatore, F.; Landolfi, S.; Celik, S.; Bruno, M., Volatile components of Centaurea calcitrapa L. and Centaurea sphaerocephala L. ssp. sphaerocephala, two Asteraceae growing wild in Sicily, Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 2, 282-285, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1585 . [all data]

Valette, Fernandez, et al., 2006
Valette, L.; Fernandez, X.; Poulain, S.; Lizzani-Cuvelier, L.; Loiseau, A.-M., Chemical composition of the volatile extracts from Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis 'Romanesco' cauliflower seeds, Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 1, 107-110, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1530 . [all data]

Bendimerad and Bendiab, 2005
Bendimerad, N.; Bendiab, S.A.T., Composition and antibacterial activity of Pseudocytisus integrifolius (Salisb.) essential oil from Algeria, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 8, 2947-2952, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf047937u . [all data]

Dohou, Yamni, et al., 2005
Dohou, N.; Yamni, K.; Badoc, A.; Tahrouch, S.; Idrissi Hassani, L.M.; Bessière, J.-M., Composés volatils de Thymelaea lythroides, endémique, ibéro-marocaine, Bull. Soc. Pharm. Bordeaux, 2005, 144, 63-70. [all data]

Dötterl and Jürgens, 2005
Dötterl, S.; Jürgens, A., Spatial fragrance patterns in flowers of Silene latifolia: Lilac compounds as olfactory nectar guides?, Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2005, 255, 1-2, 99-109, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-005-0344-2 . [all data]

Dötterl, Wolfe, et al., 2005
Dötterl, S.; Wolfe, L.M.; Jürgens, A., Qualitative and quantitative analyses of flower scent in Silene latifolia, Phytochemistry, 2005, 66, 2, 203-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.12.002 . [all data]

Leffingwell and Alford, 2005
Leffingwell, J.C.; Alford, E.D., Volatile constituents of Perique tobacco, Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 4, 2, 899-915. [all data]

Miyazawa, Nishiguchi, et al., 2005
Miyazawa, M.; Nishiguchi, T.; Yamafuji, C., Volatile components of the leaves of Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis Bailey, Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 2, 158-160, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1335 . [all data]

Pino, Marbot, et al., 2005
Pino, J.A.; Marbot, R.; Rosado, A.; Vázquez, C., Volatile constituents of genipap (Genipa americana L.) fruit from Cuba, Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 6, 583-586, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1491 . [all data]

Senatore, Apostolides Arnold, et al., 2005
Senatore, F.; Apostolides Arnold, N.; Bruno, M., Volatile components of Centaurea eryngioides Lam. and Centaurea liberica Trev. var. hermonis Boiss. Lam., two Asteraceae growing wild in Lebanon, Nat. Prod. Res., 2005, 19, 8, 749-754, https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410412331302136 . [all data]

Jürgens and Dötterl, 2004
Jürgens, A.; Dötterl, S., Chemical composition of anther volatiles in Ranunculaceae: genera-specific profiles in Aemone, Aquilegia, Caltha, Pulsatilla, Ranunculus, and Trollius species, American Journal of Botany, 2004, 91, 12, 1969-1980, https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.12.1969 . [all data]

Robledo and Arzuffi, 2004
Robledo, N.; Arzuffi, R., Identificacion de los compuestos volatiles de papaya y cuaguayote mediante microextraccion en fase solida, cromatografia de gases y espectrometria de masas, Rev. Latinoamericana Quim., 2004, 32, 1, 30-36. [all data]

Perez-Alonso, Velasco-Negueruela, et al., 2003
Perez-Alonso, M.J.; Velasco-Negueruela, A.; Palá-Paúl, J.; Sanz, J., Variations in the essential oil composition of Artemisia pedemontana gathered in Spain: chemotype camphor-1,8-cineole and chemotype davanone, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 2003, 31, 1, 77-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(02)00082-0 . [all data]

Valette, Fernandez, et al., 2003
Valette, L.; Fernandez, X.; Poulain, S.; Loiseau, A.-M.; Lizzani-Cuvelier, L.; Levieil, R.; Restier, L., Volatile constituents from Romanesco cauliflower, Food Chem., 2003, 80, 3, 353-358, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00272-8 . [all data]

Diaz and Kite, 2002
Diaz, A.; Kite, G.C., A comparison of the pollination ecology of Arum maculatum and A. italicum in England, Watsonia, 2002, 24, 171-181. [all data]

Kobaisy, Tellez, et al., 2002
Kobaisy, M.; Tellez, M.R.; Dayan, F.E.; Duke, S.O., Phytotoxicity and volatile constituents from leaves of Callicarpa japonica Thunb., Phytochemistry, 2002, 61, 1, 37-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00207-8 . [all data]

Tellez, Khan, et al., 2002
Tellez, M.R.; Khan, I.A.; Kobaisy, M.; Schrader, K.K.; Dayan, F.E.; Osbrink, W., Composition of the essential oil of Lepidium meyenii (Walp.), Phytochemistry, 2002, 61, 2, 149-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00208-X . [all data]

Fernando and Grün, 2001
Fernando, L.N.; Grün, I.U., Headspace-SPME analysis of volatiles of the ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula) and bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) flowers, Flavour Fragr. J., 2001, 16, 4, 289-293, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.999 . [all data]

Kelling, 2001
Kelling, F.J., Olfaction in houseflies: morphology and electrophysiology. Chapter 7. Chemical and electrophysiological analysis of components, present in natural products that attract houseflies, Dissertation, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, 2001. [all data]

Tellez, Canel, et al., 1999
Tellez, M.R.; Canel, C.; Rimando, A.M.; Duke, S.O., Differential accumulation of isoprenoids in glanded and glandless Artemisia annua L, Phytochemistry, 1999, 52, 6, 1035-1040, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00308-8 . [all data]

El-Sakhawy, El-Tantawy, et al., 1998
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Boatright and Crum, 1997
Boatright, W.L.; Crum, A.D., Nonpolar-volatile lipids from soy protein isolates and hexane-defatted flakes, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 1997, 74, 4, 461-467, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-997-0107-z . [all data]

Egolf and Jurs, 1993
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Moio, Dekimpe, et al., 1993
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Moio, Langlois, et al., 1993
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Bur'yan and Nabivach, 1992
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Okumura, 1991
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Buttery, Takeoka, et al., 1990
Buttery, R.G.; Takeoka, G.; Teranishi, R.; Ling, L.C., Tomato aroma components: identification of glycoside hydrolysis volatiles, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1990, 38, 11, 2050-2053, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00101a010 . [all data]

Spadone, Takeoka, et al., 1990
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Flath, Mon, et al., 1983
Flath, R.A.; Mon, T.R.; Lorenz, G.; Whitten, C.J.; Mackley, J.W., Volatile components of Acacia sp. blossoms, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1983, 31, 6, 1167-1170, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00120a008 . [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp, References

Symbols used in this document:

T_end Final temperature

T_start Initial temperature
Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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