Anthracene
- Formula: C14H10
- Molecular weight: 178.2292
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 120-12-7
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Isotopologues:
- Other names: Anthracin; Green Oil; Paranaphthalene; Tetra Olive N2G; Anthracene oil; p-Naphthalene; Anthracen; Coal tar pitch volatiles:anthracene; Sterilite hop defoliant
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Gas phase thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔfH°gas | 223. ± 10. | kJ/mol | AVG | N/A | Average of 6 values; Individual data points |
Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
Cp,gas (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
41.38 | 50. | Dorofeeva O.V., 1988 | S(T) values calculated by [ Kudchadker S.A., 1979] are 3.6-4.1 J/mol*K greater than recommended ones. Cp(T) values from two calculations agree within 0.3 J/mol*K. Recommended values are also reproduced in the reference book [ Frenkel M., 1994].; GT |
61.44 | 100. | ||
87.80 | 150. | ||
118.55 | 200. | ||
167.75 | 273.15 | ||
184.7 ± 1.0 | 298.15 | ||
185.99 | 300. | ||
249.74 | 400. | ||
302.90 | 500. | ||
345.39 | 600. | ||
379.33 | 700. | ||
406.84 | 800. | ||
429.48 | 900. | ||
448.32 | 1000. | ||
464.17 | 1100. | ||
477.58 | 1200. | ||
489.01 | 1300. | ||
498.80 | 1400. | ||
507.22 | 1500. |
Condensed phase thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔfH°solid | 121. ± 10. | kJ/mol | AVG | N/A | Average of 6 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔcH°solid | -7061. ± 10. | kJ/mol | AVG | N/A | Average of 9 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
S°solid,1 bar | 207.15 | J/mol*K | N/A | Goursot, Girdhar, et al., 1970 | DH |
S°solid,1 bar | 207.15 | J/mol*K | N/A | Goursot, Girdhar, et al., 1968 | DH |
S°solid,1 bar | 207.5 | J/mol*K | N/A | Huffman, Parks, et al., 1931 | Extrapolation below 90 K, 14.98 cal/mol*K.; DH |
Constant pressure heat capacity of solid
Cp,solid (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
211.7 | 298.15 | Radomska and Radomski, 1980 | T = 180 to 430 K. Data given graphically. Cp calculated from equation.; DH |
210.50 | 298.15 | Goursot, Girdhar, et al., 1970 | T = 5 to 500 K.; DH |
210.50 | 298.15 | Goursot, Girdhar, et al., 1968 | T = 5 to 520 K. Only 6 points given; summary article.; DH |
217.5 | 298.15 | Ueberreiter and Orthmann, 1950 | T = 293 to 368 K. Equation only.; DH |
207.1 | 297.2 | Huffman, Parks, et al., 1931 | T = 94 to 297 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum.; DH |
221.8 | 298.15 | Hildebrand, Duschak, et al., 1917 | T = 293 to 593 K. From heat content data.; DH |
Reaction thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.
Individual Reactions
By formula: C14H11+ + C14H10 = (C14H11+ • C14H10)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 66.9 | kJ/mol | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 120. | J/mol*K | N/A | Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
Free energy of reaction
ΔrG° (kJ/mol) | T (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
26. | 352. | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
By formula: C28H20 = 2C14H10
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -67.0 | kJ/mol | Cm | Bendig, Buchwitz, et al., 1981 | liquid phase; solvent: Cyclohexane; Dimerization, see Bendig and Kreysig, 1981; ALS |
ΔrH° | 28.9 ± 6.1 | kJ/mol | Cm | Donati, Guarini, et al., 1981 | solid phase; ALS |
By formula: C14H10+ + C14H10 = (C14H10+ • C14H10)
Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 68.6 | kJ/mol | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980 | gas phase; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 110. | J/mol*K | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980 | gas phase; M |
By formula: C4H2O3 + C14H10 = C18H12O3
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -93. ± 2. | kJ/mol | Cm | Kiselev, Mavrin, et al., 1982 | liquid phase; solvent: Benzene; ALS |
ΔrH° | -93.7 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Lenz, Hegedus, et al., 1982 | liquid phase; solvent: 1,2,4-C6H3Cl3; ALS |
By formula: C14H10 = C14H10
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -324. ± 1. | kJ/mol | Eqk | Dreeskamp, Kapahnke, et al., 1988 | liquid phase; solvent: Heptane; Isomerization; ALS |
+
= C21H18O3
By formula: C14H10 + C7H8O3 = C21H18O3
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -87.5 | kJ/mol | Eqk | Lenz, Hegedus, et al., 1982 | liquid phase; solvent: 1,2,4-C6H3Cl3; ALS |
By formula: C20H10N4 = C14H10 + C6N4
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 40.5 ± 2.1 | kJ/mol | Cm | Rogers, 1972 | solid phase; ALS |
Gas phase ion energetics data
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess
View reactions leading to C14H10+ (ion structure unspecified)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IE (evaluated) | 7.439 ± 0.006 | eV | N/A | N/A | L |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Proton affinity (review) | 877.3 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Gas basicity | 846.6 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Electron affinity determinations
EA (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
0.530 ± 0.020 | LPES | Ando, Mitsui, et al., 2007 | B |
0.5300 ± 0.0050 | LPES | Scheidt and Weinkauf, 1997 | B |
0.60 ± 0.10 | TDEq | Heinis, Chowdhury, et al., 1993 | ΔGea(343 K) = -13.2 kcal/mol; ΔSea = -1.1 eu.; B |
0.660 ± 0.060 | ECD | Ruoff, Kadish, et al., 1995 | Revised data, work of Becker and Chen, 1966; B |
0.570 ± 0.020 | ECD | Lyons, Morris, et al., 1968 | B |
0.5560 ± 0.0080 | ECD | Becker and Chen, 1966 | B |
<0.481 ± 0.039 | ECD | Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981 | EA is an upper limit: Chen and Wentworth, 1989.; B |
0.41998 | ECD | Wentworth and Becker, 1962 | B |
Proton affinity at 298K
Proton affinity (kJ/mol) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|
869.4 | Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000 | Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM |
Gas basicity at 298K
Gas basicity (review) (kJ/mol) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|
842.7 | Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000 | Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM |
Ionization energy determinations
References
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Dorofeeva O.V., 1988
Dorofeeva O.V.,
Thermodynamic Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Gaseous Phase. Institute for High Temperatures, USSR Academy of Sciences, Preprint No.1-238 (in Russian), Moscow, 1988. [all data]
Kudchadker S.A., 1979
Kudchadker S.A.,
Chemical thermodynamic properties of anthracene and phenathrene,
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Frenkel M., 1994
Frenkel M.,
Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds in the Gas State, Vol. I, II, Thermodynamics Research Center, College Station, Texas, 1994, 1994. [all data]
Goursot, Girdhar, et al., 1970
Goursot, P.; Girdhar, H.L.; Westrum, E.F., Jr.,
Thermodynamics of polynuclear aromatic molecules. III. Heat capacities and enthalpies of fusion of anthracene,
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Goursot, Girdhar, et al., 1968
Goursot, P.; Girdhar, H.L.; Westrum, E.F., Jr.,
Mesure de la capacite calorifique de l'anthracene de 5 a 520K,
Compt. rend., 1968, C266, 949-950. [all data]
Huffman, Parks, et al., 1931
Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S.; Barmore, M.,
Thermal data on organic compounds. X. Further studies on the heat capacities, entropies and free energies of hydrocarbons,
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Radomska and Radomski, 1980
Radomska, M.; Radomski, R.,
Calorimetric studies of binary systems of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene with naphthalene, anthracene, and carbazole. I. Phase transitions and heat capacities of the pure components and charge-transfer complexes,
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Ueberreiter and Orthmann, 1950
Ueberreiter, K.; Orthmann, H.-J.,
Specifische Wärme, spezifisches Volumen, Temperatur- und Wärme-leittähigkeit einiger disubstituierter Benzole und polycyclischer Systeme,
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Hildebrand, Duschak, et al., 1917
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Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1980
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Dimer Cations of Polycyclic Aromatics: Experimental Bonding Energies and Resonance Stabilization,
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Bendig, Buchwitz, et al., 1981
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Deactivation behavior of arenes and heteroarenes. XXXII. Effect of endo- and exocyclic substitution on the reversible dimerization behavior of anthracenes,
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Bendig and Kreysig, 1981
Bendig, J.; Kreysig, D.,
Deactivation behavior of arenes and heteroarenes. XXXI. A model of the reversible photodimerization of anthracene and 9-methylanthracene,
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Donati, Guarini, et al., 1981
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Evaluation of the enthalpic change during the monomerization reaction of crystalline anthracene photodimer (AD),
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Kiselev, Mavrin, et al., 1982
Kiselev, V.D.; Mavrin, G.V.; Konovalov, A.I.,
Thermodynamic principles of the occurrence of a Diels-Alder reaction in the presence of a Lewis acid,
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Lenz, Hegedus, et al., 1982
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Liquid phase thermochemical energy conversion systems - an application of Diels-Alder chemistry,
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Dreeskamp, Kapahnke, et al., 1988
Dreeskamp, H.; Kapahnke, P.; Tochtermann, W.,
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Rogers, 1972
Rogers, F.E.,
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Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update,
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Ando, Mitsui, et al., 2007
Ando, N.; Mitsui, M.; Nakajima, A.,
Comprehensive photoelectron spectroscopic study of anionic clusters of anthracene and its alkyl derivatives: Electronic structures bridging molecules to bulk,
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Scheidt and Weinkauf, 1997
Scheidt, J.; Weinkauf, R.,
Photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy of Mass Selected Anions: Anthracene and the Anthracene-H2O Cluster,
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Heinis, Chowdhury, et al., 1993
Heinis, T.; Chowdhury, S.; Kebarle, P.,
Electron Affinities of Naphthalene, Anthracene and Substituted Naphthalenes and Anthracenes,
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Ruoff, Kadish, et al., 1995
Ruoff, R.S.; Kadish, K.M.; Boulas, P.; Chen, E.C.M.,
The relationship between the electron affinities and half-wave reduction potentials of fullerenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and metal complexes,
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Becker and Chen, 1966
Becker, R.S.; Chen, E.,
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Lyons, Morris, et al., 1968
Lyons, L.E.; Morris, G.C.; Warren, L.J.,
Electron Affinities and the Electron Capture Method for Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
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. [all data]
Wojnarovits and Foldiak, 1981
Wojnarovits, L.; Foldiak, G.,
Electron capture detection of aromatic hydrocarbons,
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Chen and Wentworth, 1989
Chen, E.C.M.; Wentworth, W.E.,
Experimental Determination of Electron Affinities of Organic Molecules,
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Wentworth and Becker, 1962
Wentworth, W.E.; Becker, R.S.,
Potential Method for the Determination of Electron Affinities of Molecules: Application to Some Aromatic Hydrocarbons.,
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Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000
Aue, D.H.; Guidoni, M.; Betowski, L.D.,
Ab initio calculated gas-phase basicities of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
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Hager and Wallace, 1988
Hager, J.W.; Wallace, S.C.,
Two-laser photoionization supersonic jet mass spectrometry of aromatic molecules,
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Stahl and Maquin, 1984
Stahl, D.; Maquin, F.,
Charge-stripping mass spectrometry of molecular ions from polyacenes and molecular orbital theory,
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Klasinc, Kovac, et al., 1983
Klasinc, L.; Kovac, B.; Gusten, H.,
Photoelectron spectra of acenes. Electronic structure and substituent effects,
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Mautner(Meot-Ner), 1980
Mautner(Meot-Ner), M.,
Ion thermochemistry of low volatility compounds in the gas phase. 3. Polycyclic aromatics: Ionization energies, proton, and hydrogen affinities. Extrapolations to graphite,
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Streets and Williams, 1974
Streets, D.G.; Williams, T.A.,
Photoelectron spectroscopy of 9,10-dihaloanthracenes,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1974, 3, 71. [all data]
Koch, Otto, et al., 1973
Koch, E.E.; Otto, A.; Radler, K.,
The absorption spectrum of the anthracene molecule in the vacuum ultraviolet,
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Aihara and Inokuchi, 1973
Aihara, J.; Inokuchi, H.,
Ionization potentials of anthracene,
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Eland, 1972
Eland, J.H.D.,
Photoelectron spectra and ionization potentials of aromatic hydrocarbons,
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Dewar and Goodman, 1972
Dewar, M.J.S.; Goodman, D.W.,
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Clark, Brogli, et al., 1972
Clark, P.A.; Brogli, F.; Heilbronner, E.,
The π-orbital energies of the acenes,
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Boschi, Murrell, et al., 1972
Boschi, R.; Murrell, J.N.; Schmidt, W.,
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Rowland, 1971
Rowland, C.G.,
Kinetic energy distributions of C12H8 fragment ions in the mass spectra of anthracene, phenanthrene and diphenylacetylene,
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Kitagawa, 1968
Kitagawa, T.,
Absorption spectra and photoionization of polycyclic aromatics in vacuum ultraviolet region,
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Angus, J.A.; Morris, G.C.,
Ionization potential of the anthracene molecule from Rydberg absorption bands,
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Kuroda, H.,
Ionization potentials of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
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Finch, A.C.M.,
Charge-transfer spectra and the ionization energy of azulene,
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Briegleb, 1964
Briegleb, G.,
Electron affinity of organic molecules,
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Kinoshita, M.,
The absorption spectra of the molecular complexes of aromatic compounds with p-bromanil,
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Terenin, A.,
Charge transfer in organic solids, induced by light,
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Briegleb, G.; Czekalla, J.; Reuss, G.,
Mesomeriemomente und Elektronenuberfuhrungsbanden von Elektronen-donator-akzeptor-komplexen des Chloranils und Tetracyanathylens mit aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen,
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Birks, J.B.; Stifkin, M.A.,
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Wacks, M.E.; Dibeler, V.H.,
Electron impact studies of aromatic hydrocarbons. I. Benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene,
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Foster, R.,
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Die Bestimmung von lonisierungsenergien aus den Spektren von Elektronenubergangskomplexen,
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Matsen, 1956
Matsen, F.A.,
Electron affinities, methyl affinities, and ionization energies of condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbons,
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Klasinc, L.; Kovac, B.; Schoof, S.; Gusten, H.,
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Schmidt, W.,
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Clar, E.; Schmidt, W.,
Correlations between photoelectron and phosphorescence spectra of polycyclic hydrocarbons,
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10-methyl-9-phosphaanthracene,
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Hush, N.S.; Cheung, A.S.; Hilton, P.R.,
Binding energies of π- and "lone pair"-levels in mono- and diaza-phenanthrenes and anthracenes: an He(I) photoelectron spectroscopic study,
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Korrelation zwischen photoelektronen- und elektronen-spektren. II. Untersuchung aromatischer π-systeme mit modifizierten PPP-SCF-CI-parametern,
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Photoelectron spectroscopy and conjugation. Direct proof of the unusual sequence of the two highest occupied π-molecular orbitals in the phosphorin (phosphabenzene) and the arsenin (arsabenzene) system,
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Notes
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References
- Symbols used in this document:
Cp,gas Constant pressure heat capacity of gas Cp,solid Constant pressure heat capacity of solid EA Electron affinity IE (evaluated) Recommended ionization energy S°solid,1 bar Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar) T Temperature ΔcH°solid Enthalpy of combustion of solid at standard conditions ΔfH°gas Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions ΔfH°solid Enthalpy of formation of solid at standard conditions ΔrG° Free energy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrS° Entropy of reaction at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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